照相明胶后处理用硅藻土的电子显微术研究

硅藻土是当代照相明胶生产的后处理工序中愈来愈广泛使用的一种过滤剂。它的功能是除去明胶中的非胶朊蛋白和其它有色有机质。明胶工业生产的实践表明:有的硅藻土过滤性能优良,而有的硅藻土则效果很差。本工作收集了广泛使用的几个典型的硅藻土样品,对比了它们的过滤性能并用电镜和X射线特征能谱(EDAX)对这些样品的形貌,晶态及组成进行了初步研究,指出了硅藻土的过滤性能的好坏与其形貌、晶态密切相关。     

热解炭化病死猪残留重金属的激光诱导击穿光谱检测可行性分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析方法具有的快速无污染优势,选择有代表性的病死猪为研究对象,探讨LIBS对病死猪中残留重金属元素的预测可行性。为了消除水分和有机基体对LIBS分析灵敏度的影响,对病死猪采取高温热解炭化前处理,分别比较了健康猪肉鲜样、健康猪肉真空抽湿压片样和病死猪热解炭化压片样在320~440 nm范围的LIBS光谱信息。结果显示,猪肉中含有丰富的Ca等矿质元素及有机质成分C,N等;真空抽湿可以消除水分的影响从而提高LIBS分析重金属的灵敏度,而热解炭化可以大大减弱含水量和有机质成分对金属元素的干扰,能够探测出更多的元素谱线信息,同时进一步提高重金属Cu,Pb和Cr的检测灵敏度。表明LIBS能对解热炭化病死猪中的残留重金属成分进行探测,并有望结合化学计量学分析方法实现猪肉中重金属含量的快速检测。     

硅藻土及其应用

硅藻土是一种以二氧化硅成分为主体的非金属矿.国外硅藻土的生产和应用已有几十年历史.1986年全世界硅藻土产量已达二百万吨.美国产量最多,为62.8万吨,其中67%用作助滤剂、17%用作填料、3%用作绝热材料、其它应用占13%.而我国硅藻土绝大部分用在建材方面,不能不说是对资源的一大浪费.本文就硅藻土的组成、性能、用途及在助滤剂方面的应用进行综述,供读者参考.     

热重-示差扫描量热法研究水热温度和浓度对CeO_2结晶效果和模板炭化效率的影响

本文采用热重-示差扫描量热法(TG-DSC)联用技术对不同的水热温度,以及不同浓度CeO_2前驱体反应物的竹叶模板进行N2气氛下的热解特性实验研究。同时,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)测试分析,比较了水热温度以及CeO_2前驱体反应物浓度对产物形貌的影响规律,确定得到炭化效果和保持生物形貌产物的水热温度和浓度。结果表明:前驱体复合物热解过程包括三个阶段:溶剂蒸发阶段、有机质分解阶段和有机质炭化阶段。CeO_2的负载降低了生物模板炭化的温度,浓度为0.1mol/L,水热温度为120℃的模板负载CeO_2煅烧后,可以得到较好保持生物形貌的产物,且CeO_2结晶效果最佳。     

硅藻土的形态、结构对明胶溶液脱色效率的影响

本文采用两种硅藻土进行了明胶脱色实验,并用电子显微镜对它们的形态、晶态进行对比.发现硅藻土脱色性能的好坏与其形态结构密切相关.     

硅藻土基吸附与光催化材料在水处理中的应用

硅藻土是一种由硅藻遗骸所形成的多孔材料,具有比表面积大、抗腐蚀性好和绿色无毒等优点。作为一种原料易得且价格低廉的吸附与催化载体材料,硅藻土在水处理方面表现出广泛的应用前景。天然硅藻土中含有不同比例的金属氧化物杂质,会降低硅藻土的孔隙率和影响其吸附及催化活性。因此,表面修饰和复合改性增强硅藻土吸附及催化性能是目前硅藻土材料应用于水处理方向的研究重点。本文从吸附和光催化原理出发,分析了不同表面修饰及复合改性方法对硅藻土结构与性能的影响,总结了硅藻土基材料在有机废水,富营养污水和重金属离子废水等污水处理方面的应用进展,并对硅藻土基吸附与光催化材料的发展和研究方向进行分析和展望。     

一种新型硅藻土填充橡胶纳米复合材料研究

橡胶的填料问题一直是人们的研究热点,针对炭黑和白炭黑在橡胶生产中存在的污染问题,本文选用成分结构与白炭黑类似的硅藻土来填充各种橡胶。首先对硅藻土进行了改性,并对不同改性剂改性硅藻土用于填充橡胶进行了研究。结果表明2.5份偶联剂Si69的改性效果最佳。通过机械共混法制备了改性硅藻土/橡胶纳米复合材料,通过力学性能测试确定了比较适合硅藻土填充的橡胶是氟橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶和丙烯酸酯橡胶。绿色环保且价格低廉的硅藻土可以替代白炭黑增强填充氟橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶和丙烯酸酯橡胶。     

静电纺聚偏氟乙烯@硅藻土锂离子电池隔膜的制备及性能

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和硅藻土为原料,通过静电纺丝法制备PVDF@硅藻土复合纤维膜,用于锂离子电池隔膜。 研究了隔膜的吸液率、热稳定性和电化学性能等。 添加硅藻土可有效提高复合膜的电解液吸收率和电化学性能,其中吸液率可达623.6%,相比于PVDF膜和聚丙烯(PP)膜具有优异的循环性能和倍率性能。     

负载型混晶纳米TiO_2/硅藻土复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

选用市售硅藻土作为载体,采用液相沉积法制备了负载型混晶纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合材料;采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪及红外光谱仪分析了复合材料的表面形貌和晶体结构;基于甲醛光催化降解实验考察了不同组成的负载型TiO2/硅藻土复合材料的光催化性能.结果表明,TiO2负载量为33.3%(TiO2与硅藻土的质量比为1∶2)的复合材料对甲醛光催化降解具有最佳催化活性.     

炭化树脂对水溶液中二氯甲烷的吸附性能研究

以废弃的大孔吸附树脂为原料制备炭化树脂,研究了炭化树脂吸附去除有毒有机物二氯甲烷的效果,并和水处理中常用的活性炭JW-208进行了对照,2种吸附剂对二氯甲烷的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程.在实验浓度和温度范围内,炭化树脂对水中二氯甲烷的静态吸附能力优于活性炭JW-208的吸附能力(前者是后者的1.7~2.7倍),其吸附处理量和吸附处理效果都优于活性炭.     

锂离子电池负极材料纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球的制备与性能

以硅藻土为原料, 通过镁热还原反应得到多孔硅, 进一步利用砂磨得到纳米多孔硅, 然后通过球磨将其与片状石墨和沥青均匀混合, 采用喷雾干燥技术造粒, 高温煅烧后制备了纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球. 对所得复合微球的结构和理化性质进行了表征. 纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球作为锂离子电池负极材料展示出较高的可逆容量、 优异的循环稳定性(100次循环后容量仍为790 mA·h/g, 容量保持率可达96.7%)及较好的倍率性能.     

The removal of textile dyes by diatomite earth

The adsorption of some textile dyes by diatomite was investigated using Sif Blau BRF (SB), Everzol Brill Red 3BS (EBR), and Int Yellow 5GF (IY). Adsorption of these textile dyes onto diatomite earth samples was studied by batch adsorption techniques at 30 degrees C. The adsorption behavior of textile dyes on diatomite samples was investigated using a UV-vis spectrophotometric technique. The effect of particle size of diatomite, diatomite concentration, the effect of initial dye concentrations, and shaking time on adsorption was investigated. Adsorption coverage over the surface of diatomite was studied using two well-known isotherm models: Langmuir's and Freundlich's. These results suggest that the dye uptake process mediated by diatomite has a potential for large-scale treatment of textile mill discharges. According to the equilibrium studies, the selectivity sequence can be given as IY > SB > EBR. Values of the removal efficiency of the dyes ranged from 28.60 to 99.23%. These results show that natural diatomite holds great potential to remove textile dyes from wastewater.     

Flocculation of diatomite by methylated milk casein in seawater

A new biodegradable flocculant was prepared from a common and inexpensive protein. Milk casein was methylated in a 0.05 M HCl methyl alcohol solution at room temperature. The methylated milk casein (MeCS), having a methylation degree of 81%, was applied to the separation or flocculation of diatomite in seawater (pH 8.1+/-0.1) at room temperature (18-23 degrees C). The flocculating ability of MeCS was evaluated by a sedimentation balance method (cumulative measurement method). The diatomite suspension was effectively flocculated by the addition of a small amount of MeCS (0.25 wt% of the diatomite weight). The results of sedimentation analysis showed that the size-frequency curve had a very sharp and high peak; thus the diatomite floc formed by MeCS had a rather uniform size. The settling velocity of diatomite floc at the appropriate MeCS dosages (0.25-2 wt% of diatomite) was about 3 x 10(-3) ms(-1).     

Interaction of radionickel with diatomite as a function of pH, ionic strength and temperature

Sequestration of Ni(II) on diatomite as a function of reaction time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions and temperature were investigated by batch sorption technique. The results indicated that the sorption of Ni(II) on diatomite was quickly in the first contact time of 2 h and then slowly with increasing contact time. The interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite was strongly pH- and ionic strength-dependent at low pH values (i.e., which was dominated by ion exchange or outer-sphere surface complexation), while the pH-dependent and ionic strength-independent sorption at high pH suggested that inner-sphere or multinuclear surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism. With increasing temperature, the sorption of Ni(II) on diatomite increased and the experimental data were well fitted by Langmuir model. The sorption samples at pH 6.8 and 10.0 were also characterized by XPS spectroscopy, and the results suggested that Si atoms also participated in Ni(II) sorption on diatomite. The results are important to evaluate the physicochemical behavior of Ni(II) and other similar radionuclides and heavy metal ions in the environment.     

Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid biocomposites due to the addition of hybrid sisal fibers and diatomite particles

Hybrid sisal fibers (HSFs) were made by mixing untreated sisal fibers with alkali-treated sisal fibers (ASFs), and the HSFs were blended with polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Then the diatomite particles were added into the PLA/HSFs composite to make PLA/HSFs/diatomite composite. The effect of these two fillers on mechanical and thermal properties was investigated. The results showed that the reinforcing effect of HSFs was better than ASFs. Mechanical and thermal properties (especially the impact strength and crystallinity) of PLA/HSFs were higher than that of PLA/ASFs. The addition of diatomite further improved the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA composites.     

Layer-by-layer assembly of TiO(2) colloids onto diatomite to build hierarchical porous materials

TiO(2) colloids with the most probably particle size of 10 nm were deposited on the surface of macroporous diatomite by a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method with using phytic acid as molecular binder. For preparation of colloidal TiO(2), titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti(C(3)H(7)O)(4)) was used as titanium precursor, nitric acid (HNO(3)) as peptizing agent and deionized water and isopropanol (C(3)H(7)OH) as solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N(2) adsorption-desorption, and UV-vis spectra are used to assess the morphology and physical chemistry properties of the resulting TiO(2) coated diatomite. It was shown that the mesoporosity has been introduced into macroporous diatomite by LBL deposition. The mesoporosity was originated from close-packing of the uniform TiO(2) nanoparticles. More TiO(2) could be coated on the surface of diatomite by increasing the deposition cycles. This hierarchical porous material has potential for applications in catalytic reactions involved diffusion limit, especially in photocatalytic reactions.     

国产硅藻土吸附尿激酶机理的研究

在常温下, 尿激酶在浙江土和吉林土表面的吸附等温线分别为V型和II型; 焙烧后两者皆转为III型。吸附等温线类型与硅藻土表面结构、孔结构、表面ζ电位有关。在400℃焙烧的硅藻土等电点值最低, 吸附量最大; 改性后, 吸附量也发生改变。本文还测定了尿激酶在硅藻土表面的吸附形态, 其吸附等温线方程符合0/(1-0)=(Kc)^1/β, 并讨论了平衡常数K和尿激酶吸附功能链段数β随温度的变化。     

Phase morphology and rheological properties of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene with a small amount of diatomite/oligomer hybrids

The effects of diatomite/oligomers hybrids on the phase morphology and rheology of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) were investigated. The interfacial tension between the components of the mLLDPE/hybrids influenced the dispersion of the filler and oligomer in the matrix and thus the ultimate rheological properties. Polyethylene wax (PEW) oligomer had good compatibility with the mLLDPE matrix. When a diatomite/PEW hybrid (HD‐b) was added, PEW and diatomite were dispersed separately in the mLLDPE matrix. PEW acted as a plasticizer whereas diatomite acted as a filler in mLLDPE/HD‐b. No synergetic effect was observed for HD‐b on the viscosity reduction of mLLDPE. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomer was incompatible with mLLDPE but had good affinity to diatomite particles. With the addition of a diatomite/PEG hybrid, a special phase morphology with an encapsulation structure with a rigid core of diatomite and a shell of PEG lubricant formed. This special phase morphology reduced the viscosity of mLLDPE significantly; that is, the addition of diatomite/PEG had a synergetic effect on the viscosity reduction of mLLDPE in comparison with the addition of PEG alone. The effect of the interfacial tension between the components of the mLLDPE/hybrid system on the rheological properties of mLLDPE was investigated. For hybrids to exhibit a synergetic effect on the viscosity reduction of the polymer matrix, they needed to fulfill the following conditions: (1) the fillers had to have good affinity to the oligomer and (2) the oligomer had to be incompatible with the polymer matrix. According to the principles, diatomite was blended with oxidized polyethylene wax (OPEW). This proved that the diatomite/OPEW hybrid exhibited a synergetic effect on the viscosity reduction of polyoxymethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1287–1295, 2006     

Facile preparation of hierarchically porous carbon using diatomite as both template and catalyst and methylene blue adsorption of carbon products

Hierarchically porous carbons were prepared using a facile preparation method in which diatomite was utilized as both template and catalyst. The porous structures of the carbon products and their formation mechanisms were investigated. The macroporosity and microporosity of the diatomite-templated carbons were derived from replication of diatom shell and structure-reconfiguration of the carbon film, respectively. The macroporosity of carbons was strongly dependent on the original morphology of the diatomite template. The macroporous structure composed of carbon plates connected by the pillar- and tube-like macropores resulted from the replication of the central and edge pores of the diatom shells with disk-shaped morphology, respectively. And another macroporous carbon tubes were also replicated from canoe-shaped diatom shells. The acidity of diatomite dramatically affected the porosity of the carbons, more acid sites of diatomite template resulted in higher surface area and pore volume of the carbon products. The diatomite-templated carbons exhibited higher adsorption capacity for methylene blue than the commercial activated carbon (CAC), although the specific surface area was much smaller than that of CAC, due to the hierarchical porosity of diatomite-templated carbons. And the carbons were readily reclaimed and regenerated.     

Adsorption of Malachite Green by Diatomite: Equilibrium Isotherms and Kinetic Studies

The utilization of diatomite as potential adsorbent to remove malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution was developed. The characterization of the diatomite was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brurauer Emmerr Teller (BET). The operating variables of pH, diatomite mass, initial MG concentration, and adsorption reaction time were studied. The equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were investigated as well. It was found that the diatomite was composed of integral and almost circle sieve tray with lots of small pores on it, which afforded the diatomite high specific surface area of 46.09 m² g^?1. The optimum pH and reaction time were 7 and 90 minutes, respectively. The MG removal increased accordingly as the diatomite mass increased. The isotherm results showed that the equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir model better, indicating the MG adsorption was better characterized by mono-layer. The maximum mono-layer capacity obtained from Langmuir was 23.64 mg g^?1 at 25°C. The kinetic studies indicated that experiment data followed pseudo-second-order model better. It also revealed that intraparticle diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step. The thermodynamic results concluded that the adsorption process was endothermic and more favorable at high temperature. Researches confirmed the applicability of diatomite as an efficient adsorbent and low-cost process to remove hazardous materials.