水平管内油气水三相流分流型阻力特性实验研究

对水平管内油气水三相流的摩擦阻力压降特性进行了实验研究,水平管实验段由有机玻璃管制成,内径为40mm,所用的实验工质为:46#机械油,自来水和空气。油、气、水三相的折算速度范围分别为:0.05-0.51m／s、0.05-1.51m／s、0.02-50.6 m／s。按照气液界面总体特征将水平管内油气水三相流的流型分为泡状流、间歇流(段塞流和弹状流)、分层流及环状流。对各种典型流型下的摩擦阻力压降应用改进的Chisholm关系式及油水两相压降关系式进行分析,对Chisholm关系式中的参数C进行了重新定义。发现改进的Chisholm关系式能够较好地对管内油气水三相摩阻压降进行预测,因此改进Chisholm关系式可以作为摩擦压降计算的通用关系式。     

螺杆槽道内气液两相流流型及压降特性研究

本文应用高速摄像技术对螺杆槽道内气液两相流的结构特征进行可视化研究。分析了螺杆槽道内三个视角下的气液两相流型图的变化趋势,并将螺杆槽道的气液两相流型图与Taitel流型图的流型转换边界进行对比分析。在均相流一维的压降计算模型的基础上,本文通过实验数据拟合得到螺杆槽道全液相摩阻倍增系数,分析质量含气率及液体流速对螺杆槽道压降的影响。     

水-胶凝原油两相流压降特性研究

压降是影响胶凝原油水力悬浮输送系统安全运行的主要参数。本文运用量纲分析原理建立水-胶凝原油两相流压降计算关联式,并通过试验的方法确定出其四种典型流型的压降计算模型。利用该模型对压降的计算值与测试值进行比较,相对误差在17%以内。分析了含水率和混合物流速对压降的影响,结果表明:含水率对压降的影响存在一个转折点,转折点之前,对于同种流型,定流速时压降随含水率的增加而降低;转折点之后压降是流速的单值函数。     

水平管内二氟乙烷两相流动摩擦压降实验研究

对制冷剂二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)在内径为8mm的水平管内进行了两相流动沸腾摩擦压降的实验测量.实验测量的压力范围为0.19—0.41MPa,热流密度范围为14—62kW/m2,流量范围为128—200kg/m2s.实验测量表明:HFC-152a的两相摩擦压降随质量流量、质量含气率的增大而增大;热流密度则对摩擦压降的直接影响很小,但通过影响两相流流型间接影响了摩擦压降;当流型由分层流动转变为半环状流或环状流时,总压降中加速压降所占比例有所减小,而摩擦压降所占比例则有所增大;摩擦压降随饱和压力的增大而减小.使用两个应用广泛的压降计算式进行了计算.实验测试结果与计算结果对比后发现,Friedel模型与实验结果偏差较大,而Müller-Steinhagen-Heck模型则与实验结果符合较好.     

球床内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

在本实验参数范围内可将孔隙流道内空气/水两相流动划分为泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流和环状流五种流型。本文修正后的Tung/Dhir流型转变模型与实验符合较好。依据单相流动压降数据,对Ergun公式参数进行了拟合,提出了适用于本实验特点的单相压降公式。并在此基础上利用渗透率系数提出了两相流动压降计算经验公式,与前人的公式相比,适用范围更广,计算误差也较小。     

正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气两相流动流型的实验研究

对水力直径为2.5 mm的正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气的垂直向上两相流动流型进行了可视化实验,工质分别为:浓度0.2%的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和0.2%的黄原胶(XG)水溶液,表观气速0.1～100 m/s,表观液速0.01～6 m/s.观察到的典型流型有:弹状流、搅拌流、弹环状流和环状流,其中弹环状流未见于水-空气上升流动.在PAM-氮气实验中发现了一种新流型-泡状-弹状流.通过流型图对比,发现非牛顿流体的搅拌流区域较牛顿流体窄,弹状-搅拌流转变线也明显右移,非牛顿流体的黏性对流型转变的影响较大.     

微针肋气液两相流动及压降研究

本文以氮气和去离子水为工质,对微针肋热沉两相流动形态及压降特性进行了初步研究。结果发现低气液流速时表面张力作用明显占优,气泡在肋之间存在时间不一的停滞现象;随着液相流速的增加,由于表面张力所起作用的变化以及两相流型的转变,试验所得分相模型系数C的分布,发生了两次明显转变;考虑当量直径影响的M-H分相模型对试验值预测效果最好,平均偏差只有9.27%,液相流速很小时,L-Mu模型效果较好。     

水平正方形小通道内氮气-水两相流流型特性

利用高速摄影仪对正方形小通道(dh=1 mm)内氮气-水两相水平流动进行可视化观察,对流动特性进行了实验研究.获得了典型的流型图像,并观测到了很少见的毛细泡状流,但是未发现常规尺寸通道中的层流流型.将本文实验结果与相关文献比较,结果表明:相同(相近)水力直径的小通道内,截面形状和实验条件对小通道内流型转变有显著的影响.     

微重力条件下90°弯管气液两相流型研究

本文报道了微重力条件下90°弯管内气液两相流型实验结果。弯管内径12.7 mm,弯曲半径76.5mm,气、 液两相表观流速分别为1.0—23.6 m/s和0.09—0.5 m/s。本文分析了观测到的弹状流、弹-环过渡流和环状流的典型特 征,比较了与微重力直管内相应流型间及常重力弯管两相流型间的异同。     

多孔结构内流动沸腾流型分类及转变研究

以球形燃料核反应堆为工程应用背景,分别对直径4 mm、6 mm、8 mm颗粒堆积的多孔结构进行了流动沸腾可视化试验,在实验参数范围内得到了泡状流、泡状-弹状流、弹状流、弹状-环状流四种流型.获得了热流密度、流速、颗粒直径等对流型的影响规律.增加热流密度,汽泡数量增加,体积变大,变形、合并、分裂频繁;流速越高、颗粒越小,汽泡体积越小、数量越少.流速越高、球径越小发生相同流型所需要的热流密度越大.对Tung/Dhir模型进行修正得到了多孔结构内流动沸腾两相流流型图及各流型间的转变含气率.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.