Testing of printed circuit board solder joints by speckle correlation techniques

A photographic technique of speckle correlations is demonstrated to produce results analogous to the holographic correlation technique for the testing of printed circuit board solder joints. More stability and simplicity can be obtained by means of the speckle correlation technique which allows the reduction in resolving power that is necessary for the detection process.     

Speckle correlation used to study the oxidation process in real time

The aim of the present paper is to report preliminary results on the use of optical correlation of speckle patterns to detect and analyse the metallic oxidation phenomena in real time at environmental temperatures.     

激光散斑相关性和位移的关系研究

用统计理论研究激光散斑的相关性与位移的关系,并对此关系进行了实验研究,理论和实验结果对于数字散斑相关测量具有一定的指导意义。     

Speckle shear interferometry

A number of speckle shear methods and their applications to ndt are discussed. Experiments using multiple apertures with custom-made optical elements have shown that in-plane displacement, slope and curvature patterns can be obtained by filtering through appropriate haloes.     

频率域数字散斑相关方法的研究

提出一种利用二维快速傅里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）经频率域匹配滤波实现数字相关运算以提取散斑图携带位移信息的频率域数字散斑相关方法。该方法因采取快速傅里叶变换、散斑限幅、滤波器优化等措施而减弱了空间域相关方法中不利因素对相关波峰的影响,提出了相关点定位的时效性和精确性。     

Computation of surface roughness using optical correlation

The laser speckle photography is used to calculate the average surface roughness from the autocorrelation function of the aluminum diffuse objects. The computed results of surface roughness obtained from the profile shapes of the autocorrelation function of the diffuser show good agreement with the results obtained by the stylus profile meter.      

Point-wise and whole-field laser speckle intensity fluctuation measurements applied to botanical specimens

Based on multi-scattering speckle theory, the speckle fields generated by plant specimens irradiated by laser light have been studied using a pointwise method. In addition, a whole-field method has been developed with which entire botanical specimens may be studied. Results are reported from measurements made on tomato and apple fruits, orange peel, leaves of tobacco seedlings, leaves of shihu seedlings (a Chinese medicinal herb), soy-bean sprouts, and leaves from an unidentified trailing houseplant. Although differences where observed in the temporal fluctuations of speckles that could be ascribed to differences in age and vitality, the growing tip of the bean sprout and the shihu seedling both generated virtually stationary speckles such as were observed from boiled orange peel and from localised heat-damaged regions on apple fruit. Our results suggest that both the identity of the botanical specimen and the site at which measurements are taken are likely to critically affect the observation or otherwise of temporal fluctuations of laser speckles.     

时间序列动态散斑相关跟踪测量原理及其应用

在对散斑场的特性进行研究与分析的基础上,提出了时间序列动态散斑相关跟踪测量法,它弥补了一般散斑相关法不适合大变形测量的缺点,扩大了散斑相关法的应用范围.运用这种方法不仅可以测量大动态范围的面内变形,而且可以测量分析面内动态变形过程和变形速度.     

Whole field surface roughness measurement by laser speckle correlation technique

This paper describes a speckle correlation technique for the determination of surface roughness, ranging from 1.6 to 50 μm. Instead of moving the laser beam, the specimen is rotated to achieve angular speckle correlation (ASC) in the far-field plane. The technique is simple and requires minimum optical alignment. The experimental results show a good agreement with the standard specimen of known roughness. An error analysis on the experiment has been carried out. Together with the theoretical curves, the roughness values can be easily related to the change of incidence angle at a particular visibility of the correlation fringes between two speckle patterns.     

Manipulation of speckle fringes for non-destructive testing of defects in composites

A digital speckle pattern interferometer with optical fibres is proposed for composite materials diagnostics in an operative environment. Detection of a variety of flaws, such as disbonds, delaminations and cracks in aircraft components, is reported. Additional fringes are introduced for linearizing the fringe pattern and obtaining quantitative deformation measurements by Fourier transform analysis.     

改进的孔隙模型评价流体性质与裂缝孔隙度

随着勘探开发的不断深入,渤海油田面临越来越多的疑难储层,这类储层流体性质识别与裂缝孔隙度评价成为测井评价的难点。本文依据Biot理论,描述了存在裂隙条件下的含裂隙Biot理论,形成改进的孔隙介质模型。根据该模型利用阵列声波测井数据进行反演得到裂缝孔隙度,同时通过流体置换,得到不同流体对应的岩石体积模量,对其进行交会判别流体性质,实现了阵列声波测井裂缝孔隙度定量评价与流体性质识别综合应用。利用该模型对渤海油田十几口井进行计算,结果表明该方法对于常规砂泥岩和复杂岩性储层均能取得较好效果,本文提出的储层流体性质识别与裂缝孔隙度评价方法,有助于扩展阵列声声波测井的应用范围。     

Simulation of the relationship between porosity and tortuosity in porous media with cubic particles

Tortuosity is an important parameter used in areas such as vascular medicine,neurobiology,and the field of soil permeability and diffusion to express the mass transport in porous media.It is a function of the porosity and the shape and distribution of particles.In this paper,the tortuosity of cubic particles is calculated.With the assumption that the porous medium is homogeneous,the problem is converted to the micro-level over a unit cell,and geometry models of flow paths are proposed.In three-dimensional(3D) cells,the flow paths are too complicated to define.Hence,the 3D models are converted to two-dimensional(2D) models to simplify the calculation process.It is noticed that the path in the 2D model is shorter than that in the 3D model.As a result,triangular particles and the interaction are also taken into consideration to account for the longer distance respectively.We have proposed quadrate particle and interaction(QI) and quadrate and triangular particle(QT) models with cubic particles.Both models have shown good agreement with the experimental data.It is also found that they can predict the toruosities of some kinds of porous media,like freshwater sediment and Negev chalk.     

Monitoring of Paint Drying Process by Digital Speckle Correlation

The state of drying paint is monitored from the dynamic behaviors of the speckle pattern arising from laser illumination of the region inspected. Temporal variation of the peak height of the cross-correlation function between successive frames taken with a fixed interval is plotted until the peak maintains a stationary maximum value. We used a speckle pattern in the diffraction field for monitoring of a single region and that in the image field for simultaneous monitoring of various regions. Both the normal and the phase-only algorithms were compared for cross-correlation computation. The former showed more distinct variation of peak height.     

经成像系统二次调制的动态散斑的空时相关性质

高斯光束经位于成像系统共轭面的两个散射体(其中一个是恒速运动)后,在距像面为菲涅尔区的观测面上形成了串级动态散斑场.理论分析和实验测量结果均表明,这种动态散斑的空-时相关函数与一次散射形成的动态散斑相比,对散射体的运动十分敏感,但其时间相关长度与速度的倒数仍然保持线性关系.     

Application of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator on optical roughness measurements by a speckle correlation method using two refractive indices

A system of roughness measurements using a CCD camera and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) has been developed. The scattered light patterns from the surface, which is covered by liquids with several different refractive indices, are acquired by the CCD camera and stored in a frame grabber in a computer. The superposition of two arbitrary patterns is calculated by the computer and displayed on the LCSLM. It is then illuminated by coherent light to produce interference fringes of equal inclination at infinity. The surface roughness can be determined through the relationship between the fringe visibility and the difference of refractive indices. The performance of this system is estimated by experiments.     

Robustness of Objective and Subjective Speckle Patterns in the Speckle Strain Gauge

The robustness to rigid body object motions of three optical systems used in the speckle strain gauge were experimentally investigated and compared with analytical results of the correlation. It was found that an out-of-plane motion of the object damaged the reliability of the strain measure when recording the objective speckle patterns while subjective speckle patterns were more robust. Besides out-of-plane object motions, the robustness of a free-space geometry and an afocal imaging configuration are approximately the same, while a telecentric imaging system is more robust to rigid body motions but more sensitive to deformation gradients (basically in-plane rotation and tilt). Results from a measurement of the relaxation in a lead-tin alloy used in organ pipes is also presented.Presented at 1996 International Workshop on Interferometry (IWI ‘96), August 27-29, Wako, Saitama, Japan.     

Novel quantitative non-destructive testing method for composite structures

A novel QNDT (quantitative non-destructive testing) method is developed that is combined with a phase-shifting shearing speckle and thermograph, and, it aims at the detection of faults such as cracks, voids, delamination and weak areas. The technique is immune to ambient noise and is suitable for measuring the in situ environment. Some different depth defects that would produce deformation differing from other positions could be found with shearing speckle when the sample is loaded, however, a thermograph based on the thermal resistance effect of a defect can detect only those varisized defects embedded deeply in the composite structure by measuring the surface temperature distribution. The resolution is examined for artificial delaminated defects in carbon-fiber composite structures using a phase-shifting shearing speckle and thermograph. The experimental results have demonstrated that the technique is effective for revealing defects in composite structures.     

数字散斑时间序列相关三维面形测量方法

提出了一种测量三维面形的新方法,将随机数字散斑投影到参考平面上,深度方向等间距平移参考平面,用CCD提取时间序列散斑参考集R（t)。然后用被测物体取代参考平面,获取物体调制散斑图像O。O中的任意子图像O（x,y)与参考平面簇中对应位置的时间序列子图像R（x,y:t)之间的交叉相关值曲线呈高斯分布,其峰值位置就是被测物点的高度。该方法摆脱了以前数字散斑测量法水平相关思路,是真正的时间序列相关方法,且原理简单,测量精度高,不需要复杂的相位展开和校准过程,特别适用于测量突变面形和空间离散面形,根据测量结果的误差特征,提出了相关值加权邻平均插值算法,能得到比邻平均算法更好的测量结果。