脉冲激光溅射下固液界面生长的碳纳米管及其机理初探

以脉冲激光束直接溅射浸在水中的单质碳样品，发现在固液界面也能产生的碳纳米管，实验还发现碳纳米管的形成与样品的结构有密切的关联：石墨的层状结构越完整，碳纳米管的形成越容易，而且石墨层面相对于激光束的取向也会显著地影响碳的生成。     

纳米金刚石球晶的激光溅射产生

以脉冲激光束溅射浸入水中的单质碳样品.观察到产生一种外形完美且具有金刚石结构的纳米碳球.研究中考察了处于固/液界面的各种碳源在脉冲激光作用下发生的变化,初步探讨纳米碳球的形成原因.研究结果揭示:对于表面悬挂键为其他基团所饱和的纳米碳粒,金刚石与石墨结构的热力学稳定性相近,并且当熔融碳的尺寸小至纳米级时,其表面张力能产生较高的压力,因此使它同样有可能凝聚成金刚石的结构.     

碳纳米管的激光溅射产生

碳纳米管的激光溅射产生程大典,余荣清,刘朝阳,张强,王育煌,黄荣彬,詹梦熊,郑兰荪（固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室,厦门大学化学系,厦门,３６１００５）关键词碳纳米管,激光溅射,碳球Ｓｍａｌｌｅｙ等［１］曾以脉冲激光束在超声分子束喷口的喉道处蒸发石墨...     

纳米金刚石球晶的激光溅射产生与透射电镜表征

在高温高压合成金刚石技术日趋成熟的同时，气相沉积（CVD）条件下实现常压金刚石膜的合成已倍受人们的关注．利用脉冲激光溅射石墨，发现可在一定的基底上获得一类具有某些金刚石特征的薄膜，即类金刚石碳膜（DLC）［‘－‘j．这为在常规条件下合成金刚石带来了新的希望．但DLC只具有金刚石的某些特征，而基本上不具备晶体的有序结构［”’j．我们曾报道了在激光液相溅射的产物中观察到众多的碳球D‘，并通过高分辨透射电镜（HREM）、选区衍射（SAED）及其它相关实验，确定了其具有金刚石结构．且实验部分实验所用的激光是Q开关Nd…     

激光法产生球烯负离子

C_(60)及其他具有封闭结构的球烯(Fullerene)的产生与研究是当今化学界的热门课题。我们在自制的仪器上,以脉冲激光束在高真空中溅射单质碳样品,产生球烯的正负离子。最近又在相同条件下记录了煤、稠环芳香烃等10余种有机物的负离子质谱,发现其中许多物质均能产生球烯负离子,且质谱特征十分相似,与以往观察的正离子质谱有明显不同。实验结果揭示了球烯负离子的激光产生与样品组成和结构的关联。 实验装置另文介绍。激光波长532nm,脉冲7ns,功率密度接近10~8W/cm~2。实验中通过     

C60的激光产生与聚合--Ⅱ.微量掺杂物对C60形成的促进作用

在自制的仪器上,用高能量密度的脉冲激光束,在高真空中直接溅射各种掺杂了微量有机、高分子与无机化合物的单质碳样品.根据原位记录的飞行时间质谱,发现其中某些掺杂物对C60的形成具有显著的促进作用.实验结果证实,这些掺杂物的促进作用与掺杂物本身的结构无关,掺杂物并不提供生成C60的碳源,起促进作用的是其中的某些能与碳原子成键的原子(或基团),其中氯原子的效果最为显著.实验结果揭示了激光溅射下C60的生成机理.     

C60正负离子的激光引发聚合

自从C_(60)被发现以来,人们普遍认为其具有非常稳定的结构,但我们最近在实验中发现,C_(60)在激光的作用下不仅能形成正负离子,还能进一步聚合成为更大的碳原子簇离子。 1 实验部分 实验在自制仪器上进行。实验中采用高纯C_(60)样品,溅射样品的脉冲激光束波长532nm、脉宽7ns、功率密度10~7W/cm~2。激光产生的正负离子以两台原位飞行时间质谱仪同时检测。实验在10~(-4)Pa真空下进行,实验过程中未引入任何气源。     

磷与碳、硅、硼、铝形成的二元簇离子的激光产生

在自制的装置上，用高能密度的脉冲激光束在高真空中直接溅射红磷和碳、硅、硼或铝粉的混合物，通过激光等离子体反应，产生了十分丰富的XnPm±（X＝C，Si，B，Al）二元原子簇，记录了它们的飞行时间质谱．对这些簇离子组分的分析发现，它们的成键和结构因其组成元素的不同而有明显的差异，这些差异反映了它们独特的结构化学行为．     

毫秒脉冲激光合成超细纳米金刚石

通过热力学和动力学的基本理论, 分析了毫秒脉冲激光照射石墨悬浮液合成超细纳米金刚石的机理. 在毫秒脉冲激光与石墨颗粒相互作用形成的碳蒸气羽中, 通过碳蒸气凝聚形成了金刚石核. 与纳秒脉冲激光相比, 毫秒脉冲激光具有较低的功率密度和较长的脉宽, 为金刚石核的生长提供了较小的过冷度, 使得金刚石核的生长速率减小; 而较小的生长速率也为金刚石表面形成sp2杂化结构提供了机会, 它可以有效降低金刚石核的表面能, 促使金刚石核稳定, 但表面的sp2杂化也阻止了金刚石核的外延. 以上两个原因决定了毫秒激光辐照石墨颗粒过程中只能获得超细的纳米金刚石.     

富勒烯负离子的自聚行为

C6。可以说是迄今发现的具有最美妙对称性的分子——60个碳原子均位于完全等价的几何位置上，而且由于形成了覆盖整个‘咏’面的大。键，结构非常稳定．最近一系列实验发现，C。。在激光的作用下还能进一步聚合饲．我们在实验中首次发现了C。。在脉冲激光溅射下自聚成的负离子，并对实验记录的质谱作了分析．1实验实验在自制的激光等离子体源飞行时间质谱计问上进行．C。。粉末压紧后以n面胶固定在样品架上．实验所用的激光波长532urn，脉宽7us．会聚后作用于样品的激光功率密度在10’－10‘W·cm－’之间．激光产生的等离子体中的正负离…     

Carbon supported CdSe nanocrystals

Insights to the mechanism of CdSe nanoparticle attachment to carbon nanotubes following the hot injection method are discussed. It was observed that the presence of water improves the nanotube coverage while Cl containing media are responsible for the shape transformation of the nanoparticles and further attachment to the carbon lattice. The experiments also show that the mechanism taking place involves the right balance of several factors, namely, low passivated nanoparticle surface, particles with well-defined crystallographic facets, and interaction with an organics-free sp2 carbon lattice. Furthermore, this procedure can be extended to cover graphene by quantum dots.     

异型碳纳米管

通过引入缺陷环,直型碳纳米管可连接为不同形态的异型碳纳米管。异型碳纳米管因其在纳米电子科技领域潜在的应用而备受关注。本文综述了异型碳纳米管的合成方法,结构和稳定性的关系,其电学、力学、热学、光学性质以及相关的分子模拟方法在异型碳纳米管研究中的应用进展,并简要介绍了其在电子器件,储氢材料以及其它功能复合材料方面的应用。最后,讨论了目前研究中存在的问题并展望了该领域今后的发展趋势。     

巴基管嵌锂电极性能的研究

用化学气相沉积法制备的巴基管作为锂离子电池的负极活性物质可以达到７００ｍＡｈ／ｇ的容量，远超过了石墨嵌锂化合物理论容量。ＣＶＤ巴基管电极经２０次充放电循环后，放电容量保持率为６５．３％，尽管ＣＶＤ巴基管电极初次充放电效率低，但经表面镀铜修饰后，初次充放电效率可提高到５５．９％。     

Study of thermal and mechanical properties of composites based on arc-grown carbon nanotubes and heat-resistant cyanoether binder

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by means of arc evaporation of graphite were used to prepare composites with a heat-resistant binder based on cyanoether. To increase the homogeneity of distribution of nanotubes in the polymer matrix, the carbon material was cleaned of graphite particles and amorphous carbon with a potassium permanganate solution in concentrated sulfuric acid. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that the proposed purification procedure leads to the grafting of oxygen-containing groups to the surface of carbon nanotubes. By means of differential scanning calorimetry, it was revealed that the oxide overcoat on the nanotube surface exerts an influence on the character of binder polymerization. The mechanical properties of a carbon-reinforced plastic with different nanotubes contents were measured. It was shown that the admixture of 0.25–0.50% carbon nanotubes improves the mechanical characteristics of carbon-reinforced plastics by 10–20%.     

Nanotube Content in Arc Generated Carbon Powder

 A novel experimental technique for the separation of nanotubes from other unwanted carbon species in arc generated carbon soot is described. A conjugated polymer was used to bind to nanotubes in solution. The resultant hybrid was soluble, whereas extraneous carbon material formed a sediment at the bottom of the sample bottle. The process was monitored using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy showing that 63% of nanotubes were kept in solution and 98.1% of impurities were rejected. This non-destructive purification allowed the calculation of the nanotube content in the carbon soot using EPR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The measurement of nanotube content gave a purity value of 34% for the soot used in this study; this is compatible with estimates from electron microscopic determinations.     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯固定化碳纳米管作为MALDI基质的研究

将聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯材料在多壁碳纳米管表面原位聚合, 利用这种修饰的碳纳米管作为基质辅助激光解析离子化(MALDI)的基质, 利用修饰后的碳纳米管可以“溶解”的特性实现了稳定的MALDI离子化, 并且消除了在低质量端的基质噪音. 此类聚合物衍生的碳纳米管具有相对较好的亲水性表面, 可“溶解”在溶剂中. 此方法适用于有机小分子、多肽、聚合物和蛋白质酶解肽段的质谱分析. 实验表明聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯固定化碳纳米管能有效地吸收和传递激光能量, 可与样品充分地分散混合, 质谱检测背景低, 重现性好, 具有较宽的可测质量范围. 此方法在小分子快速检测和蛋白质组学方面有很大的应用前景.     

Carbon nanotube/polysulfone composite screen-printed electrochemical enzyme biosensors

The fabrication, evaluation and attractive performance of multiwall carbon nanotube(MWCNT)/polysulfone biocomposite membrane modified thick-film screen-printed electrochemical biosensors are reported. The fabricated carbon nanotube/polysulfone (CNT/PS) strips combine the attractive advantages of carbon nanotube materials, polysulfone matrix and disposable screen-printed electrodes. Such thick-film carbon nanotubes/polysulfone sensors have a well defined performance, are mechanically stable, and exhibit high electrochemical activity. Furthermore, biocompatibility of CNT/PS composite allows easy incorporation of biological functional moiety of horseradish peroxidase by phase inversion technique. The comparison of graphite with MWCNT as conductor material is described in this paper. The proposed H(2)O(2) biosensor exhibited a linear range (applied potential, -0.2 V) from 0.02 to 0.5 mM and a K(M)(app) of 0.71 mM.     

Structural characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by experiment and molecular simulation

A procedure, combining molecular simulation, Raman spectroscopy, and standard nitrogen adsorption, is developed for structural characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) samples. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of nitrogen adsorption are performed on the external and internal adsorption sites of homogeneous arrays of SWNTs of diameters previously determined by Raman spectroscopy of the sample. The results show the importance of the peripheral grooves of a nanotube bundle at low relative pressure and the insensitivity of nanotube diameter toward adsorption on the external surface of the bundle at higher pressures. Simulations also reveal that samples containing thin nanotubes have less internal adsorption capacity that saturates at lower pressure than those comprising large diameter nanotubes. The fraction of open-ended nanotubes in a sample can be estimated by scaling the simulated internal adsorption inside nanotubes to obtain a near perfect fit between simulated and experimental isotherms. This procedure allows extrapolation of adsorption properties to conditions in which all nanotubes in the sample are open-ended.     

Nanotube Content in Arc Generated Carbon Powder

Summary.  A novel experimental technique for the separation of nanotubes from other unwanted carbon species in arc generated carbon soot is described. A conjugated polymer was used to bind to nanotubes in solution. The resultant hybrid was soluble, whereas extraneous carbon material formed a sediment at the bottom of the sample bottle. The process was monitored using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy showing that 63% of nanotubes were kept in solution and 98.1% of impurities were rejected. This non-destructive purification allowed the calculation of the nanotube content in the carbon soot using EPR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The measurement of nanotube content gave a purity value of 34% for the soot used in this study; this is compatible with estimates from electron microscopic determinations. Received June 23, 2000. Accepted July 3, 2000