乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光特性

利用一种改进后的U形管圆锥泡声致发光装置，研究了乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光特性.实验结果表明，利用乙二醇溶液可以得到超强的单个发光脉冲，其脉冲宽度可以达到150 μs，其值远远高于其他方式产生的声致发光的脉冲宽度.测量得到的光谱为一从紫外到可见光波长范围的连续谱，在589 nm附近叠加有钠的3P-3S原子发射谱线.在钠的原子发射谱线两侧测量得到了Na-Ar分子激发态跃迁形成的蓝卫星带，并在声致发光实验中测得了Na-Ar的红卫星带以及钠的3S-4S原子发射谱线. 关键词： 圆锥泡声致发光 光脉冲 光谱 卫星带     

声致发光的流体动力学实验方法

介绍两种使用流体动力学实现声致发光的方法:刹管法和U管圆锥泡法.这两种方法的设备简单,操作方便,容易在普通物理实验中进行,所得结果和传统单泡声致发光有所不同.U管圆锥泡法创造了发光功率和单脉冲能量的新记录,并首次用条纹相机得到了时间分辨发射光谱.     

圆锥气泡发光的光谱性质

在改进的U型管装置中观察到一种圆锥气泡声致发光现象。声致发光产生的单个光脉冲的能量可达到约1.4 毫焦. 脉冲宽度约100 毫秒。发光光谱由连续光谱上叠加C2,CN,和CH的激发态光谱构成。这种圆锥气泡声致发光为单泡声致发光和多泡声致发光提供了一种联系。     

圆锥气泡声致发光光脉冲和光谱

对一种U形管圆锥气泡发光装置进行了改进，使其发光效果更好，利用光电倍增管和光谱仪 得到了水中空气圆锥气泡的发光脉冲和发光光谱图. 得到的发光脉冲在几百个ps和几个ns之 间不等；在近红外波长范围内观测到了水分子振动能级的特征谱，其连续谱发光强度随着波 长的增加而升高. 另外还得到了在水中加入NaCl溶液的气泡发光光谱图. 关键词： 声致发光 圆锥气泡 光脉冲 光谱     

Sonoluminescence

Abstract

Sonoluminescence is the light emission phenomenon from collapsing bubbles in liquid irradiated by an ultrasonic wave. In the present review, theoretical and experimental studies of the two types of sonoluminescence [single‐bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL)] are described. SBSL is a sonoluminescence from a single stably pulsating bubble trapped at the pressure antinode of a standing ultrasonic wave. MBSL is a sonoluminescence occurring from many bubbles in liquid irradiated by an ultrasonic wave. The theoretical and experimental studies suggest that SBSL originates in emissions from plasma inside the heated bubble at the bubble collapse, whereas MBSL originates both in emissions from plasma and in chemiluminescence inside heated bubbles at the bubble collapse. Unsolved problems of sonoluminescence have also been explained in detail.     

乙二醇溶液中直管圆锥泡声致发光光脉冲和光谱

在U型管声致发光装置的基础上建立了一套新型的声致发光装置—直管圆锥泡声致发光装置,详细地介绍了此装置的结构和实验操作步骤,利用此装置得到了超强的发光脉冲。测量得到了乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光脉冲,结果显示脉冲半宽度大约为80 μs左右,远远高于其他声致发光形式所产生的脉冲宽度,这主要是由于圆锥泡可以获得远远高于超声声致发光中气泡所能得到的能量。发光光谱为一从紫外光至可见光波长范围的连续谱,上面叠加C₂有d3Π_g→d3Π_u的跃迁形成的五个序列谱带,分别对应于Δν＝-2,Δν＝-1,Δν＝0,Δν＝1和Δν＝2;同时叠加有CN的B2Σ+→X 2Σ+跃迁形成的3个序列谱带和CH的A2Δ→X 2Π 跃迁谱带。特别是实验中测量得到了斯旺带光谱序列谱带清晰的振动结构。最后,通过与理论模拟得到的斯旺带光谱相对强度的比较,估算得到了C₂分子的振动温度大约为(4 200±200) K。     

丙三醇溶液声致发光中的黑体辐射谱

利用U型管圆锥泡声致发光装置,测量到了丙三醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的光谱和光脉冲。结果表明,测量得到的发光光谱为光滑的连续谱,且与理论模拟得到的黑体辐射谱相吻合,拟合温度分布于2 600～3 500 K范围内。文章从空间和时间两方面分析了圆锥泡空化发光中存在黑体辐射的原因：较大的气泡体积(气泡塌缩半径为1.4 cm)与较长的发光时间(几十微秒)。另外,实验研究表明随着发光波长的增长,光脉冲宽度变宽,从而进一步证明了圆锥泡声致发光中的黑体辐射机制。最后,利用测量得到的发光光谱和脉冲计算得到了发光光强为0.18 J,远远高于其他方式得到的声致发光光强。     

Effect of dissolved air content on single bubble sonoluminescence

It has been recently demonstrated that a single gas bubble in a liquid medium can be driven hard enough by an acoustic pressure field to make it emit light which is visible to the naked eye in a dark room. This phenomenon termed as single bubble sonoluminescence has shown some extraordinary physical properties. In the present investigation we have shown that dissolved air content has a significant influence on this phenomenon.     

Finite-amplitude vibration of a bubble and sonoluminescence

Numerical solutions of the differential equation for a bubble performing finite-amplitude vibration are given in detail for a variety of situations. The results demonstrate that in lower acoustic pressure (maximum Mach number very low) its vibration has bounce. When acoustic pressure is in excess of 1.18atm and the instantaneous radius of the bubble approaches its equivalent Van der Waals radius, the maximum velocity and acceleration on the surface of a bubble have a huge increase in a very short period, which seems to favour the sonoluminescence. In vacuum environment (0.1atm), an intensive sonoluminescence could be generated.     

TO ENHANCE THE INTENSITY OF SONOLUMINESCENCE

The transient resonance of a sonoluminescence bubble has been analysed. When the bubble performs its transient resonance at the nth order harmonics of the standing waves in the liquid, the light intensity strongly depends on the amplitude of the driving pressure (proportional to its 2n power, with n=f_r/f, where f_r is Minnaert's linear resonant frequency of the bubble and f is the frequency of driving sound). The kinetic energy of a vibrating bubble becomes maximum approximately when it is in its equilibrium size. For example, when the ambient temperature of a bubble decreases from 34℃ to 4℃, a huge increase of the light intensity emitted by it can be explained. A suggestion was made that, within the limits permitted by the phase diagrams, as high an increase in driving pressure as possible could enhance the light intensity of sonoluminescence up to four orders of magnitude.     

液体介质中的空泡发光现象及其他

空泡广泛存在于自然界中，理论和实验表明，空泡在坍塌时可以将能量密度提高-10^12倍，发出皮秒级超短脉冲闪光，文章对液体介质中的空泡规律和常用研究方法进行了描述，主要内容包括空泡动力学、声致发光、冲击波产生、激光空泡及空泡应用前景介绍。     

Comparison of Xe single bubble sonoluminescence in water and sulfuric acid

Using the equations of fluid mechanics with proper boundary conditions and taking account of the gas properties, we can numerically simulate the process of single bubble sonoluminescence, in which electron-neutral atom bremsstrahlung, electron-ion bremsstrahlung and recombination radiation, and the radiative attachment of electrons to atoms and molecules contribute to the light emission. The calculation can quantitatively or qualitatively interpret the experimental results. We find that the accumulated heat energy inside the compressed gas bubble is mostly consumed by the chemical reaction, therefore, the maximum degree of ionization inside Xe bubble in water is much lower than that in sulfuric acid, of which the vapour pressure is very low. In addition, in sulfuric acid much larger pa and R0 are allowed which makes the bubbles in it much brighter than that in water.     

硫酸中多气泡声致发光光谱

非线性声波方程与气泡脉动方程联立, 可以描述声空化云中的声场以及任何一个气泡的脉动过程,为数值计算空化场问题提供了理论框架.计算的声压分布变化可以用来计算单气泡动力学,了解任何位置处气泡发光过程以及气泡内气体温度和压强变化等. 对浓硫酸中氙气泡空化云的计算定性符合实验观测, 只有钠原子线谱的计算结果相比实验观测有些出入.     

声致发光

对当前非线性声学界和物理学界的一个热门课题———单泡声致发光现象的研究，进行了系统的评述，并介绍了有关最新的进展和应用前景     

Sonoluminescence

The results of our studies of sonoluminescence are summarized. Sonoluminescence spectra are interpreted in terms of the distribution of spectral intensity with wavelength, the spectral changes that occur due to scavenging of radiative species, and the shift and the broadening of emission bands. Estimates of conditions within a bubble during collapse are obtained from the spectral features. There is considerable evidence that sonoluminescence is produced by chemical processes induced by thermal mechanism.     

The Rayleigh-like collapse of a conical bubble

Key to the dynamics of the type of bubble collapse which is associated with such phenomena as sonoluminescence and the emission of strong rebound pressures into the liquid is the role of the liquid inertia. Following the initial formulation of the collapse of an empty spherical cavity, such collapses have been termed "Rayleigh-like." Today this type of cavitation is termed "inertial," reflecting the dominant role of the liquid inertia in the early stages of the collapse. While the inertia in models of spherical bubble collapses depends primarily on the liquid, experimental control of the liquid inertia has not readily been achievable without changing the liquid density and, consequently, changing other liquid properties. In this paper, novel experimental apparatus is described whereby the inertia at the early stages of the collapse of a conical bubble can easily be controlled. The collapse is capable of producing luminescence. The similarity between the collapses of spherical and conical bubbles is investigated analytically, and compared with experimental measurements of the gas pressures generated by the collapse, the bubble wall speeds, and the collapse times.     

Production of large size single transient cavitation bubbles with tube arrest method

Large size single transient cavitation bubbles of maximum diameter up to 3 cm with sonoluminescence have been generated in water by the ‘tube arrest' method. A simplified one-dimensional model of bubble growing and water column motion is proposed. The results of numerical simulation are compared with the experimental data of the bubble size and oscillation period as the key parameters.     

Effect of noble gases on sonoluminescence temperatures during multibubble cavitation

Sonoluminescence spectra were collected from Cr(CO)6 solutions in octanol and dodecane saturated with various noble gases. The emission from excited-state metal atoms serves as an internal thermometer of cavitation. The intensity and temperature of sonoluminescence increases from He to Xe. The intensity of the underlying continuum, however, grows faster with increasing temperature than the line emission. Dissociation of solvent molecules within the bubble consumes a significant fraction of the energy generated by the collapsing bubble, which can limit the final temperature inside the bubble.     

Influence of various gases on single bubble sonoluminescence

Influence of various gases on the intensity of single bubble sonoluminescence has been studied. The gases used were air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium. Among these oxygen gave the brightest intensity with nitrogen giving the least.