熔片X射线荧光光谱法测定锡矿石中八种重金属元素

建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定锡矿石中8种重金属元素Fe,Cu,Zn,As,Sn,Sb,Pb,Bi的分析方法。通过固体纯物质机械混合研磨配制了校准曲线所用的标准样品。采用混合熔剂(Li2B4O7:Li BO2:Li F=10:2.5:1,质量比)加氧化剂Li NO3熔融制备了X射线荧光法所用玻璃片样品(混合熔剂:Li NO3:试样=20:3:1质量比)。在高温熔融过程中,易挥发元素As,Pb一直存在于熔体中,未随熔融时间的增加而出现挥发损失。使用外加内标元素法(In和Co)对元素Sn,Sb,Fe的吸收增强效应进行校正,其它元素使用Compton散射线内标法进行校正。采用干扰曲线法校正Pb Lα对As Kα以及Sn Lβ1背景峰对Sb Lα的谱线重叠干扰。各元素检出限分别为Fe 0.0074%,Cu 0.0043%,Zn 0.0025%,As 0.0036%,Sn 0.019%,Sb 0.010%,Pb 0.0039%,Bi 0.0026%。对国家一级标准物质锡精矿GBW07232和锡矿石GBW07281分别进行10次制样测量,各元素精密度(RSD)在0.11%~18%之间。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定不锈钢中多种元素

建立了波长色散X射线荧光光谱(WDXRF)法测定不锈钢中Al、Co、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、S、Si、Ti、Cr、As、Pb、W和Sn 15种元素的分析方法。研究了仪器的测量条件、干扰校正等因素。采用固定理论α影响系数法来校正基体效应,建立了校准曲线。15种元素的方法检出限为0.8~15.0μg/g。比对试验和精密度试验表明,该方法分析不锈钢中的多个元素其测定值与标样认定值相符,实验室内精密度(RSD,n=11)在0~9.57%之间。该方法简便、快速,可用于不锈钢中上述15种元素的测定。     

镧、铈对铝铜合金凝固过程及凝固组织的影响

本文用热分析对比法和金相法研究了微量镧、铈对Al-5wt％Cu合金的凝固过程和凝固组织的影响规律。发现微量镧、铈能改变该合金的凝固参数,增大其过冷度和明显细化组织,微量镧、铈改变了Al-5wt％Cu合金的凝固过程,使其在α相析出之后共晶析出之前有一中间相析出。加微量铈可形成Al_8Cu_4Ce。理论分析认为,Le_2O_3、Ce_2O_3、La(OH)_3和Ce(OH),可做为α相的异质核心。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中矿物质元素

为了给离体体细胞胚的人工胚乳配制提供矿物质元素种类和数量方面的参考,用浓硝酸-高氯酸(4∶1)的混合溶液消解紫斑牡丹的胚乳和胚样品,采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了样品中的(K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Li、Ni、B、Ag、Cd、Pb)14种矿物质元素含量。结果表明:各元素的校准曲线的回归系数在0.9990～0.9999之间,线性良好;方法精密度高,能多元素同时分析;紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中均含有植物生长必需的K、Ca、Mg 3种大量元素,Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、B 6种微量元素,1种有益元素Na,及Li和Pb,Ag、Cd则未被检测到。在被检测到的12种元素中,Mg、Zn、Mn、Fe、K、Na、Li与Ni 8种元素在胚乳中的含量低于胚中的含量,Ca、Cu、Pb与B在胚乳中的含量则高于胚中的含量。     

LA-ICP-MS法测定纯铜及铜丝中的各元素

采用冷等离子体模式,以63Cu为内标,研究了单点激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)测定纯铜及铜丝中各元素的方法。优化了仪器参数;给出了样品直径对结果的影响,锌的信号随着直径的减小而减弱,硒的信号随着直径的减小而增强;研究了分馏效应,Cd,Sb,Pb,Bi分馏因子(FI)在0.80左右有分馏效应;采用不同系列铜标准物质制作了校准曲线以考察基体效应,Mn,Ni,Zn,Pb,Bi的线性相关系数大于0.99,基体效应不明显,其它元素有基体效应。建立了测定纯铜及铜丝中P,Mn,Fe,Ni,Zn,As,Se,Ag,Cd,Sn,Sb,Pb,Bi等元素的直接测定方法,但硫不能测定,也不能用56Fe作为铁的检测同位素,标准物质的测定值与认定值基本吻合,除Mn含量低外,其它元素的RSD(n=5)在2.1%~16%之间。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定合金中的磷

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定铁基和镍基合金中磷的含量。选用钨的Mα线和钼的Lα线作为测量重叠干扰系数时的参照线。选用合金系统中不存在的钾和钪元素作为校正元素代替钨和钼,这两个元素实际测量的分别是钨的Mα线和钼的Lα线。分别用只含钼和同时含钼、钨的两套标准样品测定了重叠干扰系数,并制定了分析磷的校准曲线。方法应用于标准样品的测定,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)为0.68%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定正山小种红茶中18种微量元素

采用微波消解样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定正山小种红茶中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Al、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ge、Cd、Cr、Ni、Se、Mo、Hg、As和Pb 18种元素。对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数0.9990,回收率范围为90.1%～108.1%,相对标准偏差为1.54%～7.57%。正山小种红茶中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Al、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ge、Cd、Cr、Ni、Se、Mo、Hg、As和Pb 18种元素可用ICP-MS法同时测定,方法简便、快速、准确,灵敏度高。     

高压覆膜制样X射线荧光光谱法测定多金属矿中的多种元素

采用新的制样技术——高压(1800 kN)覆膜(3.6μm Polyester Film)制样,波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定多金属矿中19种组分。该制样技术对高硅锌矿石GBW07237(SiO282.95%),不加黏结剂,也能制出理想的样片。测定结果显示1800 kN制备样品多数组分的灵敏度、精密度和检出限较400 kN制备的样品有所改善。15个多金属矿标准物质建立校准曲线,使用Rh Kα的瑞利散射线作内标测定Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Rh Kα的康普顿散射线作内标测定Sb、Ag、Sn、Bi、Mo及经验系数法校正基体效应。Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、As、Sb、Ag、Sn、Bi、Mo的测定结果与化学法相符,可同时分析其中的Cd、S、Fe、SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O等成分。实现了固体直接进样测定多金属矿中的多种元素。高压覆膜制样技术是制样技术的突破,国内外尚未见报道。     

粉末压片-能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定基夫赛特直接炼铅炉渣中的主要组分

采用粉末样品直接压片法,使用自制校准样品在布鲁克S2RANGER EDX光谱仪上通过各种基体干扰校正手段,建立了基夫赛特直接炼铅炉渣中Pb,Zn,Cu,Fe,SiO2,CaO的测定工作曲线,并考察了样品粒度、制样条件对结果的影响以及考核了压片精度和方法准确度。方法简便快捷、精密度高、准确度满足主产工艺指标要求。     

基于全反射X射线荧光光谱测定污水痕量重金属元素

以Ga为内标,探究全反射X射线荧光光谱（TXRF）快速测定多质量梯度浓度多元素重金属溶液Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb的可行性,并以实际生活污水为研究对象,比较分析了离心、过滤和消解3种预处理方式对测定污水中重金属元素的影响。实验结果表明,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb,较适宜用TXRF直接进行定量分析;Pb的Lα与As的Kα谱线重叠,致使As的回收率略高于其它元素;Cd、Sn和Sb元素,仅可用于趋势分析。当质量浓度为40和4 mg/L时,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb元素呈现出较高的准确度和精密度,回收率在99%～117%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）处于1%～14%。随着质量浓度的逐渐降低,各元素的准确度和精密度表现出不同程度的下降,当质量浓度处于本次试验的最低水平4μg/L时,大部分元素的回收率与RSD已超出定量分析的要求。通过对生活污水的3种预处理方式进行比较,发现污水悬浮颗粒同样携带部分金属元素,经消解后,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn这6种元素的准确度和精密度最好,质量浓度范围在36～152μg/L之间,回收率均...     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。