Optical testing of ultrasonic phase gratings using a Fresnel diffraction method

A simple optical method is proposed for studying the Raman-Nath parameter of plane, sinusoidal, ultrasonic beams. The Fresnel diffraction field of a continuous ultrasonic grating illuminated by a collimated laser beam is measured by a photodetector placed mid-way between the self-image planes of the grating. Measurement of the amplitude of the fundamental of the output signal enables the absolute determination of the depth of phase modulation. A comparison of the proposed method with the techniques discussed in the literature is presented.     

Diffraction regimes of phase gratings

The occurrence of Raman-Nath regime and Bragg regime diffraction by planar phase gratings is rigorously analyzed. It is shown that the published indicators for a Raman-Nath regime are unsatisfactory. An attempt to redefine the Raman-Nath region is given in this paper.     

A continuous phase plate for non-uniform illumination beam shaping using the inverse phase contrast method

This paper describes an algorithm for calculating the transmission function of a phase plate (PP) using the inverse phase contrast method. With this algorithm, calculations of a continuous PP that is less sensitive to wavelength variation can be made. A design of a continuous PP for beam shaping using the algorithm is simulated. The continuous PP can be used for beam shaping, pattern generation and light projection with a moderate bandwidth light source.     

Apodised fiber Bragg gratings fabricated with a uniform phase mask using Gaussian beam laser

A new exposure scheme for fabricating apodised fiber Bragg gratings by the use of a uniform phase mask and a Gaussian beam laser is demonstrated. Average refractive index is kept nearly constant along the grating to derive a side lobe suppression of 20 dB in the shorter wavelength. This scheme allows the writing of truly apodized fiber Bragg gratings.     

Diffraction of ultrashort optical pulses from circularly symmetric binary phase gratings

The complete spatiotemporal characterization of the diffracted field of ultrashort pulses after passing through circularly symmetric binary phase diffraction gratings is carried out. The complex field is registered at different planes behind the gratings with an ultrashort-pulse measurement technique called SEA TADPOLE. Numerical simulations based on scalar diffraction theory are compared with the measurements.     

Polarization beam splitters using polarization diffraction gratings

We report a polarization beam splitter that uses polarization gratings written onto a zero-twist nematic liquid-crystal display. We show three configurations. The first two separate the diffracted light into two orthogonally polarized orders that are either linearly or circularly polarized. In the third configuration, we demonstrate a novel case for which the output is separated into two nonorthonormal polarization states. One component is linearly polarized and the second is circularly polarized.     

电子束刻蚀法制作微米/亚微米云纹光栅技术

本文应用电子束刻蚀技术并结合真空镀膜技术提出了制作电子束云纹光栅的新方法。首次提出三镀层制作双频电子束云纹光栅的新工艺。所制得的光栅可在两频率下应用电子束云纹法测量物体的变形。同一般光栅相比 ,这种双频光栅变形量程范围更大。在本研究中 ,运用电子束刻蚀法并结合真空镀膜技术制作出 0 .1μm间距 ( 10 0 0 0线 /mm光栅 )的电子束云纹光栅。应用所制作的 10 μm/1μm双频光栅与相对应的电子束参考栅干涉 ,分别得到对应的电子束云纹场。文中对制栅工艺及方法进行了详细的讨论。     

蒙特卡罗模拟单阻止柱双散射体质子束流扩展方法

束流扩展是研究质子治疗大体积深度肿瘤的基础,利用Monte Carlo多粒子模拟软件Fluka2006.3b.10,计算质子经过单阻止柱双散射体后束流横向分布特性,与相同条件下由Highland公式经解析计算相比较.结果表明:在束流分布均匀性大于95%的范围内,Fluka计算得到的质子通量小于由Highland公式经解析计算得到的结果,膜薄的条件下二者符合好于膜厚的条件.束流扩展半径随着两个散射膜厚度的增加而增大,束流利用率先增加后减小,最大值是16.9%.     

Diffraction efficiency of absorption gratings

The diffraction efficiency of absorption gratings is investigated using a coupled multiwave analysis. For the four-wave case the analytical expressions for the signal amplitudes are given. The applicability of the four-wave approximation is also included.     

Optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings

We propose a scheme for optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings. Since the direction change of the diffracted beam with the recording wavelength is much larger for a reflection grating a passive beam-tilting element may not be required.     

用反射式达曼光栅产生飞秒激光双脉冲

采用反射式达曼光栅建立了一种产生飞秒激光双脉冲的新装置.由于采用反射式结构，避免了材料色散和吸收导致的脉冲畸变，并构建了一台二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关装置对产生的双脉冲进行了测量.实验结果表明可以实现脉冲强度相等、时间宽度相同、不同间隔的双脉冲输出.产生双脉冲的装置在飞秒激光领域有着应用的价值. 关键词： 飞秒激光双脉冲 达曼光栅 二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关     

应用于光束均匀化整形的SAGAGD算法

 分析了模拟退火算法、基因算法、梯度下降法的主要步骤和应用中的优劣，将这三种方法加以综合运用于纯位相元件的优化设计以实现光束均匀化，结果表明，该算法对于设计位相光学元件是十分有效的。     

Diffraction efficiency of photochromic absorption gratings

Efficiencies of thick photochromic absorption gratings are theoretically investigated. The treatment is based on a realistic photochromic grating model, which includes both spatial and temporal variations of the absorption coefficient. Simple analytic solutions for dynamic diffraction characteristics are derived. This nonlinear model shows that the maximum diffraction efficiency of photochromic absorption gratings may exceed 10%.     

Diffraction characteristics of planar absorption gratings

Planar (co)sinusoidal conductivity (absorption) transmission gratings are analyzed using rigorous coupled-wave theory. The first-order and higher-order diffraction efficiencies are determined over the entire range of possible conductivities and Bragg angles of incidence (or equivalently, grating periods) for H-mode polarization incident plane waves. The maximum possible first diffracted order efficiency is found to be 5.26%. Rigorous results are compared to approximate results from the Raman-Nath theory and the two-wave first-order coupled-wave (Kogelnik) theory. A regime parameter, , is defined which delineates the regions of Raman-Nath diffraction behavior ( < 1) and the region of two-wave first-order diffraction theory behavior ( > 1). Likewise, the angular selectivity characteristics of conductivity gratings are determined from rigorous theory and are compared with corresponding results from approximate theory.     

Application of the beam propagation method to diffused transmission gratings

In this paper results for the diffraction characteristics of phase gratings calculated by the beam propagation method and by a rigorous integral equation method are presented, with the latter results serving as a reference. The configurations under consideration have refractive index changes which are realistic for ion exchange processes in glass. Thus, multiple reflections have only little influence which makes the beam propagation method applicable to the problem. Typically, the diffraction efficiencies computed by both methods differ by less than 2%. In contrast to the integral equation method, the beam propagation method works with a definable lateral field profile, enabling the modelling of a grating within a complete device design including the near field pattern. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于涡旋光照明的暗场数字全息显微方法研究

提出了一种基于涡旋光照明的暗场数字全息显微方法. 从理论上阐述了涡旋光环形照明原理和暗场数字全息显微原理, 分析了涡旋光的准无衍射特性对成像的影响; 搭建了相应的数字全息显微成像系统, 采用690 nm的聚苯乙烯小球作为实验样品; 最后通过对小球明暗场下数字全息显微再现像的分析对比, 证明该方法可以有效地提高数字全息系统的分辨率, 同时增强了再现像的对比度. 关键词： 全息 暗场数字全息显微 涡旋光 分辨率     

Transformation of a hollow Gaussian beam into a ring-shaped beam using a phase aperture

Propagation of a hollow Gaussian beam diffracted by a circular phase aperture is studied without making the paraxial approximation. The analytical expression of the intensity of the apertured hollow Gaussian beam is presented in the far field. The influences of the truncation parameter and the order of hollow Gaussian beam on the intensity distributions are discussed. It is shown that a circular ?-phase aperture can be used to transform a hollow Gaussian beam into a ring-shaped beam in the far field with the appropriate parameters.     

Diffraction properties of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles

The diffraction properties of a system of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles are investigated using the multi-layer coupled wave theory. The dependence of the pulse profiles of the diffracted beams, diffraction bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the multi-layer system on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. The calculated results indicate that the temporal shape of the input pulsed beams is an important factor in the analysis of the propagation characteristics. The analysis of this paper will be valuable for the applications of pulse shaping, processing and filter.