粗糙海面对高斯分布激光光束的反射模型推导

研究激光光束海面反射光强的方向分布特性对海上光电对抗等领域的工程实践具有重要意义.本文采用分形方法模拟粗糙海面,并在海面基准坐标系中建立起描述粗糙海面几何特征的数学方程,然后基于蒙特卡罗方法模拟高斯光束,依据几何光学原理在基准坐标系下推导了高斯光束的海面反射模型,采用该模型可以编程计算激光光束海面反射光强的方向分布.将模拟计算结果与实验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明该模型可以较好地反映激光光束海面反射光强的分布趋势,验证了模型的有效性.     

基于小斜率近似的深海海面混响

收发设备在海面附近的深海混响实验中,多途时延使得最先到达水听器的为海面混响信号,且不受海底散射声场的干扰.本文利用射线理论描述深海声传播的格林函数,采用粗糙界面一阶小斜率近似方法描述全角度海面散射,给出海面混响声场的表达式.同时考虑了海面表层气泡散射的贡献,获得了海面混响理论.通过数值仿真数据和深海实验数据的比较对海面...     

小掠射角边界反射损失的理论分析及参数提取问题

对于高声速海底在一定的频率范围内,小掠角的反射特性将不受分层结构的影响,反射特性趋于由表层参数（ρ,c,a）所表征的瑞利反射。此时,反射损失的实际频率关系应主要归因于粗糙表面的散射,考虑Bacc微扰理论的散射后,可将小掠角反射损失表为下列模型:
—ln│V（φ）│={Q₀（ρ,c,a）+Q₁（f,σ）}φ
其中Q₀项代表瑞利损失。Q₁项代表散射损失,依赖于具体的粗糙度谱函数。分析了与提取参数Q有关的一些实验,并相应提取了Q值,在一定的频率范围内（0.5—3.0kHz）所提取的Q值无论其量值或变化趋势均基本分布在按上述机制分析预计所允许的范围之内。     

浅海小掠射角的海底界面声反向散射模型的简化

在浅海,尤其是负梯度声速剖面和海面较为平静的浅海波导,海底界面反向散射是浅海混响的主要来源.经验散射模型只适用于分析浅海混响平均强度衰减特性,而基于物理机理建立的反向散射模型克服了这一缺陷,但同时也引入了其受地声模型约束的问题.本文结合了海底反射系数的三参数模型,对浅海远场海底反向散射模型进行了简化,以减少地声模型的输入参数.理论分析了海底反射系数的相移参数可以描述海底对声场的散射作用,无需任何海底地声参数的先验知识.通过对海底反向散射模型近似简化,结果表明在临界角附近和甚小掠射角范围内的海底粗糙界面反向散射模型的角度特性和强度特性受海底沉积层的影响不同:在临界角附近,海底反向散射的角度特性受海底反射系数的相移参数加权,而其散射系数则近似与相移参数无关;对于甚小掠射角,海底反向散射的角度特性近似与海底反射系数的相移参数无关,其散射系数则近似与相移参数的4次方成正比.     

高斯光束斜入射法布里-珀罗干涉腔后的反射光强分布

基于多光束干涉原理,推导了高斯光束斜入射法布里-珀罗干涉仪后的反射光强表达式.在此基础之上数值研究了入射角对高斯光束的反射特性的影响.研究结果表明:当法布里-珀罗干涉腔的腔长满足反共振时,随着入射角的增大,反射光的光强分散,峰值强度下降后呈现出幅度衰减的波动;峰值位置随着入射角的增大,呈现出幅度越来越小的振荡偏移;光斑大小随入射角的增大,呈现出幅度减小的振荡.     

基于神经网络的粗糙表面双向反射分布函数建模

分析粗糙表面双向反射分布函数的测量方法,提出一种使用人工神经网络技术建立目标表面材料双向反射分布函数模型的方法。给出测量样品多个入射角度下的BRDF随散射角变化的曲线,从中选取部分曲线输入到神经网络,使用贝叶斯正则化方法训练网络,最终获取双向反射分布函数和入射角、散射角的映射关系模型。使用网络模型计算参与训练和未参与训练的输入角度的散射分布曲线,与实验测量曲线进行比较,结果表明：建立的模型正确,具有应用价值。     

厚度偏差对VCSEL的反射谱和反射相移的影响

采用光学传输矩阵方法分析了厚度偏差对VCSEL的反射谱和反射相移产生的影响。结果表明,反射镜和VCSEL中各层厚度的偏大,将使反射镜的中心波长以及VCSEL的模式波长向长波方向移动,而反射镜和VCSEL中各层厚度的偏小,将使反射镜的中心波长以及VCSEL的模式波长向短波方向移动。将键合界面离有源区稍微远一些,有利于减小其厚度偏差对VCSEL的模式波长的影响。     

基于海浪谱修正方法的海面建模

海面场景偏振特性研究对于红外偏振目标检测具有重要意义,海面建模是进行海面偏振仿真研究的关键环节。分析了海浪谱模型和空间采样点数对海面建模的影响,建立了将海浪谱的高频分量以指数形式叠加到低频分量的修正方法。将RadTherm软件与偏振度计算模型相结合,对比研究了所提方法与传统方法模拟生成海面的长波红外偏振特性。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以在低空间采样率下有效提高模拟生成海面的高度分布、微面元斜率分布与海面实测数据的吻合度。     

反射差分谱系统新设计的理论分析

本文以缪勒矩阵理论为基础,对反射差分谱测量系统给出一种新的设计方案.考虑到可能引起误差的各种因素,用缪勒矩阵方法得出光源的偏振特性和退偏器的退偏性能对测量结果有一定影响,而其它因素对测量结果没有任何影响,这为该系统的建立过程中究竟如何有效地降低误差提供了理论指导.     

窄光束在掠反射条件下的特性

在掠入射条件下,由于部分平面波分量无法直接入射到反射面,从而不能按照常规方式被反射和透射. 而反射透射模式的逆过程被用来描述非直接入射的这部分平面波分量与反射区的相互作用. 基于这两个模式,采用平面波展开法导出了窄光束掠入射条件下出射光的场分布,理论计算结果与采用BPM方法的模拟值完全一致. 关键词： 掠反射 平面波展开法 导波模式 光波导开关     

Behaviour of scattering from a rough surface at small grazing angles

The particular problem of wave scattering at low grazing angles is of great interest because of its importance for the long-distance propagation of radio waves along the Earth's surface, radar observation of near surface objects, as well as solving many other fundamental and applied problems of remote sensing. One of the main questions is: how do the scattering amplitude and specific cross section behave for extremely small grazing angles? We consider the process of wave scattering by a statistically rough surface with the Neumann boundary condition. This model corresponds to sound scattering from a perfectly 'hard' surface (for example, the interface between air and the sea surface) or 'vertically' polarized electromagnetic waves scattered by a perfectly conducting one-dimensional (i.e. cylindrical) surface when the magnetic field vector is directed along the generating line of this cylindrical surface. We assume that the surface roughness is sufficiently small (in the sense of the Rayleigh parameter) and the surface is rigorously statistically homogeneous and therefore, infinite. We confine ourselves only to the first-order approximation of small perturbation theory and therefore consider every act of wave scattering in the Born approximation when the Bragg scattering process takes place. Only one resonant Fourier component of surface roughness is responsible for the scattering in a given direction. However, we take into account the attenuation of incident and scattered waves due to the multiple scattering processes on the path 'before' and 'after' a scattering event in a given direction. Also we consider every one of these multiple scattering events only in the Born approximation. The main result we have obtained is that for small grazing angles the scattering cross section of the diffuse component decreases as the second power of the grazing angles with respect to the incident and scattered directions, and as the fourth power of the grazing angle for the backscattering (radar) situation. Generalizing our results from plane-wave scattering to finite beams allows us to obtain the criterion on the beamwidth. For sufficiently narrow beams the multiple scattering processes do not play any role because of a short 'interaction path', and only single Bragg scattering determines the scattering amplitude (which does not tend to zero for small grazing angles). However, for sufficiently wide beams the result obtained for infinite plane waves becomes valid: due to the above-mentioned multiple scattering processes, the scattering amplitude tends to zero for small grazing angles. Consequently, the behaviour of the scattering cross section for small grazing angles depends on the radiation pattern width of the transmitting and receiving antennae: for sufficiently wide beams the scattering cross section decreases to zero at small grazing angles, but for narrow beams it tends to the finite non-zero value.     

Microwave Doppler spectra of sea return at small incidence angles: specular point scattering contribution

It is well known that the sea return echo contains contributions from at least two scattering mechanisms. In addition to the resonant Bragg scattering, the specular point scattering plays an important role as the incidence angle becomes smaller (≤20o). Here, in combination with the Kirchhoff integral equation of scattering field and the stationary phase approximation, analytical expressions for Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of specular point scattering, which are insensitive to the polarization state, are derived theoretically. For comparison, the simulated results related to the two-scale method (TSM) and the method of moment (MOM) are also presented. It is found that the Doppler shift and the spectral bandwidth given by TSM are insufficient at small incidence angles. However, a comparison between the analytical results and the numerical simulations by MOM in the backscatter configuration shows that our proposed formulas are valid for the specular point scattering case. In this work, the dependences of the predicted results on incidence angle, radar frequency, and wind speed are also discussed. The obtained conclusions seem promising for a better understanding of the Doppler spectra of the specular point scattering fields from time-varying sea surfaces.     

Deviation problems in ray optics in the light of the refined unambiguous definitions of angles of incidence,reflection and refraction

This paper makes use of the newly introduced refined unambiguous definitions of angle of incidence, angle of reflection and angle of refraction to give birth to novel vectorial treatment for the calculation of deviation of a ray of light in each of a few cases of ray optics. The problem of calculation of minimum deviation of a ray of light in passing through a prism has also been considered in the light of the refined unambiguous definitions of angle of incidence and angle of refraction. The use of vectorial treatment increases the range of applicability of vector algebra. Furthermore, incorporation of the refined unambiguous definitions of the aforesaid three angles in the novel treatment offered is much clearer leaving no room for confusion and it will enhance and sophisticate the optical field.     

Spectral characteristics of a microwave radar signal backscattered by the sea surface at small incidence angles

We present a theoretical analysis of the Doppler-spectrum properties of a microwave radar signal scattered by the sea surface at small incidence angles. The dependences of Doppler-spectrum width and shift on the wind velocity and wave development stage and their azimuthal dependence are analyzed. The case of mixed sea (wind wave plus swell) is also considered. The JONSWAP spectrum model is used to describe sea waves. The study shows that Doppler-spectrum parameters are sensitive to variation of sea-surface state; for example, for the case of developed sea waves, an increase in wind velocity by 1 m/sec leads to increases in the Doppler-spectrum width and shift by 15 Hz and 3 Hz, respectively. It is shown that for the case of a moving radar the Doppler spectrum remains sensitive to variation of sea- surface state with a sufficiently narrow radar directivity pattern. Estimates show that in the case of a single sea- wave system on the surface, using Doppler-spectrum parameters we can, in principle, determine wave type (developing wind wave, developed wind wave, or swell), dominant wavelength, wave propagation direction, and wave height; wind velocity, direction, and acceleration distance can be determined for wind waves.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 517–526, May, 1996.This paper was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (project 93-02-15892).     

Theory of ion reflection from amorphous surface at low glancing angles

A new theory of ion reflection from a smooth amorphous solid surface is developed. A continuous potential is introduced for describing the ion reflection from amorphous surfaces at low glancing angles. It is shown that the difference, between a true surface potential and a continuous one could be taken into account in terms of a correction factor, thus yielding a Fokker-Planck-type equation for a particle distribution in angle and transverse coordinate. Diffusion coefficients included in this equation are calculated with allowance for atom discrete positions and ion-electron collision effect. On the basis of the derived kinetic equation the angular and energy ion distributions in a reflected beam are analyzed. The presented theory, somewhat modified, can be used for describing ion reflection from a crystal surface as well.     

Calculation of three-dimensional acoustic scattering from Gaussian rough under-ice surface using the Kirchhoff approximation method with modified reflection coefficient

The Kirchhoff approximation with a modified reflection coefficient is used to calculate the three-dimensional acoustic scattering of a Gaussian rough under-ice surface.The concept of a local statistical average reflection coefficient of an under-ice surface is proposed in the calculation model.The scattered sound field of a two-dimensional Gaussian rough under-ice surface is divided into coherent scattering and incoherent scattering.A formula is derived for the scattering coefficient of each sca...     

修正反射系数的Kirchhoff近似方法计算高斯起伏冰面三维声散射

针对随机起伏冰面的声散射计算问题,利用修正反射系数的Kirchhoff近似方法计算了高斯起伏冰面的三维声散射。在计算模型中引入了冰面局部统计平均反射系数的概念,将二维高斯起伏冰面的散射分为相干散射和非相干散射,分别得到两类散射成分的散射系数公式,计算了高斯起伏冰面三维声散射的散射强度。分析了散射强度与随机起伏冰面的均方根高度、声波入射角度及频率的关系。通过实验室水池中高斯起伏冰面的散射强度测量实验,对理论模型的计算结果进行了验证。将实验结果分别与采用冰面局部统计平均反射系数的模型计算结果和文献中采用平整冰面镜反射系数的模型计算结果进行了对比,采用冰面局部统计平均反射系数的模型计算结果与实验测量值吻合较好。