A thermally-cleavable linker for solid-phase synthesis

Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]norbornenes constitute a convenient and readily cleaved linker for solid-phase organic synthesis. A simple and inexpensive furfuryl-substituted resin has been shown to capture and release maleimide dienophiles under conditions compatible with intermediate synthetic steps. The synthesis of β-amino, -thiophenoxy, and -hydrazino alcohols by epoxide ring opening, and maleimide-functionalized Leu-enkephalin by standard peptide coupling techniques, are described to illustrate the utility of the solid-phase synthesis methodology.     

A nonacid degradable linker for solid-phase synthesis

Synthesis and applications of two new nonacid degradable linkers as an alternative to the Wang linker for solid-phase synthesis are described. Resin from linker 2 looks superior to linker 1 in terms of yields for both anchoring of the first building block and cleavage and in terms of higher purity of the final product. Use of linker 2 avoids side reactions associated with the use of Wang resin due to an undesired cleavage during final acid treatment.     

New selenyl linker for solid-phase synthesis of dehydropeptides

A novel linker possessing selenocyanate and masked carboxylic acid was developed for the solid-phase synthesis of dehydropeptides. This linker was used to demonstrate the synthesis of the model compound of RGD-conjugated dehydropeptide.     

A base-stable dithiomethyl linker for solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides

A novel linkage, useful for the synthesis of oligonucleotides is described. The linking function is compatible with all conditions used for oligonucleotide synthesis, orthogonal to all other protecting groups, but regenerates 3′-OH rapidly upon mild reduction under aqueous conditions. This method is employed in the removal of depurinated fragments during the synthesis of oligonucleotides.     

Development of the traceless phenylhydrazide linker for solid-phase synthesis

The hydrazide group is a new oxidatively cleavable traceless linker for solid-phase chemistry. It can be readily introduced by hydrazide formation between a carboxy-functionalized resin and different substituted hydrazines. In order to achieve high yields in this step, new carboxylic acid resins were developed that are not prone to undesired imide formation upon activation of the carboxylic acid. The polymer-bound acyl hydrazides were successfully employed in various transformations, namely Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Stille couplings, as well as Wittig and Grignard reactions. Traceless release of the coupling products from the solid support is achieved selectively under mild conditions and in high purity by oxidation of the aryl hydrazides to acyl diazenes with Cu(II) salts or N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and subsequent nucleophilic attack of the acyl diazene intermediates. Traceless cleavage by oxidation with NBS can be carried out as a two-step process in which stable acyl diazenes are first generated by treatment with NBS in the absence of a nucleophile. After removal of the reagents by simple resin washing, the traceless release is effected by the addition of methanol, which leads to products of high purity without any additional separation steps.     

New stable backbone linker resins for solid-phase peptide synthesis

[reaction: see text] Two new 4-methoxybenzaldehyde backbone linker resins were developed for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. The linkers are very stable during the cleavage of common protecting groups for amines (Fmoc, Boc) and carboxylic acids (Me, All, tBu) in peptide synthesis. Cleavage from the resin with refluxing TFA is sufficiently mild for peptides containing polar and nonpolar amino acids.     

A 'triflate-like' tetrafluoroarylsulfonate linker for multifunctional solid-phase organic synthesis

An arylsulfonate solid-phase linker is suitable for 'traceless' synthesis and Pd(0) catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.     

A fluorinated selenide linker for solid-phase synthesis of n-pentenyl glycosides

[reaction: see text] A fluorine-labeled selenide linker for installing terminal isolated olefins has been synthesized in high overall yield. The resin-bound linker could be glycosylated both with glycosyl trichloroacetimidates and glycosyl fluorides. The linker did not decompose after oxidation with tBuOOH but underwent beta-elimination when it was subjected to heat. This allowed the released n-pentenyl glycoside 15 to be isolated in excellent yield and purity after filtration.     

A new safety-catch protecting group and linker for solid-phase synthesis

The use of two derivatives of 2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl alcohol is demonstrated as a safety-catch protecting group and linker for solid-phase peptide synthesis. The protecting group and linker are stable to TFA and are readily removed under reductive acidolytic conditions.     

A novel linker for solid-phase synthesis cleavable under neutral conditions

A novel linker cleavable under neutral conditions has been developed for the solid-phase synthesis of base-labile compounds. The linker is comprised of a 3-azidomethyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol moiety, and the azidomethyl group in the linker is readily converted to an aminomethyl group by treatment with a phosphine reagent in the presence of water to result in an intramolecular cyclization to release the compounds. Using the linker, a base-labile dinucleoside methyl phosphate was synthesized on a highly cross-linked polystyrene (HCP) support and cleaved successfully from the resin without decomposition of the product.     

A new versatile linker for the solid-phase synthesis of secondary amines

A novel linker for the solid-phase synthesis of secondary amines based on an intramolecular cyclization was developed. The linker allows for a stepwise built-up of the secondary amines on the support. The feasibility was demonstrated in the parallel synthesis of a small set of different secondary amines.     

Selenium-based safety-catch linker: solid-phase synthesis of vinyl-substituted oxadiazoles and triazoles

Vinyl-substituted oxadiazoles and triazoles were prepared through hydrazinolysis, acylation, cyclocondensation, and elimination of selenium resins. The polystyrene-supported resins used here not only facilitate separation of products but also serve as a pro-vinyl safety-catch linker.     

A new phenoxyacetate-based linker system for the solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides

[structure: see text]. A novel linker system has been designed, and its first application to solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis is described. The use of the highly reactive o-nitro-phenoxyacetate linker allows a fast and quantitative cleavage using mild basic conditions. This method combined with the trichloroacetimidate glycosylation exhibits highly promising results as demonstrated for the synthesis of tetrasaccharide 1 (n = 3) containing glucose beta(1 --> 4) and beta(1 --> 6) linkages.     

An acid-stable tert-butyldiarylsilyl (TBDAS) linker for solid-phase organic synthesis

[reaction: see text] A new, robust tert-butyldiarylsilyl (TBDAS) linker has been developed for solid-phase organic synthesis. This linker is stable to both protic and Lewis acidic reaction conditions, overcoming a significant limitation of previously reported silyl linkers. Solid-phase acetal deprotection, olefination, asymmetric allylation, and silyl protecting group deblocking reactions have been demonstrated with TBDAS-linked substrates.     

Protein synthesis by solid-phase chemical ligation using a safety catch linker

The native chemical ligation reaction has been used extensively for the synthesis of the large polypeptides that correspond to folded proteins and domains. The efficiency of the synthesis of the target protein is highly dependent on the number of peptide segments in the synthesis. Assembly of proteins from multiple components requires repeated purification and lyophilization steps that give rise to considerable handling losses. In principle, performing the ligation reactions on a solid support would eliminate these inefficient steps and increase the yield of the protein assembly. A new strategy is described for the assembly of large polypeptides on a solid support that utilizes a highly stable safety catch acid-labile linker. This amide generating linker is compatible with a wide range of N-terminal protecting groups and ligation chemistries. The utility of the methodology is demonstrated by a three-segment synthesis of vMIP I, a chemokine that contains all 20 natural amino acids and has two disulfide bonds. The crude polypeptide product was recovered quantitatively from the solid support and purified in 20%-recovered yield. This strategy should facilitate the synthesis of large polypeptides and should find useful applications in the assembly of protein libraries.     

Tartric acid-based linker for the solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes

A novel linker, based on the anchoring of (+)-dimethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-tartrate to PEGA or PEG-PS solid supports, was developed for the solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes. Peptide elongation was performed using the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl/t-Bu chemistry. The peptide and the 1,2-diol were deprotected on the solid phase. Then, a periodic oxidation of the fully deprotected peptidyl-resin led to the simultaneous cleavage of the product from the solid support and to the generation of the alpha-oxo aldehyde moiety. The methodology allowed the distance between the alpha-oxo aldehyde and the peptide to be easily modulated. The C-terminal peptide alpha-oxo aldehydes synthesized in this study were found to be useful partners in hydrazone, thiazolidine, and oxime chemical ligations.     

The sulfone linker in solid-phase synthesis: preparation of 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones

The preparation of functionalized 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones via a solid-phase sulfone linker strategy is described. Polystyrene/divinylbenzene sulfinate 1 underwent S-alkylation followed by alpha,alpha-dialkylation with cis-1,4-dichloro-2-butene to form polymer-bound 3-phenylsulfonylcyclopentenes 8. Subsequent epoxidation of the cyclopentene moiety in 8 was accomplished by treatment of mCPBA, and the resulting oxirane ring in resin 9 was opened with various nucleophiles, i.e., Grignard and cuprate reagents, azide ion, and amines. To complete the sulfone-based linker strategy, Swern or TPAP oxidation of 10 gave a transient gamma-ketosulfone, which underwent sulfinate elimination, thus cleaving the sulfone linker. Eleven 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones (11) were prepared with this five-step process in 18-40% overall yield from solid-phase benzene sulfinate 1.     

A photolabile linker for the solid-phase synthesis of 4-substituted NH-1,2,3-triazoles

This communication presents the synthesis of a novel photolabile azidolinker based on the o-nitroveratryl group. The application of this linker for the synthesis and photolytic release of NH-1,2,3-triazoles is described.