氧化铁浆液脱硫的实验研究与理论分析

本文实验研究了氧化铁浆液在酸性环境下脱除烟气中的二氧化硫气体。实验在一自制的脱硫塔中进行。通过燃烧液化石油气来产生烟气,将氧化铁的超细粉加入水中作为脱硫介质。实验中研究了二氧化硫初始浓度、水气比对脱硫效率的影响。从实验结果可以看出,脱硫率随着水气比的增加而增大;随二氧化硫的初始浓度的增加,其脱硫率呈降低趋势。在文中同时分析了氧化铁浆液的脱硫机理和此方法脱硫的优点以及目前存在的问题。     

湿式静电协同脱除SO_2、PM试验研究

湿式静电除尘技术是实现燃煤烟气超低排放的关键技术,本文研究了湿式静电中电晕放电对SO_2强化吸收的影响规律,并就SO_2对电晕电流的形成、粉尘脱除的影响进行了研究。结果表明:湿式静电中喷淋液滴对SO_2具有洗涤作用,电晕放电可以强化液滴对SO_2的吸收效果,提高气液相间的有效传质速度。湿态条件下放电可最高实现SO_2传质提高13.8%,干态条件下放电对SO_2无脱除效果。SO_2吸附电子致使进入吸附区的自由电子数目减少,降低了颗粒的荷电,粉尘的脱除效率下降。     

铈锰负载钛基柱撑黏土脱除单质汞的研究

用膨润土制备钛基柱撑黏土(Ti-PILC),并以之为载体通过浸渍法制得负载型铈锰钛基柱撑黏土(Ce-MnO_x/TiPILC)。采用BET、XRD、XPS等分析方法对材料进行表征,并进行Ce-MnO_x/Ti-PILC材料脱除烟气中单质汞的活性实验。结果表明,6%Ce-6%MnO_x/Ti-PILC具有良好的结构特征和脱汞活性;材料对单质汞的脱除是通过吸附和催化氧化实现的;催化氧化过程遵从Mars-Maessen机制。     

在流化床燃烧中用石灰石脱硫

近几年来,在用石灰石脱除流化床燃烧时烟气中所含二氧化硫和三氧化硫方面已有不少报导。在描述石灰石数量对二氧化硫吸收效率的影响这一重要关系时,往往用送进床层的物料中氧化钙含量和可燃硫含量的化学当量比(Ca/S)与吸收效率(η)的关系来表示。这种描述方法局限而且不准确,因为吸收效率不仅与化学当量比(Ca/S)有关,它还和石灰石的粒径分布等因素有关。本文提出了单个石灰石颗粒只有其表面的一层氧化钙能与烟气中的二氧化硫反应的模型;在流化床内对北京丹里地区石灰石的可反应表     

中温脱硫过程同时脱除痕量硒元素的试验研究

硒是燃煤过程排放的有毒痕量元素之一,硒在烟气中的存在形式为SeO2。在700℃左右中温范围,氧化钙(CaO)能够通过化学吸附作用脱除SeO2。本研究目的是探索在中温范围CaO脱除SO2过程中同时脱除痕量SeO2的规律。研究方法是利用热重分析仪(TGA)进行吸附反应试验,通过CaO样品重量变化确定反应速率。CaO吸附SeO2的效果在300-700℃没有明显的差别,超过740℃吸附效果明显降低,确定出CaO同时脱硫脱硒的最佳温度范围为700-740℃。脱硫形成的产物层作为单独的因素不会影响CaO吸附SeO2的效果,并且脱硫产物层的存在能抑制被吸附的硒发生解析。     

臭氧氧化多种污染物协同脱及副产物提纯的试验研究

为控制燃煤烟气污染物的排放,本文提出了臭氧氧化吸收以及副产物提纯系统。试验研究了不同pH和不同烟气组分SO₂,O₂条件下,三种不同吸收剂对NO₂脱除的影响。结果表明在pH=5～8的范围内,采用CaSO₃浆液中添加（NH₄）₂SO₄吸收NO₂,脱除率始终保持在89%以上。同时发现不同烟气组分SO₂,O₂对NO₂和SO₂的协同脱除影响较小。本文还对NO₂的吸收产物进行了复盐复分解处理。随着循环时间的增加,副产物产率得到了提高,获得了较高纯度的Ca（NO₂）₂·H₂O颗粒。     

液溴改性非碳基吸附剂对单质汞吸附的实验研究

为了获得性能高效的非碳基吸附剂脱除燃煤烟气中排放的Hg,采用液溴浸渍的方法,对吸附剂进行了改性。通过固定床和沉降炉吸附实验,发现高岭土、沸石和石灰石改性后对单质汞的吸附能力有较大提高。改性后的吸附能力提高的原因在于化学吸附的增强。     

硒化铜修饰海绵烟气脱汞研究

在气相元素汞(Hg0)吸附剂的设计和生产中,如何获得性能和经济性之间的平衡是最大的挑战.本文设计了一种化学镀偶联原位硒化方法,开发了硒化铜修饰商用聚氨酯海绵(Cu2Se/PUS)吸附材料,用于燃煤烟气脱汞.Cu2Se/PUS具有优异的Hg0吸附性能,海绵的物理结构特征以及Cu2Se前驱体用量对其吸附性能均没有明显影响;Cu2Se/PUS具有良好的抗H2O和SO2干扰能力,O2对Cu2Se/PUS的Hg0吸附能力具有一定的促进作用,NO存在时会与Hg0产生竞争吸附,抑制Hg0的吸附脱除.本研究不仅为燃煤烟气Hg0的脱除提供了有效的吸附材料,也为海绵在环境修复中的应用提供了通用的功能化策略.     

高硫石油焦喷射脱汞实验研究

以Na_2S与NH4Br溶液分别对石化工业副产物高硫石油焦进行活化,改性以制成载溴富硫活性炭。采用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱分析仪、X射线光电子能谱仪对吸附剂物理化学性质进行表征。在模拟烟气管道喷射实验装置上进行了高硫石油焦喷射脱汞实验研究。结果表明,Na_2S活化后的石油焦表面微孔结构和微观形貌得到较大改善,在石油焦表面形成含硫官能团;NH4Br改性后使溴活性因子搭载于石油焦表面,促进了临近含硫官能团的活性;表面含硫官能团与溴活性因子的共同作用使高硫石油焦表现出较强的汞吸附脱除能力,可作为燃煤烟气喷射脱汞吸附剂。     

载硫椰壳活性炭喷射脱汞实验研究

以元素硫对椰壳活性炭在不同温度下进行载硫改性。采用N2吸附/脱附、X射线近边吸收结构等方法对吸附剂进行孔隙结构和硫存在形态表征。在模拟烟气管道喷射实验装置上进行汞吸附脱除实验研究。载硫温度500℃时椰壳活性炭汞吸附效率优于商用富硫活性炭。活性炭汞吸附脱除能力由孔隙结构、硫含量与存在形态共同决定。不同体积分数SO_2、NO和HCl的加入对活性炭均有不同程度的促进作用。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.