THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RIBOFLAVIN—VI. THE PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOALLOXAZINES

Abstract— Many of the photophysical properties of riboflavin and several other N-10 substituted isoal-loxazines have been measured and these include: quantum yields of fluorescence at 77 K and 298 K, φ, quantum yields of phosphorescence at 77 K, φ_P, lifetimes of the triplet state by electron spin resonance and phosphorescence at 77 K, φp,. and the quantum yield of intersystem crossing. φ_isc. For riboflavin in an alcoholic matrix at 77 K the limiting values were: φ _J = 0.32, φ_P= 0.007, φp = 0.20s and φ_isc= 0.7. At 298 K, φ _f for riboflavin in water and alcohol were 0.25 and 0.32, respectively. The results for the photophysical processes are compared with several photochemical processes known to involve the triplet state of riboflavin in aqueous solution. It is concluded that the φ _isc decreases from 0.7 in alcohol to 0.6 in water at 298 K.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL AND PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIPORPHYRIN ETHERS

Spectral properties of several diporphyrin ethers were assessed in different solvents and after accumulation by leukemia L1210 cells in vitro. To facilitate studies in a variety of solvents, both tetramethylesters of the diporphyrin ethers and free acids were employed. For comparison, studies on the corresponding porphyrin monomers were also carried out. The joining of two porphyrins by an ether linkage had several consequences. We observed a blue shift in the Soret band of the ethers, but not of the corresponding simple porphyrins, in protic solvents. This phenomenon is likely related to ether aggregation under conditions which promote H-bonding. The presence of an ether linkage was associated with enhanced fluorescence at 630-640 nm and decreased fluorescence lifetimes and yields, especially in protic solvents. The ether linkage was unaffected by intracellular enzymes, but porphyrin esters were readily hydrolyzed upon accumulation by L1210 cells. The joining of two hematoporphyrin molecules by an ether linkage promoted dye accumulation by L1210 cells. In contrast, accumulation of mesoporphyrin and protoporphyrin was thereby retarded.     

FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES OF ISOTROPICALLY AND ANISOTROPICALLY EMBEDDED FLAVINS

Abstract— On the basis of corrected fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, flavin photo-processes in anisotropically vesicle-bound flavins have been studied. By means of aliphatic C₁₈H₃₇-chains at positions 3, 7 and 10, the flavin nucleus can be variously anchored within the membrane/water interface (amphiflavin), thereby mimicking the various positions and microenvironments of the isoalloxazine ring in flavoproteins. From polarization spectra, the angles between the different electronic transition moments of isotropically dissolved or membrane-bound flavins have been obtained. Polarization and angle spectra of isotropically and various anisotropically embedded flavins exhibit strong differences, reflecting the specific interaction with the matrices. Based on a slightly modified theory, originally developed by Perrin and Weber, using the concentration dependence of fluorescence polarization, it is found that the radiative flavin-flavin interaction (selfcontact) on the membrane is by a factor of 25 to 54 smaller than in isotropic solution. This is taken as further justification to study anisotropic flavin chemistry on the basis of flavin-loaded vesicles.     

THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RIBOFLAVIN—V. THE PHOTODEGRADATION OF ISOALLOXAZINES IN ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS

Abstract— Riboflavin and other N -10 substituted isoalloxazines have been irradiated anaerobically in alcohols and alcohol-water mixtures. Deuterium substitution was used in several different ways to determine the hydrogen kinetic isotope effect. Riboflavin and 10-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-isoalloxazine were photobleached in 2-propanol, 2-propanol-0-d, 2-propanol-2-d, t -butyl alcohol, and t -butyl alcohol-0-d. No isotope effect significantly different from 1.0 was found for any of the nondeuterated to deuterated solvent comparisons. When the anaerobic irradiation of 10-(3'-hydroxypropyl-3',3'-d₂)-isoalloxazine and 10-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-isoalloxazine in either 2-propanol or t-butyl alcohol were compared, kinetic isotope effect ratios for H to D of 2.8 were obtained. Thin layer chromatography in conjunction with color return at 445 nm during oxidation showed that lumichrome and formylmethylflavin, which are irreversible photodegradation products, were formed from the photoreaction in alcohols. The photochemistry of isoalloxazines in alcohols, while somewhat different from the aqueous photochemistry, does not involve a primary photoreduction with the solvent, and photo degradation still dominates. This was an unexpected result and it illustrates the unusual photochemical behavior of isoalloxazines. The anaerobic irradiation of riboflavin in 2-propanol-water mixtures showed that the efficiency of photodegradation is linked to the physical properties of the solvent.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONFORMATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM OF trans-6-STYRYLQUINOXALINE

The wavelength dependent fluorescence spectra and bi-exponential fluorescence decays of trans-6-styrylquinoxaline (6-StQx) indicate that two conformers exist in equilibrium in solution. When comparing the conformationally restricted analogues (5Me-6-StQx and 7Me-6-StQx) with 6-StQx, the short-wavelength absorbing conformer of 6-StQx can be assigned to conformer(A) and the long-wavelength absorbing component to conformer(B). The temperature effects on the fluorescence lifetime indicate that the short-lived conformer(A) is the more stable conformer in non-polar solvents, while the long-lived conformer(B) is the stable component in polar solvents. The results of semiempir-ical AMI and CNDO/S CI calculations on both the ground and excited states are consistent with the conclusions drawn from the spectral data.     

SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-BOUND HEXANUCLEAR MOLYBDENUM CLUSTERS

Abstract

The coordination of [Mo₆Cl₈ ⁱ(SO₃CF₃)₆ ^a]^2? (1) and [Mo₆Cl₈ ⁱCl₄ ^a(EtOH)₂ ^a] (2) to poly(evinylpyridine) (PVP) produces crosslinked materials. Formation of these materials occurs by displacement of axial ligands ((a) in Fig. 1) SO₃CF₃ ^? or EtOH on the clusters by the vinylpyridine moieties. The availability of six coordination sites in 1 and two coordination sites in 2 offers control over the degree of crosslinking and solubility of the materials. Similarly, varying the ratio of cluster coordination sites (C) to polymer-pendant pyridine ligands (P) yields materials with a wide range of solubilities and glass transition temperatures (T_g). Materials with C:P ratios of 1:100 are highly soluble in CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH, with T_g values slightly higher than that of pure PVP. Unswellable materials with no discernible T_g are obtained with C:P ratios of 1:5 and lower, indicating a high degree of crosslinks. Transient emission spectroscopy reveals that polymer-bound cluster 1 lacks the luminescent properties characteristic of many [Mo₆Cl₈]⁴⁺ based clusters. Conversely, polymer-bound cluster 2 displays intense luminescence and retains the unusually long-lived excited-state observed for the free clusters in solution. The emission lifetime of PVP-bound 2 fits a biexponential decay, with τl₁ = 90 μs (60 %) and τ₂ = 8 μs (40 %), while [Mo₆Cl₈ ⁱCl₆ ^a]^2? has a uniexponential decay of τ = 156 μs in CH₂Cl₂ solution.     

TWENTY-TWO CARBON HOMOLOGUE OF 11-CIS RETINAL. PHOTOPHYSICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract— Results concerning absorption-emission spectra and fluorescence quantum yields at 77 and 298K. triplet absorption spectra, and quantum yields of intersystem crossing and photoisomerization at 298 K, are presented for 11- cis β-apo-14'-carotenal (C₂₂-Ald), the immediate higher homologue of 11- cis retinal. The absorption spectra are characterized by two band-systems with maxima at 390–400 and 270–280 nm, respectively. Upon cooling from 298 to 77 K, the intensities of these two band-systems undergo changes in opposite directions indicating 12-s- cis: 12- s-trans conformational changes. No intermediate band-system analogous to the one located at 270–310 nm in cis retinals is observed for 11- cis C₂₂-Ald. In nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents (e. g. cyclohexane) at room temperature, quantum yields of fluorescence (0.01), intersystem crossing (0.6) and photoisomerization (0.4) are all quite pronounced. The photophysical and photochemical properties of 11- cis C₂₂-Ald are discussed in the light of similarities and dissimilarities with those of all- trans C₂₂-Ald and 11- cis retinal under comparable conditions.     

吡唑啉类化合物在溶剂中的溶致变色和光物理

在合成了一系列取代的二苯基吡唑啉衍生物基础上对其在不同溶剂中的溶致变色行为进行了研究。利用Bilot-Kawaski公式对不同化合物在基态和激发态时分子偶极矩的差值进行了计算, 表明当拉电子基与分子中C-3原子相联时, 化合物的偶极矩可发生很大变化, 说明拉电子基团的引入有力地促进了分子内的电荷转移。用E_T(30)值作为不同溶剂极性大小的指标, 发现它能和该类化合物一系列溶液的光物理性质建立起良好的线性关系。     

LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES AND RELATED PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 4-AMINO-2-METHOXYPYRIMIDINE

Abstract— The luminescence properties of 4-amino-2-methoxypyrimidine, I, have been studied in several solvents. These studies indicate that the photochemical reaction of I with dihydrogen phosphate buffer proceeds via an intermediate derived from the fluorescent singlet excited state of I.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRITON X-165 IN AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC SOLUTIONS

Abstract Laser flash photolysis of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-165 was carried out at 248 nm in methanolic and aqueous solutions at different pHs. Cation radical, triplet, phenoxy radical and solvated electron were observed as the transient absorbing species. Various characteristics of these transient species and their decay constants are reported. Photoionization was found to be a major process and it was monophotonic. The results obtained are compared with the photolysis of a small molecule p -methoxytoluene (PMT). Fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of the surfactants Triton X-100, Triton X-165 and PMT are also studied. A suitable reaction scheme is proposed to account for the observed results.     

POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY—II. PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF [26] PORPHYRIN

Abstract— –Photophysical properties of [26] porphyrin (26 P) were investigated in chloroform. The quantum yields of fluorescence, of S₁→ T₁ intersystem crossing and singlet oxygen formation were measured. The purity, stability, the strong absorption in the red (δ_max= 783 nm; ε_max= 28 000 M ¹ cm^-1) and the ability of singlet oxygen formation recommend 26 P as potential photosensitizer for tumor therapy.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-NITRO-5,10,15,20-TETRA-p-TOLYLPORPHYRINS

Tetraarylporphyrins substituted with nitro groups at beta-pyrrolic positions are potential candidates for electron-accepting pigments in model systems for photosynthesis. The photophysics of 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrin and its zinc analog have been studied in order to evaluate this potential. The ground state absorption spectrum, the triplet-triplet absorption spectrum, the fluorescence emission spectrum, and associated photophysical parameters have been determined. The molecules have short singlet lifetimes and anomalous temperature- and solvent-dependent emission spectra which are consistent with the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer state of the type P+.-NO2-. in which the nitro group is twisted about its bond to the porphyrin, relative to the ground state conformation.     

含烷基侧链聚芴基苯并二噁唑聚合物的合成及性能研究

通过溶液缩聚的方法合成了一种含烷基侧链聚芴基苯并二噁唑聚合物(PBOPFx),讨论了聚合物的光物理性能、热性能和溶解性能.结果表明,在甲基磺酸(MSA)溶液中,PBOPFx紫外吸收显示出最大吸收峰为466 nm左右的蓝光发射,与PBO相比,最大紫外吸收峰和最大荧光发射峰均发生了明显红移,这是由于芴单元的引入,提高了聚合物的共轭程度,加强了对电子的束缚能力.此外,比较了PBOPFx在320 nm处和430 nm处激发得到的荧光发射光谱,预测聚合物中存在两种共轭单元,通过测定氧化还原曲线以及讨论stokes位移,验证了这个假设,但是由于两种共轭单元并没有出现明显的分离现象,同时还伴有电子传输杂化,致使PBOPFx主要显示出共轭长度大的单元的吸收和发射.另外由于芴单元中烷基侧链的存在,聚合物(PBOPFx)的热稳定性远低于聚亚苯基苯并二噁唑聚合物(PBO),起始分解温度在350℃左右,溶解性方面,PBOPFx有了很大的改善,在大多数有机溶剂中能较好溶解.     

叠氮二(2,2′-联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)配合物的光物理和光化学性质

本文研究了叠氮二(2,2′—联吡啶)钌(Ⅱ)配合物在有机溶剂及乙腈—水中的一些光物理和光化学性质。在77K的甲醇—乙醇玻璃态时,用245nm等波长激发表现较强的荧光,其最大发射峰在540nm,另一弱带在580nm。在室温甲醇中测得的磷光发射是弱的,且寿命<15us。 在254nm、300nm及514nm照射下,光反应机制及量子产率与溶剂、照射波长有关。在乙腈—水及乙腈中,分别用254nm和514nm照射均发生取代反应,最后的光产物为Ru(bpy)_2(N_3)(CH_3CN)~ ,配合物消失的量子产率分别为0.129±0.008mol einstein~(-1)及(6.77±0.22)×10~(-5)mol einstein~(-1);在乙腈—水中用514nm照射,生成的光产物先是Ru(bpy)_2(N_3)(CH_3CN)~ ,再生成Ru(bpy)_2(CH_3CN)_2~(2 ),配合物消失的量子产率为(5.32±0.13)×10~(-4)mol einstein~(-1)。     

不对称五氮齿镉和铟大环配合物的合成及其光物理性质研究

近年来,含有22个共轭电子的五氮齿大环金属配合物的新物种不断被合成^[1~2],这类配合物的0-0跃迁吸收带已扩展至大于700 nm的近红外区,作为第二代光动力光疗试剂倍受人们的重视,已在细胞水平上及动物实体瘤的实验中获得肯定结果^[3~4].最近,又发现这类分子还具有多种非线性光学效应,诸如反饱和吸收和非线性折射等^[5],可开发成激光限辐材料和器件,在激光防护方面有重要的应用价值.本文合成的不对称五氮齿镉和铟配合物就是这样一类新型化合物,本文报导其合成方法和基本光物理性质.     

MIMICRY OF CAROTENOID FUNCTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CAROTENOPYROPHEOPHORBIDE

Abstract— A new molecule consisting of a carotenoid polyene covalently linked to a pyropheophorbide has been prepared. This molecule exists in solution in an extended conformation with the carotenoid moiety relatively far from the tetrapyrrole π-electron system. The compound shows negligible antenna function (singlet energy transfer from carotenoid to pyropheophorbide), but substantial photoprotection from singlet oxygen production (due to rapid triplet energy transfer from pyropheophorbide to carotenoid). The photochemical properties of this molecule parallel those of conformationally similar carotenoporphyrins. Thus, carotenoporphyrins appear to be valid synthetic systems for modeling in vivo carotenoid-chlorophyll interactions.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL AND PHOTOSENSITIZING PROPERTIES OF BENZOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE MONOACID RING A (BPD-MA)*

The photophysical properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), a second-generation photosensitizer currently in phase II clinical trials, were investigated in homogeneous solution. Absorption, fluorescence, triplet-state, singlet oxygen (O₂(¹Δ_g)) sensitization studies and photobleaching experiments are reported. The ground state of this chlorin-type molecule shows a strong absorbance in the red (λ≈ 688 nm, ?≈ 33 000 M^?1 cm^?1 in organic solvents). For the singlet excited state the following data were determined in methanol: energy level, E_s= 42.1 kcal mol^?1, lifetime, Φ_f= 5.2 ns and fluorescence quantum yield, Φ_f= 0.05 in air-saturated solution. The triplet state of BPD-MA has a lifetime, τ_f >. 25 ns, an energy level, E_T= 26.9 kcal mol^?1 and the molar absorption coefficient is ?_T= 26 650 M^?1 cm^?1 at 720 nm. A dramatic effect of oxygen on the fluorescence (φ_f) and intersystem crossing (φ_T) quantum yields has been observed. The BPD-MA presents rather high triplet (φ_T= 0.68 under N₂-saturated conditions) and singlet oxygen (φ_Δ= 0.78) quantum yields. On the other hand, the presence of oxygen does not significantly modify the photobleaching of this photostable compound, the photodegradation quantum yield (φ_Pb) of which was found to be on the order of 5 × 10^?5 in organic solvents.     

片状多层结构卤化银外延乳剂的光物理性质及感光性能的研究

本文利用可控双注仪设计并制备了三种系列共二十种片状多层结构溴碘化银乳剂及其外延体。用X射线能谱仪(EDS)和电镜验证所设计的碘离子多层分布和氯化银外延体的位置,研究了它们的光物理性质和感光性能,发现外延AgCl对主体微晶性质的影响随层次结构和外延位置不同有很大的变化。若主体微晶结构合理,光电子利用效率已经较高,电子与空穴分离好,外延后其乳剂的感光度提高幅度反而不大。相反,若主体微晶的结构不合理,则外延可能导致两种结果:或增加潜影形成效率,提高感光度;或造成潜影分散,降低感光度。     

共轭刚性苯并二噁唑类聚合物的合成及其光物理性能研究

设计并合成了一系列共轭高分子———聚亚苯基苯并二唑 (PBO) ,聚亚乙烯基苯并二唑 (PBOV)和聚亚丁二唑 (PBODV) ,并对它们进行了表征 .用紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱对聚合物的溶液和薄膜进行了详细的研究 ,研究结果表明分子结构中双键的引入可以降低聚合物的光带能隙 ,λmax从PBO溶液的 4 2 8 5nm (Eg=2 76eV) ,到PBOV溶液的 4 80 5nm (Eg=2 4 6eV) ,再到PBODV溶液的 4 96 0nm (Eg=2 38eV) .共轭程度的增加使得聚合物溶液更容易发生集聚从而导致荧光自熄灭 .