Beam dynamics and RF design of trapezoidal IH-RFQ with low energy spread

Beam dynamics and RF design have been performed of a new type trapezoidal IH-RFQ operating at 104 MHz for acceleration of ¹⁴C⁺ in the framework of RFQ based ¹⁴C AMS facility at Peking University. Low energy spread RFQ beam dynamics design was approached by the method of internal discrete bunching. ¹⁴C⁺ will be accelerated from 40 keV to 500 keV with the length of about 1.1 m. The designed transmission efficiency is better than 95% and the energy spread is as low as 0.6%. Combining the beam dynamics design, a trapezoidal IH-RFQ structure was proposed, which can be cooled more easily and has better mechanical performance than traditional RFQ. Electromagnetic field distribution was simulated by using CST Microwave Studio (MWS). The specific shunt impedance and the quality factor were optimized primarily.     

Beam tail effect of a performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

The beam tail effect of multi-bunches will influence the electron beam performance in a high intensity thermionic RF gun. Beam dynamic calculations that illustrate the working states of single beam tail and multi-pulse feed-in of a performance-enhanced EC-ITC （external cathode independent tunable cavity） RF gun for an FEL （free electron laser） injector are performed to estimate the extracted bunch properties. By using both Parmela and homemade MATLAB codes, the effects of a single beam tail as well as interactions of multi-pulses are analyzed, where a ring-based electron algorithm is adopted to calculated RF fields and the space-charge field. Furthermore, the procedure of unexpected deviated-energy particles mixed with an effective bunch head is described by the MATLAB code as well. As a result, the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun is proved to have the capability to extract continual stable bunches suitable for a high requirement THz-FEL.     

Pt(111)表面低能溅射现象的分子动力学模拟

利用嵌入原子方法的原子间相互作用势，通过分子动力学模拟，详细研究了贵金属原子在Pt (111)表面的低能溅射现象.模拟结果显示：对于垂直入射情况，入射原子的质量对Pt (11 1)表面的溅射阈值影响不大.当入射原子的能量小于溅射阈值时，入射原子基本以沉积为主 ；当入射原子的能量大于溅射阈值时，溅射产额随入射原子能量的增加而线性增大；当入射 原子能量达到200 eV时，各种入射原子的溅射产额都达到或接近1，此时入射原子主要起溅 射作用.溅射原子发射的角分布概率和溅射花样与高能溅射相类似.研究表明：与基于二体碰 撞近似的线性级联溅射理论不同，当入射原子能量大于溅射阈值时，低能入射原子的溅射产 额正比于入射原子的约化能量和入射原子与基体原子的质量比.通过对低能入射原子的钉扎 能力分析，提出了支配低能溅射的入射原子反射物理机理. 关键词： 分子动力学模拟、低能溅射     

热阴极微波电子枪的改进设计

 北京自由电子激光目前所用热阴极微波电子枪输出的电子束，在经过加速管加速后，位于微波脉冲前沿的电子束团存在能量偏高的现象，使得这部分电子无法对FEL增益做贡献。根据实验数据，分析了造成该现象的原因，提出一种可行的改进措施，即通过降低微波谐振腔的品质因数缩短建场时间，来消除该现象，以便提高整个装置的输出性能。     

准方波脉冲形成网络的理论分析与设计

针对微波驱动源、固态调制器等对宽平顶脉冲源的应用需求,开展了基于脉冲形成网络输出准方波的理论研究与分析设计。首先采用Prony算法获得准方波波形的解析表达式,然后基于最佳一致逼近的优化控制思路,列出极点控制方程,采用数值方法求解非线性方程组,获得优化波形参数。在此基础上采用阻抗函数匹配的算法求解出脉冲形成网络的元件参数初始值,根据工程设计的实际情况舍弃部分参数并对个别参数进行优化后,获得最终的元器件参数。通过理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统地给出了获取长脉宽、低纹波准方波脉冲形成网络的设计方法以及设计准则。该方法可用于设计任意阶低纹波系数的准方波脉冲源,也可用于设计其他输出波形要求的脉冲源。     

Physical design of FEL injector based on the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL (Free Electron Laser), a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ～200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC (External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells) RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ～14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start-to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.     

Physical design of FEL injector based on the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL （Free Electron Laser）, a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ~200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC （External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells） RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ~14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start- to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.     

利用射频腔对激光加速质子能谱的优化

基于靶背鞘层加速机制（TNSA）产生的质子束具有宽能谱的特性,限制了其应用范围。为了产生准单能质子束,研究了基于直线加速器射频腔结构的质子能谱优化方法。在给定射频腔电压和频率情况下,计算了腔间距随优化能量的变化关系,并针对不同优化能量设计了不同大小的腔间距和腔数。在给定腔数情况下,发现只在某个能量附近可以获得单能性最好的单能峰。对能量接受范围进行了分析,要实现最终2%的能散,进入射频腔的质子束能散不能大于15%,并分析了射频腔频率对能量接受范围的影响。最后对PIC模拟得到的半高全宽为15%的一个能谱进行优化,获得了谱宽小于2%的准单色质子能谱。 .     

低反轰多腔热阴极微波电子枪物理设计

为了开展基于自由电子激光的紧凑型太赫兹源技术研究,获得高品质（强流、低能散、低发射度）电子束,提出了一个低反轰双路微波馈入多腔热阴极微波电子枪的设计方案。用两路独立微波馈入激励微波电子枪,一路由首腔馈入激励首腔和实现阴极表面建场引出电子,另一路由后续腔馈入并通过腔间耦合激励各腔。两路微波互不耦合,通过移相器实现首腔和第2腔之间的相移连续可调。理论模拟结果表明:在一个射频周期内,热阴极微波电子枪的电子反轰功率约8 kW,平均反轰功率仅为1.2 W（重复频率25 Hz和脉宽6 μs）。     

750 keV射频四极注入器束流动力学设计

描述了一台750 keV,201.25 MHz的射频四极注入器束流动力学设计。在考虑与35 MeV质子直线加速器匹配、功耗小、传输效率高等原则的基础上,提出了加速器的技术要求。给出了两套设计方案的主要参数和设计结果。分析了能散度、发射度、Twiss参数、注入流强和能量等参数在非理想匹配条件下对束流传输效率的影响。比较了两套方案的异同点。模拟计算结果表明,两套设计方案均可以满足物理要求,传输效率都在99.3%以上。     

紧凑型自聚束微波电子枪设计研究

 提出一种新的紧凑型强流电子枪结构。紧凑型自聚束微波电子枪是一个多驻波腔结构,最大特点是腔与腔之间相互没有耦合,每腔可分别独立馈入功率和调节相位。通过选择合适的馈入功率和高频相位搭配,能够得到较优的束流品质。在此基础上采用外注入电子束的结构,能进一步增大流强和降低能散度,同时消除电子反轰对阴极工作的不利影响。利用Superfish和Parmela程序对腔体结构和束流动力学反复进行计算,确定了一组结构和工作参数。模拟结果表明出束微脉冲峰值流强可以到18 A,能散度小于2‰,横向发射度小于6 πmm·mrad。最后给出腔体冷侧结果,与模拟计算结果吻合得较好。     

UO2 晶体中低密勒指数晶面表面能的分子动力学模拟

采用基于刚性离子势的分子动力学模拟方法初步计算了UO₂晶体中(100), (110)和(111) 3种低密勒指数晶面在300–1500 K范围内的表面能大小. 结果表明, 3种晶面的表面能大小随温度的升高而降低, 与实验结果趋势一致; 原子排列最紧密的(111)晶面具有最低的表面能, 3种晶面的表面能大小从高到低依次为(100), (110)和(111)晶面; 达到平衡状态下的表面层原子相对于体内原子层在表面的法线方向上发生了明显的压缩并且表面层原子的对称性也降低了, 表面原子的弛豫效应一直影响到了第5层. 计算研究结果将有助于深入认识UO₂燃料中裂变气体气泡的聚集长大以及燃料的辐照肿胀开裂行为. 关键词： 分子动力学 2')" href="#">UO₂ 低密勒指数晶面 表面能     

低能Pt原子与Pt(111)表面相互作用的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟方法详细研究了低能Pt原子与Pt(111)表面的相互作用所导致的表面吸附原子、溅射原子、表面空位的产生及分布规律,给出了表面吸附原子产额、溅射原子产额和表面空位产额随入射Pt原子能量的变化关系.模拟结果显示:溅射产额、表面吸附原子产额和表面空位产额随入射原子的能量的增加而增加,溅射原子、表面吸附原子的分布花样呈3度旋转对称性质;当入射粒子能量高于溅射阈值时,表面吸附原子主要是基体最表面原子的贡献,入射粒子直接成为表面吸附原子的概率很小.其主要原因是:当入射粒子能量高于溅射能量阈值时,入射 关键词： 分子动力学 低能粒子 表面原子产额 空位缺陷 溅射     

多条形电极束流能散度探测器的张角优化

采用Surperfish对北京正负电子对撞机的多条形电极束流能散度探测器进行了电磁场模拟计算。在带模拟束流的情况下,计算分析了探测器对束流位置和能散度的分辨能力与电极张角之间的关系,首次计算了条形电极间的电容耦合综合强度。电极张角优化结果表明：在不考虑噪声水平的情况下,电极张角为20°时,探测器的灵敏度和分辨率达到最优。而当噪声影响很大时,可以适当增加电极张角,同时考虑减小噪声的措施。     

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac (DTL) accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC) project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance (ZTT), transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance (ZTT) and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.     

低能二次电子对微波输能窗击穿现象的影响

在微波输能窗次级电子倍增效应的模拟研究中,往往忽视低能电子的作用。基于Monte Carlo算法,模拟输能窗次级电子倍增规律,研究了经典的Vaughan模型、Vincent模型和Rice模型三种二次电子发射模型下次级电子倍增效应的差异,通过拟合倍增敏感曲线,获得了低能电子对切向和法向电场作用下输能窗次级电子倍增效应的影响。模拟结果表明,当切向电场作用时,三个发射模型得到的敏感曲线几乎重合,低能电子对敏感曲线的影响甚微,其中Rice模型的敏感区域最大。当法向电场作用时,由Vincent模型拟合得到的敏感区域远大于其他两个模型。     

A permanent magnet electron beam spread system used for a low energy electron irradiation accelerator

The development of irradiation processing industry brings about various types of irradiation objects and expands the irradiation requirements for better uniformity and larger areas. This paper proposes an innovative design of a permanent magnet electron beam spread system. By clarifying its operation principles, the author verifies the feasibility of its application in irradiation accelerators for industrial use with the examples of its application in electron accelerators with energy ranging from 300 keV to 1 MeV. Based on the finite element analyses of electromagnetic fields and the charged particle dynamics, the author also conducts a simulation of electron dynamics in magnetic field on a computer. The results indicate that compared with the traditional electron beam scanning system, this system boosts the advantages of a larger spread area, non-power supply, simple structure and low cost, etc., which means it is not only suitable for the irradiation of objects with the shape of tubes, strips and panels, but can also achieve a desirable irradiation performance on irregular constructed objects of large size.     

热阴极微波电子枪的改进设计

北京自由电子激光目前所用热阴极微波电子枪输出的电子束,在经过加速管加速后,位于微波脉冲前沿的电子束团存在能量偏高的现象,使得这部分电子无法对FEL增益做贡献。根据实验数据,分析了造成该现象的原因,提出一种可行的改进措施,即通过降低微波谐振腔的品质因数缩短建场时间,来消除该现象,以便提高整个装置的输出性能。     

750 keV射频四极注入器射频结构的优化

 设计了750 keV,201.25 MHz的RFQ注入器的射频结构,对四杆型RFQ结构进行了简要的理论分析,在束流动力学设计的基础上,对射频结构进行了优化。研究了四杆型RFQ结构中支撑板高度、宽度、厚度、间距、形状、外腔体半径等因素对射频特性的影响,进行了优化设计并给出了主要的结构参数及射频特性的设计结果。优化设计得到的四杆型RFQ腔体长度126 cm,在极间电压80 kV时,峰值功率损耗为115.95 kW,二极场因子为1.004,电场沿轴向分布比较均匀,偏差小于3.5%,满足了物理需求。     

一种低能散RFQ加速器的物理设计

讨论了脉冲束注入、逐步增加同步相位、减小电极调制系数和极间电压等降低RFQ加速器能散的途径, 并在此基础上设计了一台能散为0.6%的RFQ加速器. 该加速器用于加速器质谱对¹⁴C, ¹³C, ²C 3种 离子的传输有很强的选择性, 有利于降低测量本底、简化装置.