甲醇气相缩合制二甲醚反应动力学研究

在管式活塞流反应器上进行了甲醇在HZSM-5上缩合制二甲醚反应稳态动力学研究,获得了该反应是由双吸附甲醇分子或吸附甲醇分子与气相甲醇分子进行表面反应为控制步骤的动力学模型及其参数。     

在HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇脱水反应动力学研究——在活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器中稳态反应的分析

以连续流动稳态法研究了甲醇在HZSM-5分子筛上生成二甲醚的反应动力学。使用活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器,在150～190℃内分别得到相应的动力学数据。依据分子态吸附的甲醇在表面反应的可逆性及二甲醚吸附能力极弱的特性建立了反应机理模型,认为吸附态的与气相中的甲醇进行分子间反应生成二甲醚是速控步骤的Rideal-Eley机理。     

在改性高岭土催化剂上甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的动力学考察

采用积分反应器,考察了常压下在改性高岭土（ＭＫ）催化剂上甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应动力学,根据Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ均匀吸附理论,采用Ｒ－Ｅ机理,推断吸附的甲醇分子与气相主体中的甲醇分子发生的表面反应为速率控制步骤（ＲＤＳ）,得到双曲线型动力学方程为：ｒ＝ｋｓｂＭｐＭ＾２／（１＋ｂＭｐＭ＋ｂｐＥ）ｒ为反应速率,ｋｓ为反应速率常数,ｂＭ为甲醇的吸附平衡常数,ｂ为二甲醚和水的吸附平衡常数之和,ｐＭ、ｐＥ分别为     

在HZSM—5分子筛上甲醇脱水反庆动力学研究：—在活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器中稳态反应的分析

以连续动稳态法研究了甲醇在HZSM0－5分子筛上生成二甲醚的反应动力学，使用活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器，在150－150℃内分别得到相应的动力学数据。依据分子态吸附的甲醇在表面反应的可逆性及二甲醚吸附能力极弱的特性建立了反应机理模型，认为吸附态的与气相中的甲醇进行分子间反应生成二甲醚是速控步骤的Rideal-Eley机理。     

氧化硅掺杂对硫酸化氧化锆酸性中心浓度和强度的提高

用氧化硅掺杂硫酸化氧化锆可以增强硫酸化氧化锆的酸性. 以413～453 K下甲醇液相脱水为模型反应考察了改进催化剂的性能. 结果表明,在掺杂和未掺杂氧化硅的硫酸化氧化锆催化剂上甲醇均相继脱水生成二甲醚和乙烯. 在掺杂了氧化硅的催化剂上还有一定量的丙烯生成,而未掺杂氧化硅的催化剂上则没有丙烯生成.     

甲醇脱水制二甲醚的杂多酸/纳米HZSM-5复合固体酸催化剂

开发低温、高活性和良好稳定性的催化剂成为甲醇气相脱水制二甲醚乃至合成气一步法制二甲醚反应的核心.在氧化铝挤条成型的纳米HZSM-5沸石上负载Keggin结构12-磷钨酸制备了复合固体酸催化剂, 通过FT-IR、UV-Raman、³¹P MAS-NMR和XRD对所制备的样品进行表征. 以甲醇气相脱水制二甲醚为探针反应的研究结果表明, 在选定的操作条件下连续运转超过300 h, 甲醇摩尔转化率大于87%(理论转化率90.9%), 二甲醚摩尔选择性高于99.0%, 是目前该反应非常有效的催化剂之一.     

分子筛稳定的Lewis酸稀土中心在醛自缩合反应中的应用（英文）

羟醛缩合是重要的C–C键偶联反应,可以增长碳链,降低O/C比,用于生产很多大宗化学品,在生物质转化和生物油升级中广受关注.本文以丙醛分子自缩合反应作为模型反应,对比研究了稀土分子筛和稀土氧化物在醛自缩合反应中的催化性能,发现稀土分子筛的活性远高于稀土氧化物,其中Y/Beta活性最佳,并且具有良好的循环性能.随后采用程序升温表面反应(TPSR)、原位漫反射红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)和原位漫反射紫外光谱(in situ UV-vis DRS)对Y/Beta和Y2O3催化丙醛缩合反应过程进行对比研究.TPSR结果表明, Y/Beta催化剂的反应能垒比Y2O3低;通过原位DRIFTS和UV-visDRS谱结果发现, Y/Beta催化剂上Lewis酸位点对丙醛分子具有较强的吸附能力,利于缩合反应的进行,而Y2O3上几乎没有产物的特征峰,但出现芳香烃物种的吸收峰,表明Y2O3比Y/Beta催化剂更容易形成积碳物种,从而造成催化剂失活.我们还通过密度泛函理论(DFT)对Y/Beta分子筛的结构及其催化羟醛缩合反应过程进行计算模拟,揭示了羟醛缩合的主要反应步骤,即醛经历烯醇异构化、亲核加成和羟醛二聚体脱水等关键步骤,其中羟醛二聚体脱水是决速步.此外,具有开放结构的Y中心的催化活性比闭合结构的更高,其羟基可以通过氢键有效稳定羟醛二聚体的过渡态,从而降低其转化能垒,并且羟基的数量越多,能垒越低.因此,具有Lewis酸位点的Y(OSi)(OH)2是羟醛缩合反应的主要活性中心.综上,[Si]Beta分子筛对活性位点Y-OH的稳定作用, Y–OH是反应的活性位点,能够显著降低反应的能垒,而分子筛的限域作用可以有效控制中间物种的扩散,从而进一步促进羟醛缩合反应的进行.醛在反应过程中首先吸附在Y–OH位点上,经历α-C–H键的裂化,转变成烯醇式结构;裂化产生的氢原子和Y–OH中的羟基作用能够大大降低活化能垒;烯醇式离子和另一分子醛自发发生亲核加成反应生成醇盐离子,生成的醇盐离子与烯醇异构化反应中裂化的氢原子发生质子化反应,从而得到羟醛二聚体;最后,羟醛二聚体吸附在Y–OH上,通过氢键稳定过渡态,降低了活化能垒,诱发脱水反应生成最终产物.     

浆态床中合成气制二甲醚宏观动力学的研究(英文)

以液体石蜡为介质,在合成甲醇催化剂与甲醇脱水催化剂比例为5、催化剂浓度为10 g/300 mL液体石蜡,温度为250℃~280℃,压力为3 MPa~5 MPa,气体空速为4 000 mL/(g(h)~7 000 mL/(g(h)的条件下,建立了浆态床合成气制二甲醚宏观动力学模型。甲醇合成反应和甲醇脱水反应的活化能分别为14.06 kJ/mol和23.53 kJ/mol。甲醇当量生成速率和二甲醚生成速率的计算值与实验值的相对误差在10%和20%以内。     

芴羟甲基化合成9-芴甲醇过程中脱水产物生成的影响因素及机理

以多聚甲醛为羟甲基化试剂,在碱催化下芴一步生成9-芴甲醇过程极易发生单分子共轭碱消除,脱水生成富烯化合物,导致9-芴甲醇的选择性下降.为实现对该过程的调控,本文考察了温度、碱的种类、乙醇和多聚甲醛的添加等对9-芴甲醇脱水反应的影响,并结合动力学计算和同位素示踪,推测了芴羟甲基化合成9-芴甲醇过程中副产物生成的机理.结果表明,升高温度、增加碱性和添加甲醛有利于脱水反应发生.乙醇通过氢键作用促进脱水反应,添加量大时会导致芴负离子和9-芴甲醇负离子发生质子化作用.中间体可能会发生分子内氢传递或者夺取芴和9-芴甲醇的9位氢,促进脱水反应发生.     

SAPO-34和SAPO-44分子筛上吸附甲醇的TPSR-MS研究

 采用程序升温表面反应-质谱(TPSR-MS)和程序升温脱附(TPD)技术考察了SAPO-34和SAPO-44分子筛表面的酸性与其催化甲醇转化为低碳烯烃性能的关系. 结果表明,SAPO分子筛表面存在两种活性中心,这两种活性中心与分子筛表面不同的酸性中心相对应. 表面吸附的甲醇在不同强度的酸性中心上进行不同的反应,在弱酸中心上主要进行甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应,在强酸中心上主要进行二甲醚进一步转化为低碳烯烃的反应. 同时,探讨了SAPO分子筛表面的酸强度对低碳烯烃生成温度的影响.     

Study of the acidity of H3PW12O40 supported on activated carbon by microcalorimetry and methanol dehydration reaction

H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/activated carbon catalysts have been studied by microcalorimetry and by the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. It has been shown that the acidity of the polyacid is greatly reduced upon grafting on activated carbon. The decrease is so high that, at low polyanion loadings, the catalysts are relatively inactive in the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether.     

Green process of fuel production under porous γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Study of activation and deactivation kinetic for MTD process

One of the methods of industrial dimethyl ether production is the catalytic dehydration of methanol. In this research work, methanol dehydration reactor has been modeled using continuous model and its results have been compared with experimental works and Voronoi pore network model. A 1D heterogeneous dispersed plug flow model was utilized to model an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor for the catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. The mass and heat transfer equations are numerically solved for the reactor. The concentration of the reactant and products and also the temperature varies along the reactor, therefore the effectiveness factor would also change in the reactor. We used the the effectiveness factor that was simulated according to the diffusion and reaction in the catalyst pellet as a Voronoi pore network model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of T, P and weight hourly space velocity on performance of the chemical reactor. Acceptable agreement was reached between the measured and the model data. The results showed that the maximum reaction conversion was obtained about 90 % at WHSV = 10 h^?1 and T = 560 K, while the inlet temperature (T_inlet) had a greater effect on methanol conversion. In addition, the effect of water in the feed on methanol conversion was quantitatively studied. Also, the deactivation kinetics of γ-Al₂O₃ heterogeneous-acidic catalyst in methanol to dimethyl ether dehydration process was studied using integral analysis method. Based on independent deactivation kinetics, a second order was found that accurately fitted the experimental conversion time data. The main reaction activation energies and catalyst deactivation energies were 143.1 and ?102.1 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from CO Hydrogenation： a Thermodynamic Analysis of the Influence of Water Gas Shift Reaction

Three reactions involved in dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from CO hydrogenation: methanol synthesis reaction (MSR), methanol dehydration reaction (MDR) and water gas shift reaction (WGSR) are studied by thermodynamic calculation. For demonstrating this process in detail, three models, MSR,MSR MDR, MSR MDR WGSR, are used. Their basic characteristics can be obtained by varying widely the ratios of H2 to CO in the feed (no CO2). Through thermodynamic analysis a chemical synergic effect obviously exists in the second and third models. By comparison between two models it is found that WGSR plays a special role in dimethyl ether synthesis. It is possible for the two models to shift one to the other by regulating CO2 concentration in feed. For Model 2, the selectivity for DME in oxygenates (DME methanol) does not change with the ratio of H2 to CO.     

Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over modified vermiculites

Vermiculite materials pillared with alumina and modified with titanium were tested as catalysts for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether. The different samples were characterized by powder XRD, TG, nitrogen adsorption, and pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR. Catalytic activity was evaluated in the temperature range 250–450 °C using different hourly space velocities, in the absence and in the presence of water in the feed. Modified vermiculites were shown to be active and selective in methanol dehydration. Al pillaring was found to result in more active catalysts than in the case of the modification with TiO₂. The influence of methanol hourly space velocity did not have a significant effect on methanol conversion, but it changed drastically selectivity to dimethyl ether at the beginning of the reaction. The addition of water had a negative effect on the catalysts’ activity and led to a faster catalyst deactivation.     

Mechanism and Kinetics of Reactions of C1 Molecules on Cu-Based Catalysts

The mechanism and kinetics of reactions occurring in the course of natural gas processing into motor fuels and other chemical products are considered with emphasis on copper-based catalysts. The following reactions are considered: methanol and methyl formate syntheses, dimethyl ether synthesis from syngas and by methanol dehydration, water-gas shift reaction, steam reforming of methanol and its decomposition to produce syngas, and others. It is shown that a key role in the mechanisms of the above reactions belong to transformations of stable, strongly (irreversibly) chemisorbed species, and this fact determines the specific features of the schemes of their mechanisms and kinetic models. The use of the specific features of reaction mechanisms makes it possible to increase the process efficiency (methanol and dimethyl ether syntheses) and provide a high selectivity (methyl formate synthesis).     

Intrinsic Kinetics of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Syngas

The intrinsic kinetics of dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from syngas over a methanol synthesis catalyst mixed with methanol dehydration catalyst has been investigated in a tubular integral reactor at 3-7MPa and 220-260℃. The three reactions including methanol synthesis from CO and H2, CO2 and H2, and methanol dehydration were chosen as the independent reactions. The L-H kinetic model was presented for dimethyl ether synthesis and the parameters of the model were obtained by using simplex method combined with genetic algorithm. The model is reliable according to statistical analysis and residual error analysis. The synergy effect of the reactions over the bifunctional catalyst was compared with the effect for methanol synthesis catalyst under the same conditions based on the model. The effects of syngas containing N2 on the reactions were also simulated.     

Preparation of ferric tungstate and its catalytic behavior toward methanol

Pure ferric tungstate, Fe₂(WO₄)₃, has been prepared and characterized for the first time. Ferric tungstate has a structure very similar to that of ferric molybdate with a unit cell volume about 1.5% larger. Decomposition to Fe₂WO₆ and WO₃ occurs at about 600°C. Ferric tungstate was tested as a catalyst for the selective oxidation of methanol and shown to have very different properties from ferric molybdate for this reaction. Whereas over the molybdate the predominant reaction is oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, over the tungstate it is dehydration to dimethyl ether.     

Adsorption and thermal reaction of DMMP in nanocrystalline NaY

In this study, FTIR spectroscopy and solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR were used to investigate the adsorption and thermal reaction of the nerve gas simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in nanocrystalline NaY with a crystal size of approximately 30 nm. DMMP adsorbs molecularly in nanocrystalline NaY at 25 degrees C. Gas-phase products of the reaction of DMMP and oxygen in nanocrystalline NaY at 200 degrees C were monitored by FTIR spectroscopy and determined to be carbon dioxide (major product), formaldehyde, and dimethyl ether. In the presence of water, the thermal reaction of DMMP in nanocrystalline NaY at 200 degrees C yielded methanol (major product), carbon dioxide, and dimethyl ether. When the thermal reaction of DMMP in nanocrystalline NaY at 200 degrees C was conducted in the presence of water and oxygen, the predominant products were methanol and carbon dioxide. Hydroxyl sites located on the external zeolite surface were consumed during the DMMP thermal reactions as monitored by FTIR spectroscopy and were therefore determined to be the active sites in this reaction. 31P solid-state MAS NMR experiments were used to identify the surface-bound phosphorus complexes. The reactivity per gram of zeolite was comparable to other recently studied metal oxides such as MgO, Al2O3, and TiO2, and was found to have comparable, if not higher reactivity. Future improvements in reactivity may be achieved by incorporating a reactive transition metal ion or metal oxide nanocluster into the nanocrystalline NaY to enhance reaction rates and to achieve complete reaction of DMMP.