Gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of allenes: a case of chirality transfer

The hydroamination of allenes proceeded smoothly in the presence of gold catalysts to give the corresponding 2-vinyl pyrrolidines and piperidines in high yields. The reaction is very efficient and can be carried out with only 1-5 mol % catalyst at room temperature and under extremely mild conditions. As an example of chirality transfer, it is shown that aminoallene 1a (96% ee), synthesized from (S)-(−)-1-octyn-3-ol, was converted into the corresponding pyrrolidine 2a (94% ee) in 99% yield.     

Lewis acid double metal cyanide catalysts for hydroamination of phenylacetylene

Double metal cyanides (DMCs) are highly active recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for hydroamination of phenylacetylene with 4-isopropylaniline. The best hydroamination yields are obtained with Zn-Co DMCs, especially if the particle size is decreased by a reverse emulsion synthesis technique.     

Enantioselective addition of amines to alkenoyl-N-oxazolidinones

Investigations of cationic Pd(II) complex 1 as hydroamination catalysts led to the development of highly enantioselective addition of aromatic amines to alkenoyl-N-oxazolidinones, with ee values up to 93%. Factors affecting the yield and selectivity of the reaction were described. Addition of substituted benzylamines to these Michael acceptors was also attempted, and was found to be reversible under catalytic conditions.     

Chiral zinc(II) and copper(II)-catalyzed asymmetric ring-opening reactions of meso-epoxides with aniline and indole derivatives

The ring-opening reactions of meso-epoxides with aniline and indole derivatives proceeded smoothly in water in the presence of Zn(II) and Cu(II) surfactant-type catalysts to afford the corresponding products in moderate to high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Opposite enantiomers were obtained by using Sc(III) and Zn(II) or Cu(II) with the same chiral ligand. Crystal structures of these catalysts may explain the reversal of the enantioselectivity. Some reactions were also tested in dichloromethane (DCM), and it was revealed that the reactions proceeded faster in water than in DCM. Finally, several non-linear effect experiments suggested unique structure of these chiral catalysts.     

Intramolecular hydroamination of 2-(2-phenylethynyl)aniline catalyzed by gold nanoparticles

The possibility of using heterogeneous catalysts with a low content of gold in the intramolecular hydroamination of 2-(2-phenylethynyl)aniline was shown. The catalysts with size of gold particles lower than 3 nm exhibit catalytic activity. The study of efficiency of the heterogeneous Au-containing catalysts on different supports (MCM-41, γ-Al₂O₃(F), NH₄ ⁺-Beta, Diasorbamine-60, APTES-MCM-41, and SH-PMO) revealed that the maximum yields of 2-phenylindole were achieved with gold supported on mesoporous silicate materials. A high degree of dispersion of gold in these catalysts is explained by the presence of amino or thiol anchor groups in the support composition. It was found by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and XPS and XRD methods that gold in these catalysts exists on the support surfaces as small metal particles and due to their size dimensions they show a decreased electron density, i.e., they are electron-deficient Au^δ+ nanoparticles.     

Simple and mild stereoselective O-glycosidation using 1,2-anhydrosugars under neutral conditions

The ring opening of α-d-1,2-anhydrohexapyranoses with phenols proceeded smoothly in ethyl acetate (neutral conditions) in the absence of metal ion catalysts or additives to stereoselectively furnish 1,2-cis-α-aryl glycosides as the major product and 1,2-trans-β-aryl glycosides as the minor product in good yields. Under similar conditions, this ring opening reaction with alcohols afforded exclusively β-alkyl glycosides in excellent yields.     

Catalysis of the silica sol-gel process by divalent transition metal bis(acetylacetonate) complexes

Transition metal bis(acetylacetonate) complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) have been found to be active catalysts for the sol-gel process. The catalytic activity of these complexes decreases in going from Co(II) to Zn(II) and is highest for the acetylacetonate ligand system. 29Si NMR studies show that the complexes act primarily as condensation catalysts and are, in that regard, similar to Br?nsted bases such as hydroxide. Mechanistically, however, they appear to differ significantly from hydroxide in how they induce condensation. This is revealed in the catalyst concentration dependence, which is 1/2 order for the metal complexes and 1st order in hydroxide. Differences are also apparent in the thermochemical parameters that indicate that the metal complexes act to increase the entropy of the transition state leading to condensation. The catalytic activity is proportional to the degree of ligand dissociation of the metal complex, and experiments suggest that the active catalytic species is specifically the first dissociation product, MII(acac)+.     

Chemically modified silica gel with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde for selective solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) by ICP-OES

Silica gel-bound amines phase modified with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMABD) was prepared based on chemical immobilization technique. The product (SG-p-DMABD) was used as an adsorbent for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The uptake behaviors of SG-p-DMABD for extracting these metal ions were studied using batch and column procedures. For the batch method, the optimum pH range for Cr(III) and Ni(II) extraction was ≥ 3, for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) extraction it was ≥ 4. For simultaneous enrichment and determination of all the metals on the newly designed adsorbent, the pH value if 4.0 was selected. All the metal ions can be desorbed with 2.0 mL of 0.5 mol L^− 1 of HCl. The results indicate that SG-p-DMABD has rapid adsorption kinetics using the batch method. The adsorption capacity for these metal ions is in the range of 0.40-1.15 mmol g^− 1, with a high enrichment factor of 125. The presence of commonly coexisting ions does not affect the sorption capacities. The detection limits of the method were found to be 1.10, 0.69, 0.99, 1.10 and 6.50 μg L^− 1 for Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method under optimum conditions was 5.0% (n = 8) for all metal ions. The method was applied to the preconcentration of Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from the certified reference material (GBW 08301, river sediment) and water samples with satisfactory results.     

Hydrogen-bonding 2D metal-organic solids as highly robust and efficient heterogeneous green catalysts for Biginelli reaction

Two new Zn(II) and Cd(II) MOFs have been synthesized. These MOFs have been applied as heterogeneous catalysts for the green synthesis of a variety of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives through the Biginelli reaction and the desired products were obtained in high yields with short reaction time under mild solvent-free conditions. Moreover, the MOF catalysts may be readily recovered after the reaction and reused for many cycles.     

N-vinylcarbazole polymerization by 13X molecular sieve exchanged with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)

The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by 13X molecular sieves modified by five different transition metal ions, viz. Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), has been studied under various conditions. The order of reactivity follows the trend: Mn(II) ≈ Cu(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) at pH ∼ 3.55 and an exchange level of 30% of the metal ion. The polymerizations are believed to occur by a dual-ion-initiation mechanism in which both metal ions and proton centres participate. The overall energy of activation (E_a) for each system decreases with decreasing pH of the exchanging salt solution. Average activation energy on proton centre (E_H) and that on metal ion centre (E_a) have been evaluated for each system. E_a, E_H and E_c have been shown to correlate with one another. The molecular weights and their distributions are affected by the nature of the metal ion and also by the protonic centres. The possibility of a correlation of the catalytic activity of the modified 13X with ionic radius, electronegativity and normal co-ordination number has been examined.     

Zinc(II)-selective ratiometric fluorescent sensors based on inhibition of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer

To develop a zinc(II)-selective emission ratiometric probe suitable for biological applications, we explored the cation-induced inhibition of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) with a series of 2-(2'-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives. In the absence of Zn(II) at neutral pH, the fluorophores undergo ESIPT to yield a highly Stokes' shifted emission from the proton-transfer tautomer. Coordination of Zn(II) inhibits the ESIPT process and yields a significant hypsochromic shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. Whereas the paramagnetic metal cations Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) result in fluorescence quenching, the emission response is not altered by millimolar concentrations of Ca(II) or Mg(II), rendering the sensors selective for Zn(II) among all biologically important metal cations. Due to the modular architecture of the fluorophore, the Zn(II) binding affinity can be readily tuned by implementing simple structural modifications. The synthesized probes are suitable to gauge free Zn(II) concentrations in the micromolar to picomolar range under physiological conditions.     

Metal-free catalyzed synthesis of the (E)-vinyl sulfones via aromatic olefins with arylsulfonyl hydrazides

Synthesis of vinyl sulfones from aromatic olefins and arylsulfonyl hydrazides via I₂-TBHP catalyzed system under the N₂ atmosphere is described. Owing to no use of metal, only producing N₂ and water as the byproducts and directly available reactants, this reaction could validly avoid many disadvantages of the transition metal catalysts. In addition, the desired product can be collected with moderate to excellent yields under the suitable conditions.     

Palladium(II) 3-iminophosphine (3IP) complexes: Active precatalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination of 1,2-dienes (allenes) and 1,3-dienes with aliphatic amines under mild conditions

The synthesis of alicyclic 3-iminophosphine ligands is extended to include a new framework incorporating a cyclohexenyl backbone with an N-aryl imino functionality (3IP^Ar). Accordingly, a series of palladium(II) complexes employing this new ligand have been synthesized and utilized in the intermolecular hydroamination of 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene (1,1-dimethylallene) and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene with secondary amines. The complex [(3IP^Ar)Pd(allyl)]OTf displays excellent catalytic activity in these reactions, selectively producing allylic amine products in high conversion under mild conditions, with an improved rate relative to that observed for our previously reported catalysts. Further, the reactivity trends for the (3IP)Pd triflate systems prove to be complimentary to other known late transition metal based catalytic systems.     

生物质衍生物γ-戊内酯催化转化制芳烃和2-环戊烯酮的研究

应用浸渍法在ZSM-5沸石分子筛孔道中引入过渡金属Zn物种,制备了具有不同Zn含量的Zn/ZSM-5。考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、催化剂的酸性性质等条件对γ-戊内酯芳构化产物组成(气、液、固产物)及其液体成分含量的影响。实验结果表明,ZSM-5分子筛孔道中引入Zn后,可以有效改变液体产物成分以及影响气体和固体产物收率。当ZSM-5分子筛孔道中引入Zn物种后,能够明显提高液体产物中苯、甲苯、乙苯、萘等芳香类化合物的含量,表明Zn物种能促进γ-戊内酯芳构化反应的进行。     

Design and synthesis of 1,10-phenanthroline based Zn(II) complexes bearing 1D push-pull NLO-phores for tunable quadratic nonlinear optical properties

Three Zn(II) complexes bearing 1,10-phenanthroline and one-dimensional (1D) push-pull NLO-phores with various acceptor strength as well as π-conjugation length have been synthesized in high yields for two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear optical response. The quadratic optical nonlinearity of the ligands and the complexes are measured by the HRS technique. The ligands show small second-order optical nonlinearity (β) comparable to the standard, para-nitroaniline (pNA). However, upon complexation with Zn(II), each complex exhibits large β values showing the importance of metal ion in enhancing the optical nonlinear effect.     

A Reusable MOF‐Supported Single‐Site Zinc(II) Catalyst for Efficient Intramolecular Hydroamination of o‐Alkynylanilines

The exploitation of new and active earth‐abundant metal catalysts is critical for sustainable chemical production. Herein, we demonstrate the design of highly efficient, robust, and reusable Zn^II‐bipyridine‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) catalysts for the intramolecular hydroamination of o‐alkynylanilines to indoles. Under similar conditions homogeneous catalytic systems mainly provide hydrolysate. Our results prove that MOFs support unique internal environments that can affect the direction of chemical reactions. The Zn^II‐catalyzed hydroamination reaction can be conducted without additional ligands, base, or acid, and is thus a very clean reaction system with regard to its environmental impact.     

Metal induced enhancement of fluorescence and modulation of two-photon absorption cross-section with a donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor receptor

A metal ion sensing fluorophore L that exhibits a large two-photon absorption cross-section has been synthesized in good yields. The influences of different metal ion inputs, on the one- and two-photon spectroscopic properties of L, have been investigated. The ligand itself does not show any fluorescence although in presence of a metal ion like Zn(II), Cd(II), Mg(II) or Ca(II), a ∼25 time enhancement of fluorescence is observed. The ligand with symmetrical “donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor” characteristics exhibits a large two-photon absorption cross-section measured by femtosecond open-aperture Z-scan technique at 880 nm. However, presence of any of the above metal ions lowers its two-photon absorption cross-section (δ) to different extents at 880 nm. Theoretical calculation carried out in DFT formalism on the ligand and its Zn(II) complex corroborate experimental results.     

Diaza-18-crown-6 based chromophores for modulation of two-photon absorption cross-section by metal ions

Two chromophores with diaza-18-crown-6 as receptor have been synthesized in high yields. The electronic structure, one-photon absorption (OPA) spectra, and two-photon absorption (TPA) properties have been studied in detail. When no metal ion is added as input, both show negligible TPA cross-section (σ₂). However, in the presence of Zn(II)/Cd(II)/Mg(II)/Ca(II) ion, each exhibits large TPA cross-section value. Binding of metal ion in the receptor increases the symmetric charge transfer leading to large σ₂ values. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP functional with 6-31G^∗ and LanL2DZ mixed basis set under DFT formalism support experimental results.     

Metal-catalyzed hydroxylaminolysis of unactivated amide and peptide bonds

Kinetics of the hydroxylaminolysis of acetamide, glycinamide, glycylglycine and triglycine have been studied in the range of temperatures 37-60 degrees C as a function of pH and hydroxylamine concentration. Rate constants for specific acid, general-acid and general-base catalyzed pathways have been determined for all substrates (for glycine derivatives rate constants for different protonation forms were obtained). Testing different metal ions as possible reaction catalysts revealed a significant catalytic effect of Zn(II) on the hydroxylaminolysis of glycine substrates, but not acetamide. On the basis of the kinetic results, a mechanism of Zn(II) catalysis is proposed, which involves the coordination of the metal ion to the alpha-amino group of the substrate and the base-assisted nucleophilic attack of hydroxylamine on the bound substrate. The product analysis by proton NMR shows that the primary reaction product in the catalytic reaction is glycine hydroxamic acid, which undergoes further Zn(II)-catalyzed hydrolysis to glycine. Thus the final result of the Zn(II)-catalyzed treatment of peptides by hydroxylamine is hydrolytic cleavage.     

Alumina-supported metal(II) Schiff base complexes as heterogeneous catalysts in the high-regioselective cleavage of epoxides to halohydrins by using elemental halogen

A highly regioselective method for the synthesis of β-iodohydrins and β-bromohydrins through direct ring opening of epoxides with elemental halogen in the presence of alumina-supported Schiff base complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) as new catalysts is described. This method is regioselective under mild conditions in various aprotic solvents with high yields, even when sensitive functional groups are present. The catalysts are easily recovered and can be reused several times.