基于萘并二酰亚胺的胺基功能化聚合物的三组分一锅法合成及其在聚合物太阳电池中的应用

通过微波辅助炔、醛、胺三组分一锅法聚合反应合成了一系列基于萘并二酰亚胺的聚合物P1~P4,并通过核磁表征确认其结构.目标聚合物的光物理与电化学性能研究表明,由于聚合物主链共轭被打断,聚合物的吸收和能级主要由其重复单元决定.通过开尔文探针与电子顺磁共振谱研究了聚合物侧链与主链胺基不同的化学环境对其电极功函调节以及自掺杂行为的影响.发现由于主链胺基与苄基、炔丙基相连,胺基氮的电子云密度显著降低,导致聚合物形成界面偶极能力减弱,从而使其电极功函调节能力与自掺杂强度都大大降低.所有聚合物中P1具有良好的醇溶性,可被用于聚合物太阳电池的阴极界面层.以PTB7-Th：PC₇₁BM为活性层,P1为阴极界面层的聚合物太阳电池器件的光电转换效率达到9.34%.     

电极界面缓冲层对P3HT:PC61BM太阳能电池热稳定性的影响

基于溶液法加工制备的聚合物太阳能电池的高温热稳定性是决定器件能否兼容后续高温热封装工艺, 如热压封装、高温原子层沉积(ALD)等的一个关键. 本文分别利用聚(3, 4-乙烯二氧噻吩)-聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT:PSS)和MoO₃作为阳极缓冲层, 以及ZnO和LiF 作为阴极缓冲层, 制备了结构为氧化铟锡(ITO)/阳极缓冲层/3-己基取代聚噻吩:(6, 6)-苯基C₆₁-丁酸甲酯(P3HT:PC₆₁BM)/阴极缓冲层/Al 的太阳能电池, 系统地比较研究了不同界面缓冲材料对器件光电转换性能及稳定性的影响, 特别是在高温煺火条件下器件的性能稳定性差异. 结果表明, 聚合物太阳能电池的热稳定性同器件的结构以及所用的缓冲层材料有密切的相关性. 其中, 利用MoO₃及ZnO分别作为阳极与阴极界面修饰层的P3HT:PC₆₁BM器件在120-150 ℃的温度范围内能够较好地保持器件的光电转换性能. 这一结果为后续需要高温封装工艺的器件提供了有意义的结构优化指导. 此外, 研究结果还表明利用ZnO作为阴极缓冲层能够改善器件的长时间稳定性.     

基于聚合物给体/有机小分子/富勒烯受体的三元共混有机太阳能电池

成功构筑了基于聚合物给体P3HT/有机小分子TT-TTPA/富勒烯受体PC₆₁BM的三元共混有机太阳能电池. 共轭有机小分子TT-TTPA与PC₆₁BM有很好的相容性, 相分离很小. 溶剂退火和热退火时, 含量相对较少的TT-TTPA容易从P3HT相中脱离出来进入PC₆₁BM相, 增加P3HT的结晶空间, 从而提高P3HT的结晶度和相纯度. 通过引入少量的第三组分TT-TTPA, 制备的三元共混有机太阳能电池获得了4.41%的能量转换效率, 相对于P3HT/PC₆₁BM二元共混体系的效率(3.85%)提高显著.     

一种高迁移率聚合物太阳能电池材料的合成及其器件表征

设计合成了一种中等带隙共轭聚合物,聚[N-(2-己基癸基)-2,2'-二噻吩-3,3'-二甲酰亚胺-交替共聚-5,5-(2,5-双(3-癸氧基噻吩)-2-噻吩基)-噻吩)](PBTI3T-O),其光谱吸收覆盖波长从400 nm到720 nm,具有较宽的吸收范围,同时易溶于氯苯溶剂,利于溶液加工。 PBTI3T-O与[6,6]-苯基-C71-丁酸异甲酯(PC₇₁BM)复合薄膜的空穴迁移率为5.90×10^-3 cm²/(V·s),该迁移率高于其它大部分聚合物电池给体材料。 由于PBTI3T-O较高的空穴迁移率,基于PBTI3T-O/PC₇₁BM的器件在活性层厚度为237 nm时,效率可以达到5.56%。 即使活性层膜厚进一步增加到约300 nm时,器件的效率仍能够保持其最高器件效率的97%,可见其具有在大面积加工工艺中的应用潜力。     

碘化铅作为空穴传输层在P3HT:PC61BM聚合物太阳能电池中的增强效果

开发了一类新型阳极界面缓冲材料PbI₂,制备了结构为ITO/PbI₂/P3HT:PC₆₁BM/Al(氧化铟锡导电玻璃/碘化铅/聚三已基噻吩:富勒烯衍生物/铝)的器件,制备工艺包括旋涂和蒸镀,考察了PbI₂在聚合物太阳能电池原型器件ITO/P3HT:PC₆₁BM/Al中的效果。不同碘化铅浓度,退火温度,退火时间,对PbI₂薄膜的质量都会有影响。很显然,高质量的PbI₂薄膜将会带来好的光电转化效率。PbI₂薄膜的透光性,结晶性,以及表面形貌可以用来描述所成薄膜的质量好坏。对能带来最好性能的碘化铅薄膜进行了紫外-可见光谱,X射线粉末衍射(XRD),原子力显微镜(AFM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征。实验发现,太阳能电池器件的效率对PbI₂浓度比较敏感,最优化的条件为,旋涂浓度为3 mg·mL^-1,100 ℃退火30 min,其电池的开路电压(V_oc)达到0.45 V,短路电流密度(J_sc)为7.9 mA·cm^-2,填充因子(FF)为0.46,与没有界面缓冲材料的器件相比,光电转换效率(PCE)由0.85%提高到1.64%。     

以碱金属盐为阴极界面层的有机光电器件的制备及性能

以碱金属盐Li F,Na F,Cs F和Cs2CO3作为阴极界面材料,制备了高效率有机小分子电致发光二极管(SMOLEDs)、聚合物电致发光二极管(PLEDs)及聚合物太阳能电池(PSCs).在SMOLEDs和PLEDs中,Cs F作为阴极界面层的器件流明效率和功率效率最高.在以聚对苯乙烯撑(P-PPV)为发光层的PLEDs中,Cs F作为阴极界面层的器件最大流明效率可达17.85 cd/A,比Li F作为阴极界面层的器件流明效率提高近300%.在以聚(3-己基噻吩)(P3HT)∶[6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PC61BM)为活性层的PSCs中,当Li F为阴极界面层时,器件功率转换效率(PCE)可达4.12%.而以Na F,Cs2CO3和Cs F为阴极界面层时,PCE分别为3.72%,3.55%和3.2%.这是因为从上述碱金属盐中分解出来的碱金属原子扩散进入器件的有机层并对有机层进行了n型掺杂,影响了器件的电流密度和效率.     

平面型给-受体共轭聚合物的合成及在体异质结聚合物太阳能电池中的应用

设计合成了主链为聚2,8-{5,11-二烷基吲哚[3,2-b]咔唑}-4,7[2,5-噻吩]-二-5,6-二烷氧基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑, 具有不同侧链的2种平面型给-受体共轭聚合物(QP-2和QP-3), 研究了其热学、光物理和光伏性质. 用聚合物-PC₇₁BM([6,6]-苯基C₇₁丁酸甲酯)共混物作为活性层构筑了本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池. 其中以QP-3为给体、以PC₇₁BM为受体的光伏电池能量转换效率最高达到2.59%, 开路电压为0.72 V, 短路电流为9.24 mA/cm², 填充因子为0.38. XRD结果表明, 平面型共轭聚合物具有较好的结晶性, 原子力显微镜(AFM)显示平面型共轭聚合物易于发生微观相分离.     

9-芴酮类不对称有机小分子给体光伏材料的设计和性能

本文设计合成了2种新型的基于9-芴酮（FN）的D-A-A′构型的有机小分子光伏给体材料TPAFNPI和TPAFNDI.2种结构均采用三苯胺（TPA）作为给电子单元,三键作为π桥,并引入不同的末端吸电子单元邻苯二甲酰亚胺（PI）和靛红（DI）进行端基修饰.这种D-A-A′结构不仅可以有效改善分子内电荷转移效应,同时也弥补了在9-芴酮上引入氰基的缺点,三苯胺（D）的扭转结构还可以避免由于过度聚集而形成较大的相分离分寸.通过调控末端吸电子单元有利于改善电子云分布,从而促进分子内的电荷传输,还有利于获得更低的最高占据轨道与最低空轨道能级.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱和循环伏安法对材料的光电性质进行探究,并将其作为给体材料与富勒烯受体(PC₆₁BM/PC₇₁BM)共混制备成本体异质结器件.结果显示,TPAFNPI和TPAFNDI均具有较窄的带隙,分别为1.75和1.72 eV. 2种材料与PC₇₁BM混合后分别获得了1.05和1.01 V的开路电压,而靛红由于具有更强的吸电子性,从而使TPAFNDI具有更窄的带隙和更强的光吸收特性,其短...     

水/醇溶共轭聚合物界面材料及其在光电器件中的应用

相对于传统的无机半导体器件,以有机半导体(特别是聚合物半导体)材料为基础的有机光电器件,可采用与传统印刷技术(例如喷墨打印、卷对卷印刷等)相结合的溶液加工方式制备低成本、大面积、柔性光电器件,因而成为广泛关注的焦点,并得到了快速发展.实现溶液加工的高效有机光电器件的一个关键问题是界面问题——如何避免溶液加工时有机层间的互溶以及如何实现可印刷稳定金属电极的高效电子注入等.水/醇溶性共轭聚合物的迅速发展为解决溶液加工多层有机光电器件所面临的界面问题提供了有效手段.研究发现,水/醇溶共轭聚合物不但可以有效避免溶液加工多层器件中的界面互溶,而且还可与高功函数的稳定金属发生界面偶极相互作用而增强其电子注入,从而解决了高功函数稳定金属电子注入的难题,为实现全溶液加工的高效印刷有机光电器件提供了可行的方案.本文介绍了近年来本课题组在水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料及器件应用方面的研究进展,并对水/醇溶共轭聚合物阴极界面材料在聚合物发光二极管和聚合物太阳电池中的工作机理进行了探讨.     

基于1,2,4-三氮唑衍生物的共轭聚合物的合成及其光伏性能

以缺电子的1,2,4-三氮唑衍生物作为拉电子结构单元(A), 以富电子的噻吩或苯并二噻吩衍生物作为推电子结构单元(D), 通过Stille偶联聚合的方法, 合成了三种主链型D-A(推-拉电子结构)的交替共聚物PT-TZ, PB-TZ和PB-TTZT. 不同富电子结构单元可使其聚合物表现出不同的光物理性能和光伏性能. 嵌入较多的噻吩单元, 可有效增大聚合物主链的共轭长度, 拓宽其吸收光谱, 因此, 聚合物PB-TTZT的光伏性能明显优于另外两种聚合物. 以三种聚合物分别作为给体材料, 以PC₆₁BM作为受体材料, 制备了聚合物太阳能电池(PSCs), 其中, 基于PB-TTZT的PSCs器件在AM 1.5 G模拟太阳光条件下的光电转换效率为1.18%.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.