化学沉积Ni-Mo-P合金及其性能

以柠檬酸钠为络合剂、硼酸为缓冲剂在碱性介质中化学沉积Ni-Mo-P合金,用浸泡实验和阳极极化实验系统研究了不同工艺条件下所得镀层在3.5%(bymass)NaCl介质的耐腐蚀性能.考察工艺参数(pH和多钼酸根离子浓度)对沉积速率、镀层组成、结构和显微硬度的影响.实验发现,沉积工艺对镀层硬度有影响,但对镀层结构几乎无影响.镀层中钼含量越高,其硬度也越大.但多钼酸根离子在沉积过程中起阻碍作用,致使镀层中钼含量不高(不超过20%,byatom).Ni-Mo-P合金镀层具有较好的耐腐蚀性;由不同工艺条件所得的镀层其耐腐蚀能力不同,但各镀层在NaCl溶液中的阳极极化行为相似.浸泡实验与阳极极化实验结果基本吻合.     

稀土在电沉积镍-钴合金中的作用

由于稀土元素具有独特的电子层结构和化学性能,使稀土及其化合物在材料科学领域中的应用越来越广泛,尤其是稀土在电沉积过程中的研究及应用正日趋深入。这是因为在电镀溶液中加入少量的稀土化合物后,可以改善镀液的分散能力和深镀能力,提高电镀的电流效率,增加镀层的硬度和耐蚀性等[1 4],但有关稀土在电沉积镍 钴合金中的作用的研究还未见报道。本文研究了在硫酸盐体系镍 钴合金电镀液中加入少量的稀土化合物后对电沉积过程、合金电极的催化性能、合金镀层的形貌和成分的影响。1　实验方法基础镀液成分(g/L)为NiSO4·7H2O200,CoSO4…     

非晶态Ni-Ce-P合金的共沉积与耐蚀性能

采用恒电位沉积、循环状安等方法研究了在水溶液中电沉积稀土合金的可能性 ,首次在含有CeCl3的弱酸性NaH2 PO2 镀液中获得了不同铈含量的Ni Ce P合金镀层 ,XPS、AES、XRD和SEM等实验技术表征了镀层的组成和结构 ,极化电阻和腐蚀电位的测试数据表明此镀层与Ni P无定形合金相比 ,具有更强的耐腐蚀能力 ,同时 ,讨论了沉积条件与镀层耐蚀性能的关系 ,结论是 :镀层中铈含量越高 ,其耐腐蚀性能越好 ,此外还对Ni Ce P的共沉积机理进行了初步探讨 ,指出在所研究的电沉积条件下 ,Ni Ce P合金共沉积可以用“诱导共沉积理论”合理解释     

电沉积条件对钴-锰合金结构和磁性能的影响

以柠檬酸为络合剂和硼酸为缓冲剂的酸性硫酸盐镀液中电沉积Co-Mn合金,循环伏安实验显示Co-Mn的起始共沉积电位约-1.282 V(vs.Hg-Hg2SO4 , sat.K2SO4)。借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS) 、X射线衍射(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM) 研究了沉积条件对镀层结构和磁性能的影响。结果表明,Co-Mn镀层的组成受沉积条件影响较大;在镀液pH 4.0时,随着阴极电流密度从10 mA•cm-2增加到40 mA•cm-2,镀层中锰含量从0.3 at%增大到6.6 at%;镀层结构由hcp的固溶体转为fcc的固溶体;随着镀层中锰含量增加,膜的饱和磁化强度开始增大,然后降低,最大饱和磁化强度为1926.0 kA•m-1,膜的矫顽力在31.6 ~ 33.9 kA•m-1范围。     

非晶/纳米晶Ni-Mo-Ce合金镀层结构及其催化析氢性能

在Ni-Mo合金镀液中添加适量的CeCl3溶液,获得了非晶+纳米晶混合结构的Ni-Mo-Ce合金镀层.用X射线衍射(xRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)测试技术研究镀层结构及其表面形貌.实验结果表明,随着Ce含量的增加,镀层中Mo元素含量有所提高,而Ni元素含量有所降低;镀层的显微硬度先增加后降低,当Ce加入量为2 g·L-1时,显微硬度最高.电解实验表明,Ni-Mo-Ce合金具有比Ni-Mo合金更优异的耐蚀性能和良好的催化析氢性能.     

稀土对电沉积Ni-P合金镀液性能的影响

通过在电镀Ni P合金的镀液中加入一定量的镧和铈的氯化物 ,用赫尔槽实验、远近阴极实验等方法探讨了稀土元素对Ni P合金镀液性能的影响规律。结果表明 :CeCl3 ,LaCl3 以及它们的混合物的最佳添加量均为 2g·L- 1 。稀土元素的加入 ,能够显著增加Ni P合金镀液的光亮区范围 ,而且 ,这种作用在低电流密度范围内更显著。稀土元素加入到镀液中能够显著增大Ni P合金镀液的电流效率 ,并且导致电流效率随电流密度的变化趋势发生变化。实验结果还表明 ,稀土元素能够使镀液的分散能力有所提高。根据这一结果 ,从理论上推断稀土元素能够促进电沉积Ni P合金阴极过程的极化度。这一推断与阴极极化曲线的测量结果是一致的     

稀土对化学镀Co-B合金工艺和结构的影响

研究了稀土金属铈对化学镀Co-B合金工艺和结构的影响. 结果表明, 微量稀土加入镀液后, 能改善电化学催化和金属离子的还原, 能明显提高化学镀Co-B合金的沉积速度、静止电位和阴极过电位. 稀土还降低了镀层中类金属元素硼的含量, 提高了形核率, 降低了形核功, 使沉积层结晶细化, 并且使具有非晶态结构的化学镀Co-B合金转化成了微晶结构的化学镀Co-B-Ce合金.     

Cu含量对Ni-Cu-P化学镀层组织结构和性能影响

利用化学镀法制备出Ni-Cu-P合金镀层,研究了镀液中CuSO4·5H2O含量对合金镀层沉积速率和成分的影响. 通过XRD和SEM表征了不同CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度下Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的组织结构和表面形貌,运用极化曲线评价了合金镀层在质量分数为3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能. 结果表明,随着镀液中CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度的增加,镀层沉积速率和P含量不断下降,Ni-P镀层中P的质量分数为14.98%. 当镀液中CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度为1.0 g/L时,P的质量分数为4.21%;镀层中Cu的含量随着镀液中CuSO4·5H2O含量的增加而增加. 当添加量为1.0 g/L时,镀层中Cu的质量分数达19.04%;镀层的结晶度随着Cu含量的上升不断增大,Cu的加入使镀层的表面形貌更加光滑;镀层的耐蚀性能随着镀液中CuSO4·5H2O含量的增加先上升后下降,当镀液中CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度为0.4 g/L时,Ni-Cu-P镀层表现出最优的耐蚀性能.     

主盐浓度和工艺条件对Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层组成和形貌的影响

在弱酸性镀液中电沉积得到无铅Sn-Ag-Cu可焊性合金镀层。采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了镀液中主盐浓度和电镀工艺条件对镀层的组成和形貌的影响。研究表明,Sn-Ag-Cu合金的电沉积是正则共沉积。镀液中Sn²⁺和Ag⁺浓度改变对镀层晶粒大小影响较大,Cu²⁺浓度的改变对镀层的平整度影响较大。电流密度增加、pH值下降、温度降低,都能使镀层结晶细致。     

化学沉积Ni–Fe–P合金的冲蚀特性研究

采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射等方法,研究了化学沉积Ni–Fe–P合金的组成和结构,并对其冲蚀性进行了研究。结果表明,随着镀液中硫酸亚铁浓度增大,化学沉积Ni–Fe–P镀层中的铁含量增大,磷含量下降。化学沉积Ni–Fe–P镀层的腐蚀电位比化学镀Ni–P镀层的腐蚀电位高。在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl溶液组成的悬浮液冲击下,碳化硅颗粒粒度为124μm时,镀层质量损失出现最大值,随着悬浮液流速的增大镀层质量损失增加。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定防锈铝合金中痕量钠

提出了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定防锈铝合金中痕量钠的方法。以盐酸(1+1)溶液和过氧化氢溶解样品,选择波长588.995 nm为钠的分析线。方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.028 mg.L-1。方法用于测定防锈铝合金中痕量钠(wNa=0.000 14%～0.000 73%),加标回收率在91.4%～113.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.6%～5.5%之间。     

AFM探针刮擦诱导金属加速溶解行为及缓蚀剂抑制效果研究

应用原子力显微镜(AFM)探针刮伤技术研究缓蚀剂对探针诱导铜镍合金加速溶解作用的影响.实验表明,在1.5 mol/L NaC l和0.01 mol/L HC l溶液中,使用AFM探针在750 nN的力负载条件下以接触模式对铜镍合金表面持续扫描,会加速样品的溶解,并在探针刮擦区域形成蚀坑.将有机缓蚀剂十二胺及无机缓蚀剂铬酸钠添加到腐蚀介质中后,由于在合金表面形成了吸附膜和钝化膜,从而抑制探针刮擦引起的铜镍合金的加速溶解.     

Two-dimensional auto-organized nanostructure of sodium hyaluronate and its frictional properties

The two-dimensional auto-organized nanostructure of sodium hyaluronate NaHA on bovine serum albumin BSA monolayer was studied by a layer-by-layer method. The surface properties were studied by a quartz crystal microbalance QCM method and by using an atomic force microscope AFM. NaHA showed a Langmuir-type adsorption and was found to form honeycomb-like networks. With increasing adsorption amount of NaHA, their mesh size decreased and their strand size increased in width. The surface nanomechanical properties, such as adhesion force F_ad and frictional forces F_f between the surfaces of the NaHA layers and the AFM tip, were studied in air and in NaHA solutions using a contact mode and a lateral force modulation LFM of AFM. The values of F_ad and F_f obtained in air were found to be higher than those obtained in the solutions because of the effect of moisture film on the NaHA layers. The values of F_ad and frictional coefficients in the solutions increased with increasing .     

聚酰胺-胺基两亲树枝状大分子与十二烷基硫酸钠混合体系的分子聚集行为

以浊度分析、动态激光光散射(DLS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及原子力显微镜(AFM)等方法研究了以1.0代(G1)聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)为核心、以聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷(PPO-PEO)为辐射臂的树枝状大分子与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)之间的相互作用.值得注意的是,当树枝状大分子溶液的浓度为1%(质量分数),SDS的浓度远低于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时,体系的浊度值开始明显升高,DLS、TEM以及AFM的研究结果显示出此时聚集体的尺寸逐渐增加,意味着SDS与树枝状大分子有着很强的分子间相互作用,形成了树枝状大分子与SDS构成的复合物.当SDS浓度增高至0.1mmol·L-1(约为cmc的1%)左右时,体系的浊度值随着SDS浓度的增加变化不大,DLS、TEM、AFM的实验结果显示,聚集体尺寸趋于稳定状态.当SDS的浓度继续升高至0.25和0.5mol·L-1时,体系中形成了SDS分子间的自聚集或者存在多个SDS分子与单个树枝状大分子的分子间聚集.     

Surface structures of adsorption layers of sodium hyaluronate and bovine serum albumin complexes on poly(γ-methyl-l-glutamate) film and their surface properties

Two-dimensional structures and characteristics of the complexes between sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by using a quartz crystal microbalance method and an atomic force microscope (AFM). NaHA did not adsorb on poly(-methyl-l-glutamate) (PMLG) film. On the other hand, the complexes adsorbed on it and the adsorption behaviors were found to be Langmuir types. With increasing weight ratio of BSA to NaHA, W _BSA, the adsorption constants K decreased and the saturated adsorption masses increased. The adsorbed complexes were spherical particles and at saturated adsorption states they covered compactly on the PMLG film. The mean diameters d _AFM estimated from the topographic images decreased from 70 to 54 nm with increasing W _BSA. The adhesion force F _ad and the frictional force F _f between the complex layers and the AFM tip were obtained by using the contact mode of the AFM. With increasing W _BSA, the values of F _ad decreased and the values of F _f increased. Compared with the frictional coefficient of the NaHA adsorption layer on the BSA monolayer, the values for the NaHA–BSA complex layer were found to be much higher.     

含活性基团的环型多硅烷的研究

以四氢呋喃为溶剂,钠钾合金为缩合剂,使Me_2SiCl_2和(Eto)MeSiCl_2共缩聚,得到一系列含乙氧基的环型多硅烷,通过制备色谱对化合物进行了分离提纯,经质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振谱、紫外光谱证实了化合物的分子结构。对产物的水解活性、热稳定性作了详细的研究。     

TiNi合金表面原位热氧化膜的结构与光电性能的研究

采用AFM、XRD和EDS等手段,对TiNi合金在空气中、400—800℃下形成的氧化膜组织结构进行了分析,并对TiNi合金表面原位热氧化膜的光电性能进行了研究.结果表明,TiNi合金在空气中氧化原位形成的氧化膜的结构主要为金红石型二氧化钛,不同温度下生长的氧化膜存在择优取向;随着氧化温度的升高,所制备的TiO2/TiNi电极的稳态光电流和开路光电压随氧化温度的升高先增大后减小,在700℃所制备的TiO2/TiNi电极的稳态光电流最大.     

漆酶改性木质素磺酸钠的结构表征及吸附特征

采用漆酶对木质素磺酸钠(木钠)进行改性, 通过凝胶渗透色谱、 电位滴定、 红外光谱和核磁共振等测试方法研究了漆酶改性木钠的结构特征, 结果表明, 漆酶改性对木钠的磺酸基及表面电荷含量影响很小; 在漆酶对木钠的改性过程中既有解聚作用, 又有聚合作用, 反应初期, 漆酶使木钠发生脱甲基反应及部分链接键的断裂, 使酚羟基含量增大和分子量降低, 随着改性时间的延长, 酚羟基含量减少, 分子量变大, 聚合作用占主导地位. 采用静电逐层自组装技术研究了漆酶改性对木钠吸附特征的影响, 紫外光谱以及原子力显微镜的研究结果表明, 当漆酶改性时间为2 h时, 在平板上的吸附量及吸附膜的表面粗糙度最大, 木钠分子呈扁长的椭球形, 而改性时间为36 h时, 木钠聚合为近似球形的大分子结构, 空间位阻增大, 吸附量及吸附膜的表面粗糙度降低.     

Molecular imaging of membrane proteins and microfilaments using atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an emerging technique for a variety of uses involving the analysis of cells. AFM is widely applied to obtain information about both cellular structural and subcellular events. In particular, a variety of investigations into membrane proteins and microfilaments were performed with AFM. Here, we introduce applications of AFM to molecular imaging of membrane proteins, and various approaches for observation and identification of intracellular microfilaments at the molecular level. These approaches can contribute to many applications of AFM in cell imaging.     

Roughness and hydrophobicity studies of nanofiltration membranes using different modes of AFM

Determination of the surface roughness by AFM is crucial to the study of particle fouling in nanofiltration. It is, however, very difficult to compare the different roughness values reported in the literature because of a lack in uniformity in the methods applied to determine surface roughness. AFM is used in both noncontact mode and tapping mode; moreover, the size of the scan area is highly variable. This study compares, for six different nanofiltration membranes (UTC-20, N30F, Desal 51HL, Desal 5DL, NTR7450, NF-PES-10), noncontact mode AFM with tapping mode AFM for several sizes of the scan area. Although the absolute roughness values are different for noncontact AFM and tapping mode AFM, no difference is found between the two modes of AFM in ranking the nanofiltration membranes with respect to their surface roughness. NTR 7450 and NF-PES-10 are the smoothest membranes, while the roughest surface can be found with Desal 51HL and Desal 5DL. UTC-20 and N30F are characterized by an intermediate roughness value. An increase in roughness with increasing scan area is observed for both AFM modes. Larger differences between the roughnesses of the membranes are obtained with tapping mode AFM because of the tapping of the tip on the surface. Phase imaging is an extension of tapping mode AFM, measuring the phase shift between the cantilever oscillation and the oscillation of the piezo driver. This phase shift reflects the interaction between the cantilever and the membrane surface. A comparison with contact angle measurements proves that a small phase shift corresponds to a large contact angle, representing a hydrophobic membrane surface.