锌汞齐的标准电极电位

虽然Bates^[1],Robinson等^[2]和Stokes等^[3]曾确定锌汞齐的标准电极电位,但他们用的是饱和锌汞齐,而Clayton等^[4]指出Zn(固)|Zn²⁺|znHg(饱和)的电动势为零,因此,以上诸作者确定的并不是锌汞齐而是锌的标准电极电位,这点已为手册和教科书所承认。     

饱和漆酚冠醚PVC膜钾离子选择电极的研制

目前,钾离子选择电极一般采用缬氨酶素^[1~3]、4,4'-二甲基二苯并-30-冠醚-10^[4]和4,4'-二叔丁基二苯并-30-冠醚-10^[5,6],等作为传感膜的活性物质.其PVC膜电极的线性响应范围为1×10^-5～1×10^-1M氯化钾,对钠离子的电位选择性系数分别为2×10^-4,3.9×10^-3和3.0×10^-3。我们以来源广泛的天然漆酚为原料,经加氢饱和后与二氯醚合成带有长链烷基(正十五烷基)取代的冠醚,简称饱和漆酚冠醚.这种长链烷基的取代将增大冠醚的脂溶性,有利于在PVC膜中均匀分布.其中以饱和漆酚30-冠醚-10的性能较好,适宜于作钾电极.     

零电流示波电位滴定盐酸异丙嗪

盐酸异丙嗪是一种较重要的抗组胺药,现行的分析标准为非水滴定法^[1],此外尚有分光光度法^[2]、伏安法^[3]、电极法^[4]、液相色谱法^[5]和流动注射分析法^[6]等。本文将高鸿提出的零电流示波电位滴定法^[7]中的铂片电极修饰一层含四苯基硼酸-异丙嗪电活性物质的PVC膜,使电极对异丙嗪产生响应,可用于四苯基硼酸钠直接滴定异丙嗪的终点指示。     

有机卤化合物中卤素的离子选择性电极的快速微量分析

近年来,离子选择性电极已应用于有机氯、溴^[1-3]及碘^[4]的微量分析。但在电位滴定中,水介质的终点不明显^[5-6],非水介质用的乙酸^[1,2]有刺激性,而1,4-二氧环^[3]已烷则价太贵。     

离子选择电极电位滴定法有机化合物中硼的快速微量分析

有机硼化合物在分解后通常转化为硼酸,需以甘露糖醇使其形成络合物,再用标准氢氧化钠溶液滴定^[1]。氧瓶分解法分解有机硼化合物,常需在样品燃烧前于样品内加入蔗糖^[2]、氢氧化钾^[3]或EDTA二钠盐^[4]。Gadson等^[5]在含硼无机溶液中加入少量10％氢氟酸,10分钟内形成BF₄^-,然后用流动载体氟硼酸根离子选择电极直接电位法进行测定。由此,我国刘成梁等^[4]首次提出氟硼酸根离子选择电极标准添加法,应用于有机硼元素微量分析。     

静电纺丝法制备NiO纳米纤维及其表征

纳米级NiO因具有优良的催化和热敏等性能而被广泛用于催化剂^[1]、电池电极^[2,3]、光电转化材料^[4～6]、电化学电容器^[7～8]等诸多方面.迄今,已成功地制备出N iO的纳米颗粒^[9]、纳米线^[10]及纳米薄膜^[11],但是对于具有准一维结构的NiO纳米纤维的制备及性能研究尚未见报道.     

悬汞电极阳极溶出伏安法——Ⅳ.纯镓中微量铟、镉、铅的测定

镓中某些杂质可用方波^[1]或示波^[2]极谱法测定。本文用悬汞电极阳极溶出伏安法在经典极谱仪上在溴化钾介质中测定纯镓中的铟、镉、铅。为消除溴化钾浓度小时镉对铟的干扰^[3],使用纯度较高的溴化钾,并提高其浓度四倍。铊对铟的严重干扰,则用EDTA掩蔽铟波,以差减法克服。     

程序升温脱附的动力学近似公式

几十年来,程序升温脱附法(TPD方法)被催化理论与实验工作者广泛地用于测定气体在固体催化剂表面的脱附活化能^[1-5],和鉴定气体在固体催化剂表面的不同吸附态^[6-10],某些热分解反应也采用了线性升温的方法^[11]。     

XRD谱研究扩散控制的固-固相反应

很多分子固体和低维固体在室温或低热温度条件下可发生固相反应^[1,2],甚至可以在短时间内完成^[3,4].我们已成功地用低热固相合成法合成了200多个化合物,其中大多数为结构新颖的原子簇化合物^[5～7].     

铁、钴、镍在汞中扩散系数的测定

用恒电位球形汞齐电极伏安法可测定金属在汞中的扩散系数^[1,2].本文报导了用这个方法测定的铁、钴、镍在汞中的扩散系数值.     

NASICON-based H2 Sensor Using CoCrMnO4 Insensitive Reference Electrode and Buried Au Sensing Electrode

This work focuses on the H2 sensing performance of the sensor with buried Au sensing electrode and spi- nel-type oxide CoCrMnO4 insensitive reference electrode within sodium super ionic conductor（NASICON） film. The sensor showed the highest response to H2 gas on the insensitive material sintering at 800 ~C. Compared with those of the traditional structure device, the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor using buried sensing electrode were greatly improved, giving a response of-177 mV in 9x10 5 g/L H2, which was about 3.5 times higher than that of sensors with traditional structure. Moreover, the AV value of the sensing device exhibited linear relationship to the logarithm of H2 concentration and the sensitivity（slope） was -135 mV/decade. A sensing mechanism related to the mixed potential was proposed for the present sensor.     

聚乙撑二氧噻吩修饰电极的电化学行为及对抗坏血酸的电催化作用

研究了聚乙撑二氧噻吩修饰电极在水溶液中的电化学行为及对抗坏血酸的电催化作用,实验表明抗坏血酸在聚乙撑二氧噻吩修饰电极上的氧化峰电位为+0.23V,较其在铂电极上的氧化峰电位负移220mV.在1.0×10^-1～1.0×10^-1mol/L浓度范围内,峰电流和抗坏血酸的浓度有线性关系,可用于水果等样品中抗坏血酸的测定。     

甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原

利用单晶旋转圆盘电极技术（Hanging Meniscus Rotating Disk Electrode,　HMRD）在硫酸和高氯酸溶液中分别研究了甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧分子的电催化还原反应. 实验发现：在硫酸溶液中,经甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面的氧还原活性明显提高,其中氧还原的半波电位与Pt(111)电极的相比正移约0.1 V,而在高氯酸溶液中,甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极的活性几乎没有发生变化. 该实验结果表明：甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极一方面抑制了SO₄^2-在电极表面的吸附,另一方面又能在电极表面提供相邻的空位供氧分子吸附. 通过与文献中报道的CN^-修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原结果的对比,可以推测甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧还原活性提高是由于甘氨酸在Pt(111)表面可能先被氧化成CN^-后吸附在电极表面,进而促进了氧分子的电催化还原反应.     

改性钛基PbO2电极的制备及其对COD的快速检测

通过制备Ti/α/β-PbO₂、Ti/Ag/β-PbO₂这两种含有不同中间层的钛基二氧化铅电极来探究电催化氧化技术快速测定葡萄糖模拟废水中有机物(COD)含量的可行性。为了评估两种电极的各项性能,首先采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对电极进行形貌表征,其次进行电化学性能测试包括线性伏安曲线(LSV)、塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)、循环伏安曲线(CV)以及交流阻抗测量分析。结果表明,Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极表面晶体结构更加均匀,晶粒尺寸偏小,具有更大的电活性表面积。Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的析氧电位为1.77 V,为·OH的产生提供良好条件。在Tafel、CV测试中,Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的交换电流密度i₀及比电容C_p分别为0.0995 A·cm^-1、0.004098 F·cm^-1均高于Ti/Ag/β-PbO₂电极,说明Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的耐腐蚀性以及释放电子的能力优异。最终选用Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极为工作电极。Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极检测COD的最佳条件为：氧化电位1.30 V、电解时间150 s、电解液浓度0.03 mol·L^-1 硝酸钠(NaNO₃)。电化学法与比色消解法测定COD的相关系数可达0.9909,同时具有良好的重现性与相关性,COD的检测范围为0 mg·L^-1 ~ 500 mg·L^-1。在误差允许的范围内可以替代标准的重铬酸钾法,为实现COD的在线快速检测提供参考价值。     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

Voltammetric determination of phytochelatins using copper solid amalgam electrode

Voltammetric determination of synthetically prepared phytochelatins (γ-Glu-Cys)₂Gly (PC₂) and (γ-Glu-Cys)₃Gly (PC₃) has been studied using new type of copper solid amalgam electrode. The determination, based on the formation of cuprous complexes in buffer pH 8.1, is suitable for concentrations of PC in the range 10–100 nmol l⁻¹. Reproducibility, employing electrochemical cleaning of the electrode surface, was statistically evaluated. The achieved limit of detection (2.1–2.6×10⁻⁹ mol l⁻¹ for DCV measurement) together with the robust character of the electrode offer its use for detection of PCs in separated extracts of real samples.     

基于对羟基苯硼酸为前驱体的金纳米粒子修饰电极电化学检测过氧化氢

以对羟基苯硼酸为前驱体,利用H₂O₂可以定量氧化对羟基苯硼酸产生对羟基苯酚的原理,以反应产物对羟基苯酚为电化学信号物质,结合金纳米粒子修饰玻碳电极（AuNPs/GCE）,发展了一种间接检测H₂O₂的电化学方法. 由于AuNPs/GCE具有有效电子传递性能和比表面积大等优点,对硼酸氧化产物具有较高的催化活性,因此在含1.0 mmol•L^-1对羟基苯硼酸的0.1mol•L^-1 pH 7.5 PBS中,AuNPs/GCE可以检测到1.0 ~ 1.0 × 10³ μmol•L^-1的H₂O₂,检测限为0.5μmol•L^-1. 同时,该方法具有良好的选择性和重现性,且操作简单、速度快、价格低廉,非常适用于实际样品中H₂O₂含量的测定.     

ZrO2掺杂铌基二氧化铅电极制备及其甲基橙降解电催化性能

本文利用电沉积制得ZrO₂掺杂铌基二氧化铅电极,通过扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）观察表征了Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极表面形貌特征及组成. 用线性伏安曲线、电化学交流阻抗和循环伏安曲线测试了Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极电化学性能,及其甲基橙（MO）的降解电催化效果. 结果表明,ZrO₂掺杂使Nb/PbO₂电极表面更致密、粗糙,结晶尺寸更小,增大了电极比表面积,提高了电极电催化活性. Nb/ZrO₂+PbO₂电极活性层主要由β-PbO₂和少量的α-PbO₂以及部分ZrO₂共沉积而成. 有较高的析氧电位、吸附电容和较低的电荷转移电阻,其甲基橙（MO）降解电催化活性更佳,降解过程受扩散控制.     

β-PbO2/Sb-SnO2/Ti电极的苯酚电催化性能研究

采用刷涂热解和电镀制得了β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti电极. 采用X射线衍射（X-ray Diffraction,XRD）和扫描电镜（Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM）进行分析与观察,Sb-SnO₂中间层抑制PbF₂的生成,NaF促进二氧化铅晶粒的成型与分散,消除了β-PbO₂聚团. 据谢乐公式（Scherrer）计算晶粒尺寸为25.2 nm,电极表面结晶度高达100%. 极化测试显示,β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti电极扩散段电位区、析氧电位和Tafel斜率分别为1.85 ~ 2.15 V、2.08 V和0.84,优于β-PbO₂/Ti电极的1.40 ~ 1.80 V、1.75 V和0.36. 使用β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti、β-PbO₂/Ti电极在9 mA·cm^-2电流密度对苯酚模拟废水处理240 min,前者COD（Chemical Oxygen Demand）去除率、电流效率（Instant Current Efficiency）高达90.1%和63.28%,优于后者66.9%和44.96%. 寿命测试表明,β-PbO₂/Sb-SnO₂/Ti电极与β-PbO₂/Ti电极相比延长10倍,工业寿命可达8.6a,有较高的工程应用价值.     

铋(Ⅲ)-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸的吸附伏安法研究

探讨了8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸(HQSA)和络合物Bi(Ⅲ)-HQSA的电化学性质,特别是它们在汞电极上的吸附性。在pH=7.0的磷酸盐底液中,Bi(Ⅲ)-HQSA有一灵敏还原峰,为反应物弱吸附,E_pc=-0.44V(vs.饱和Ag/AgCl)。据此建立了吸附伏安法测定铋的新方法,检测限为2.0×10^-9mol/L,线性范围5.0×10^-9～1.0×10^-6mol/L。