应用地质累积指数评价成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染

根据流经成都市内的三条河流(府河、南河、沙河)表层沉积物重金属资料,应用地质累积指数法对重金属污染进行了评价研究。结果表明,河流主要的重金属污染物是Cr,地质累积指数分级多在0~1之间,属于无污染-中度污染范畴。     

泰安市城区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解泰安市城区土壤重金属污染特征,对采集的30件土壤样品中6种重金属含量进行测定,利用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法开展污染状况评价。结果表明：土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni的平均含量分别为6.72、0.066、20.33、18.19、0.031和19.92 mg.kg^-1,其中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni的平均含量均低于泰安市和山东省土壤背景值,Hg的平均含量略高于泰安市土壤背景值,变异系数大于0.6,其含量受人类活动影响较大,空间分布差异性较大;除Hg的单因子污染指数为1.03,严重污染、中度污染、轻微污染和无污染采样点数量占比分别为3%、7%、23%和67%,其他重金属单因子污染指数平均值小于1,为无污染状态;重金属内梅罗综合污染指数平均为1.58～1.64,整体属于轻污染水平;土壤重金属累积较轻,多数为无污染状态,Hg的最大地累积指数为1.29,达中等-强污染(3级);综合生态风险指数RI的范围为39.96～191.81,平均值为77.60,综合生态风险等级为轻微,为低生态风险区,Hg为引起风险的主要因子;Cu、Ni含量较低,富集主要受土壤母质和自然过程的控制;Pb、Cd、As主要来源于自然背景因素,部分受人类活动影响;Hg的污染来源于化肥、塑料地膜和含重金属的无机农药使用,受农业活动和居民生活影响较大。     

大庆地区城市污泥中重金属元素含量水平调查与分析

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了大庆市四座生活污水处理厂污泥中重金属元素含量,平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.6%~4.6%,加标回收率在93.6%~102.1%,表明方法的精密度和准确度都较好,四个污水处理厂污泥中重金属总量大小依次为ZnCuCrPbNiCd,锌的含量高可能与城市排水管道大多采用镀锌材料以及锌的理化性质有关。将其含量水平与标准比较发现:大庆城市污泥中重金属含量水平不高,完全符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的重金属标准,为城市污泥处理、处置和环境管理提供可靠的数据支持。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定污泥中铜和锌

污水处理厂污泥中含有大量有机质 (大于2 0 % ) ,并含有较丰富的氮、磷、钾及微量元素 ,是很好的土壤改良剂和肥料。同时污泥中也含有不少有毒成分 ,污泥中重金属可溶性部分易被农作物吸收 ,造成对农作物的不良影响 ,其危害甚至超过污水[1 ] ,因此掌握了污泥受污染状况 ,就可以做到合理利用剩余污泥。本法将徐州市污水处理厂污泥自然风干 ,筛分制备污泥样品 ,经硝酸消解后 ,进行火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铜和锌 ,方法简便、快速 ,加标回收率大于 95% ,结果满意。1　试验部分1 .1　仪器与试剂350 0 G原子吸收分光光度计 (惠普上海分析仪器厂 )…     

大庆地区城市污泥中金属元素含量水平调查与分析

摘要：分析了大庆市四座生活污水处理厂污泥泥质金属元素含量，平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.6%～4.6%之间，加标回收率在93.6%～102.1%之间，表明该方法的精密度和准确度都较好，四个污水处理厂污泥金属总量大小依次为Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni＞Cd，锌是含量高可能与城市排水管道大多采用镀锌材料以及Zn的理化性质有关。将其含量水平与标准比较发现：大庆城市污泥中金属含量水平不高，完全符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的重金属标准，为城市污泥处理、处置和环境管理提供可靠的数据支持。     

开封县污水处理厂污泥资源化利用的潜在生态风险分析

以开封县污水处理厂污泥为实验材料,分析了污泥基本理化性质和Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Ni、Zn、Mn等元素的含量,利用BCR提取法研究其存在形态特征,并利用潜在生态危害指数法(RI),对污泥中重金属农用可能带来的潜在风险进行了综合性评价.结果表明,污泥的基本理化性质满足CJ/T309-2009农用泥质标准,污泥中所测元素含量均符合国家农用控制标准(GB 18918-2002),但Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Mn含量高于开封市潮土背景值.污泥中Mn主要以酸溶态和可还原态形式存在,Zn主要以可还原态形式存在,Ni在5种形态的分布差异不大,Cu、Pb主要以有机物结合态形式存在.单因子指数、内梅罗综合污染指数、地累积指数法对供试污泥样品的评价结果均为重污染水平,潜在生态危害指数48.92,属低风险水平.     

金华市城市污水处理厂污泥成分及农用价值分析

为确定金华市城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用途径,对金华市某污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行了采样和成分分析.结果表明,所有污泥为中性,pH 6.89,含水率较高75%;污泥中有机质、氮、磷、钾含量丰富;污泥中重金属的含量较低,均符合国家农用污泥中污染物控制标准.以此为基础对污泥的农用价值及其应用前景作了分析和展望.     

绵阳某河流生活污水区土壤中重金属污染及其生态风险评价

本文研究了绵阳某河流生活污水区土壤的5种重金属污染状况,并采用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属的污染进行了分析和评价。结果表明,研究区周围土壤中Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Hg含量的平均值分别为38.6、58.00、78.06、149.5和1.28 mg·kg~(-1),所有元素累积超标率都为100%。土壤中各元素含量分布变化幅度较小。单项污染指数表明研究区5种重金属元素都存在一定程度的污染,污染程度顺序为:Hg(2.67)Cu(2.56)Zn(2.01)Pb(1.48)Cr(1.28)。Pb和Cr处于轻度污染水平,Cu、Zn和Hg已处于中度污染水平。5种重金属的综合污染指数P综合=2.41,总体上该区域土壤已达到中度污染等级。5种重金属污染的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:HgCuPbCrZn,除Hg处于强风险等级外,其余Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn 4种元素均处于低风险等级,研究区域的潜在生态风险主要由Hg引起。潜在生态风险指数RI为131.57,总体处于低风险等级。     

北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平

研究了北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平.分别对北京市主要的七个污水处理厂的进出口污水和污泥样品进行了季节性采样,并对样品中的9种全氟化合物进行系统性分析,结果表明在所有的污泥和污水样品中均检测到一定浓度的全氟化合物.污水中主要的全氟化合物是全氟辛酸(PFOA),而在污泥中则为全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS).在进口污水中,全氟化合物总浓度是2.88～176ng/L,出口污水中是5.48～498ng/L,而相应的污泥当中的浓度则为1.21～32.0ng/g(干重).七个污水处理厂中,清河污水处理厂和酒仙桥污水处理厂的样品中全氟化合物的浓度最高,而方庄污水处理厂则最低.我们认为北京市污水处理厂最主要的污染源来自生活污水和商业污水.另外,研究还发现出口污水中全氟化合物的浓度往往要高于进口污水,分析原因是一部分全氟化合物可能是经由污水处理过程中产生的.PFOS浓度恰好相反,它在出口水中的浓度比进口水降低了约62%,造成这种现象的原因可能是在污水处理过程中污泥对PFOS具有较强的吸附作用.经过数据统计分析,我们发现出口污水中的全氟羧酸两两显著性相关,这也表明了这些物质可能具有相似的来源.最后,我们还计算了北京市污水处理厂...     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤和小白菜重金属积累的影响

以金华市污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,利用它对小白菜进行的盆栽试验,研究了以污泥作堆肥对土壤和小白菜重金属积累的影响.结果表明,随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加,土壤和小白菜地上部组织的Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量也呈积累趋势,当施用量为10%时,地上部组织的重金属含量超过国家食品卫生标准.由此说明,在污泥堆肥和利用过程中应进一步严格控制重金属及其在作物体中积累,尤其控制可食部分中重金属的含量和污泥堆肥长期施用过程中的重金属在土壤和作物中的积累.     

Speciation Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sludge of Huainan,China

In order to fully understand the morphological characteristics and pollution status of heavy metals in the dewatered sludge of Huainan Municipal sewage treatment plant, the physical and chemical properties were analyzed, and the content and occurrence forms of heavy metals (As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the sludge were studied using the geological accumulation method (Igeo), risk assessment coding method (RAC), and potential ecological risk index method to evaluate the ecological risk. The results showed that the municipal sludge in Huainan was rich in nutrients, with good prospects for agricultural utilization. There were differences in the morphological distributions of different heavy metals. The Igeo values for Ni, As, Cr, and Pb were below 0. The results of RAC indicated that the risk level of Cr in sludge was a low risk, and those of other heavy metals were moderate risks. The potential ecological risk of Cd had the highest potential ecological risk, and the other six metals were of low ecological risk. This conclusion can provide basic data and a theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of sludge in sewage treatment plants.     

Energy Properties and Biomass Yield of Miscanthus x Giganteus Fertilized by Municipal Sewage Sludge

The application of municipal sewage sludge as fertilizer in the production of non-food energy crops is an environmentally and economically sustainable approach to sewage sludge management. In addition, the application of municipal sewage sludge to energy crops such as Miscanthus x giganteus is an alternative form of recycling nutrients and organic material from waste. Municipal sewage sludge is a potential source of heavy metals in the soil, some of which can be removed by growing energy crops that are also remediation agents. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge applied at three different rates of 1.66, 3.22 and 6.44 t/ha on the production of Miscanthus. Based on the analyses conducted on the biomass of Miscanthus fertilized with sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in three fertilization treatments, it can be concluded that the biomass of Miscanthus is a good feedstock for the process of direct combustion. Moreover, the application of the largest amount of municipal sewage sludge during cultivation had no negative effect on the properties of Miscanthus biomass. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose content of Miscanthus is ideal for the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on the content of cellulose and lignin, while a significant statistical difference was found for hemicellulose.     

Mixed aggregate-based acid-induced cloud-point extraction and ion-trap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of cationic surfactants in sewage sludge

Alkyl ammonium surfactants were extracted and concentrated from sludge samples using the acid-induced cloud-point extraction (ACPE) technique. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization in positive ion mode ion-trap mass spectrometry was then used for the separation, quantitation and identification of single homologues of the cationic surfactants. Variables affecting the ACPE efficiency were optimized using a spiked activated sludge. Total method recoveries ranged from 91 to nearly 100%. Detection limits for cationics in the sludge were between 40 and 75 ng/g. The analysis of cationic surfactants in activated and dehydrated sludge collected from two different sewage treatment plants revealed the presence of dialkyldimethyl, alkylbenzyldimethyl and alkyltrimethyl ammonium in the concentration range from 0.1 to 34 mg/kg. Alkylpyridinium surfactants were not detected. The persistence of alkyl ammonium surfactants in sewage sludge after treatments applied at municipal sewage plants was confirmed.     

Pressurised hot water extraction followed by simultaneous derivatization and headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of aliphatic primary amines in sewage sludge

In this paper we describe an environmentally friendly and sensitive method for the determination of ten primary amines in sewage sludge. The method is based on pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) followed by simultaneous derivatization with pentafluorobenzaldehyde (PFBAY) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and subsequent gas-chromatography ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS-MS) analysis. The influence of the main factors on the PHWE of sludge was optimized by a central composite design. For all species the optimal conditions were water at pH 4 as the extracting solvent, an extraction temperature of 100 °C and an extraction time of 15 min. The separation and detection of the ten amines by GC-IT-MS-MS took just 10 min and the entire process took approximately 1 h. Repeatability and reproducibility between days, expressed as RSD (%) (n = 5), were less than 19 and 24%, respectively. The average limit of detection (LOD) was of 65 μg kg⁻¹ s (range found 9-135) and the average limit of quantification (LOQ) was of 230 μg kg⁻¹ (range found 50-450) of dry weight (d.w.). Under optimized conditions we used this method to determine the compounds in industrial and municipal sewage sludge samples and in sludge from a potable water treatment plant. Methylamine and isobutylamine showed the highest levels in one of the industrial sewage sludge samples (404 and 543 mg kg⁻¹ (d.w.), respectively). To our knowledge, this paper presents for the first time the determination of ten primary amines in sewage sludge samples using PHWE.     

Efficacy of hydrolytic enzyme augmentation and thermochemical pretreatments for increased secondary anaerobic digestion of treated municipal sewage sludges

Rising costs for landfill disposal of municipal sewage residues have prompted evaluation of alternative methods for reducing the bulk of the final waste. Representative samples of municipal sewage sludge residues were obtained from three major treatment plants in the United States, including Los Angeles (Hyperion), Denver (North Metro), and Chicago (Stickney). The majority of the treated, dewatered sewage sludge solids was found to be volatile (50–60%) and, presumably, biodegradable. Additionally, much of the volatile content was solubilized by both acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber treatments, and was presumed to be proteineous microbial biomass in nature. Both low- and high-solids anaerobic digester systems, as well as the standard biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay, were utilized to evaluate the anaerobic digestibility of these sewage sludge residues. The low methane yields and, thus, the poor organic waste conversion indicated the need for treatment prior to bioconversion. The effectivenesss of various pretreatments based on assessment of increased soluble protein or organics and anaerobic digestibility as determined by the BMP assay was evaluated.     

一种煤与两种城市污水污泥混合热解的热重分析

采用热重分析法对一种煤和两种城市污水污泥（S1和S2）及其混合物进行了热解实验研究,揭示了煤和污泥在氮气中的热解特性及污泥对煤热解特性的影响。煤和污泥的热解特性参数不同,主要表现在总失重率、失重速率及挥发分析出温度区间等。煤与污泥S1混合有助于增加样品的热解总失重率,提高失重速率;污泥S1与煤的挥发分析出区间部分重合,污泥灰中含的无机物对煤的热解起到催化效果;煤和S2污泥混合后热解反应过程中无明显相互作用;煤与城市污水污泥混合物的相互作用与样品特性和混合比例有关。     

应用TGA-FTIR研究不同来源污泥的燃烧和热解特性

在空气气氛下，利用热重分析方法研究了三种不同来源的污泥燃烧特性。探讨水处理工艺和污泥处理工艺对污泥中有机物的分布影响和燃烧特性影响。研究发现，污水厌氧工艺和污泥厌氧工艺均导致结构复杂、燃烧温度高的有机物生成。在氮气气氛下利用热重红外联用技术，对比研究了同种污泥的热解和燃烧特性，污泥热解主要发生有机物裂解成小分子和小分子的挥发，氧气的存在加速了污泥的裂解。污泥热解温度200℃～500℃，主要气体H2O、CO2、CO以及甲烷等烃类，CO2在高温750℃还存在一个析出峰，由于无机碳酸盐的分解。     

Improvement of municipal wastewaters by electron beam accelerator in Brazil

Radiation processing of municipal sewage and sludge has been considered not only for disinfection but also for solids and organic matter removal in Brazil. The improvement of irradiated systems were demonstrated by the elimination of indicator bacteria and by the reduction on the total bacteria count, on the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand from raw sewage and biologically treated effluents. The selected doses of radiation to be applied to sewage and sewage sludge are in the range of 3.0 to 4.0 kGy to sewage and 4.0 to 6.0 kGy to sewage sludge.