半导体激光雷达斜程能见度观测和反演方法

论述了自行研制的半导体激光雷达能见度仪的工作原理、基本结构及参数,提出了一种稳定的消光系数迭代算法。利用该半导体激光雷达能见度仪与美国Belfort model 6230A 型能见度仪对水平及斜程能见度进行了对比实验。对比实验表明：对于水平能见度,平均相对误差在10%以内的占总量的45.6%,平均相对误差在20%以内的占总量的84.7%,平均相对误差在30%以内的占总量的91.2%;对于斜程能见度,不同天气条件下,能见度变化趋势明显,反映了斜程能见度与水平能见度探测的差别与意义。充分说明该能见度仪能够在各种气候条件下测量水平及斜程能见度,所提出的反演能见度的迭代算法稳定可靠。     

基于Fernald-PSO法反演气溶胶激光雷达比及其对斜程能见度的影响

为了提高斜程能见度的计算精度,提出了一种基于Fernald-PSO法求解气溶胶激光雷达比的方法.首先,以均匀层底部和顶部的大气消光系数相等为条件构建气溶胶激光雷达比和气溶胶消光系数边界值的方程.然后,再以激光雷达数据反演和AERONET网站观测的气溶胶光学厚度相等为条件构造另一参量方程.最后,采用Fernald-PSO法解方程组,用得到的参量反演气溶胶消光系数计算斜程能见度.采用激光雷达和AERONET数据对该方法进行验证,分析气溶胶激光雷达比对斜程能见度反演的影响.结果表明,同一信号气溶胶激光雷达比假设值与计算值相差越大,气溶胶消光系数和斜程能见度的相对误差绝对值也越大,最大误差分别为18.93%和19.90%.     

用于反演半导体激光云高仪垂直能见度的算法

根据云高仪工作原理,从米散射激光雷达方程出发,推导出一种低层大气中气溶胶消光系数边界值的获取方法,并在此基础上利用Fernald方法反演得到了大气消光系数的垂直分布;通过垂直路径上的消光系数反演得到垂直路径的平均能见度,结果表明,该平均能见度更接近垂直方向真实的能见度。用该算法处理了半导体激光云高仪实际测量的数据,并与Vaisala云高仪测量的垂直能见度进行了对比,结果表明:该算法在反演大气垂直能见度时具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

用于反演半导体激光云高仪垂直能见度的算法

根据云高仪工作原理,从米散射激光雷达方程出发,推导出一种低层大气中气溶胶消光系数边界值的获取方法,并在此基础上利用Fernald方法反演得到了大气消光系数的垂直分布;通过垂直路径上的消光系数反演得到垂直路径的平均能见度,结果表明,该平均能见度更接近垂直方向真实的能见度。用该算法处理了半导体激光云高仪实际测量的数据,并与Vaisala云高仪测量的垂直能见度进行了对比,结果表明:该算法在反演大气垂直能见度时具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

车载式激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具,可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度,更好地反映大气对传输于其中激光的衰减作用,从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段。简单介绍了自行研制的国内首台车载式拉曼-米(Raman-Mie)散射激光雷达的结构和技术参数,并利用斜率法从激光雷达的采集数据中反演出大气水平能见度。通过实际观测并与美国Belfort能见度仪的对比试验,显示该激光雷达在探测大气水平能见度方面具有较高的可靠性和准确性,其测量误差小于20 %。     

车载式激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

 激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具,可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度,更好地反映大气对传输于其中激光的衰减作用,从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段。简单介绍了自行研制的国内首台车载式拉曼-米(Raman-Mie)散射激光雷达的结构和技术参数,并利用斜率法从激光雷达的采集数据中反演出大气水平能见度。通过实际观测并与美国Belfort能见度仪的对比试验,显示该激光雷达在探测大气水平能见度方面具有较高的可靠性和准确性,其测量误差小于20 %。     

米散射激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具，可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度，从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段．正在研制的一台基于532nm波长的车载式米散射激光雷达，用于大气能见度的测量；简单介绍了正在研制的激光雷达的技术参数，给出了测量数据的处理方法；利用雷达的技术参数进行了模拟计算，显示了该激光雷达探测大气水平能见度的可靠性，计算误差显示在大气能见度为10km时该激光雷达的测量误差小于16％．     

空间斜程能见度的影响因素分析

 空间斜程能见度是空间目标识别的重要参量。水平能见度与大气消光参数有明确的关系,而斜程能见度与大气消光参数、观测方向、太阳天顶角等多种因素有关,目前尚未有明确的结果。从辐射传输理论出发,通过δ-Eddington近似求解辐射传输方程,尝试推导了空间斜程能见度的表达式,探讨了斜程能见度与观察者视角、太阳高度角以及大气光学特性之间的关系。     

基于大气辐射传输和δ-二流近似的斜程能见度反演方法

从能见度定义出发,提出采用SBDART辐射传输模式结合CALIPSO卫星数据求解辐射传输方程,对华北地区斜程能见度进行了详细的仿真与分析。首先,使用SBDART模式结合CALIPSO卫星数据获取实际条件下天空背景辐射亮度。然后,根据斜程能见度探测原理,得到斜程能见度所处区间,进而采用δ-二流近似估计区间内部辐射亮度分布,从而反演得到精确的斜程能见度。结果表明,采用CALIPSO卫星数据结合SBDART模式模拟大气辐射传输过程,计算结果与MERRA-2辐射数据变化趋势一致,相关系数达到0.949;使用δ-二流近似能更加高效地模拟辐射传输过程,且提出方法结果与SBDART模式保持较好的一致性,两者相对误差在14.3%以内;当斜程能见度小于1 km时,使用提出方法反演斜程能见度同经验公式相比误差约为7.1%,且适用于15°以外以及向上观测的斜程能见度探测。     

Iteration method for the inversion of simulated multiwavelength lidar signals to determine aerosol size distribution

A new method is proposed to derive the size distribution of aerosol from the simulated multiwavelength lidar extinction coefficients. The basis for this iteration is to consider the extinction efficiency factor of particles as a set of weighting function covering the entire radius region of a distribution. The weighting functions are calculated exactly from Mie theory. This method extends the inversion region by subtracting some extinction coefficient. The radius range of simulated size distribution is 0.1－10.0μm, the inversion radius range is 0.1－2.0μm, but the inverted size distributions are in good agreement with the simulated one.     

偏振-米散射激光雷达的研制

研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达（PML）,可用于探测卷云和沙尘气溶胶的后向散射光退偏振比以及研究流层大气气溶胶的消光特性。采用窄带滤光片和光阑,将接收到的激光大气回波信号谱线（米散射和瑞利散射光谱）从天空太阳背景噪声中分离出来,以提高系统的白天探测能力。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。对偏振-米散射激光雷达的性能参数进行了测定,并对测定结果进行了分析与讨论,给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空大气气溶胶的消光特性和卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达性能可靠,能对大气气溶胶和卷云的物理和光学特性进行有效的探测。     

Fractional variational iteration method and its application

Fractional differential equations have been investigated by variational iteration method. However, the previous works avoid the term of fractional derivative and handle them as a restricted variation. We propose herein a fractional variational iteration method with modified Riemann Liouville derivative which is more efficient to solve the fractional differential equations.     

小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的研制和应用

介绍了小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的系统结构、技术参数以及激光雷达信号处理的关键技术和处理方法。给出了测量结果,并与Vaisala公司能见度仪的测量结果进行了对比。这种Mie散射激光雷达具有结构紧凑、重量轻的特点,非常适合于进行能见度和大气消光特性时空分布和时间演变特性的研究。同时也可以进行车载或者结合扫描装置进行自动扫描监测,以获取感兴趣的区域颗粒物的时空分布。     

Measurement of tropospheric CO2 and aerosol extinction profiles with Raman lidar

A prototype Raman lidar was designed for monitoring tropospheric CO2 profile and other scientific investigatious.The third harmonic of Nd:YAG laser (354.7-nm wavelength) was used as stimulated light source to provide nighttime measurements.Filter with high rejection ratio performance was used to extract CO2 Raman signals from Rayleigh-Mie scattering signals effectively.To improve the real time monitoring function,a two-channel signal collection system was designed to collect CO2 and N2 Raman scattering signals simultaneously. The N2 Raman scattering signals were used to retrieve aerosol extinction coefficient.Typical features of CO2 concentration profile and aerosol extinction coefficient in Herei were presented.The mixing ratio of atmospheric CO2 in Hefei can reach about 360-400 ppmv.     

Measurement of water cloud particle size with a dual-polarization pulsed bistatic lidar

A new bistatic lidar was developed for measuring water cloud particle size at the base of lower clouds. The lidar uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and a receiver having a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. Cloud particle size (mode radius of the assumed size distribution) was derived from the ratio of the polarization components of the scattered light based on the single scattering Mie theory. The experiment was performed on board the research vessel Mirai in the northwestern Pacific. Particle size at the bottom of maritime cumulus and stratus was measured, and the difference between the internal structures of cumulus and stratus was observed. The effect of multiple scattering was studied by changing the observing scattering angle. The effect was not significant when the penetration depth was less than 50 m.     

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶消光系数求解新方法

利用Raman激光雷达测量的回波数据求解气溶胶消光系数,选用美国标准大气模式时,反演结果有可能会产生较大的误差。提出一种采用温度模式求解Raman激光雷达回波方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数的新方法,并对这种新方法进行了详细的理论推导。通过与利用无线电探空仪测量数据计算的结果进行对比,发现二者具有较好的一致性。理论和实验均表明：通常情况下,采用温度模式方法求解Raman激光雷达方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数是可行的。温度模式方法包含了探测地点的季节和地理海拔因素,较直接采用美国标准大气模式更加符合实际,可以减少反演结果的误差。     

Raman散射探测南京地区气溶胶光学特性

利用位于中国气象局南京综合观测基地的Rayleigh-Raman-Mie激光雷达Raman通道实测数据反演分析南京北郊气溶胶光学特性。在反演计算消光系数的过程中发现Raman信号波动很大、起伏很多,对我们反演结果带来了很大的困难,导致消光系数值波动范围达到-0.1~0.4km~(-1)。经过反复试验计算,用小波去噪解决这个问题,并将其反演结果与同一时刻同一仪器不同通道(Mie通道)反演结果进行对比,2011年3月30日晴天条件下二者消光系数都在0.05km~(-1)左右,它们的趋势具有很好的一致性,表明小波去噪能提高Raman散射反演气溶胶光学特性的准确性。     

Analysis of influence of atmosphere extinction to Raman lidar monitoring CO2 concentration profile

Lidar （Light detection and ranging） system monitoring of the atmosphere is a novel and powerful technique tool. The Raman lidar is well established today as a leading research tool in the study of numerous important areas in the atmospheric sciences. In this paper, the principle of Raman lidar technique measurement CO2 concentration profile is presented and the errors caused by molecular and aerosol extinction for CO2 concentration profile measurement with Raman lidar are also presented. The standard atmosphere extinction profile and ＇real-time＇ Hefei area extinction profile are used to conduct correction and the corresponding results are yielded. Simulation results with standard atmosphere mode correction indicate that the errors caused by molecule and aerosol extinction should be counted for the reason that they could reach about 8 ppm and 5 ppm respectively. The relative error caused by Hefei area extinction correction could reach about 6%. The errors caused by the two components extinction influence could produce significant changes for CO2 concentration profile and need to be counted in data processing which could improve the measurement accuracies.