PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM 4,4′-METHYLENEBIS(CINNAMALDEHYDE)

New Schiff base polymers poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）ethylenediimine] （PMBCen）, poly[4,4＇- methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）1,2-propylenediimine] （PMBCPn）, poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）1,3-propylenediimine] （PMBCPR）, poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde） 1,2-phenylenediimine] （PMBCPh）, poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）meso-stilbenediimine] （PMBCS）, poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）urea] （PMBCUR）, poly[4,4＇- methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）semicarbazone] （PMBCSc）, poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）thiosemicarbazone] （PMBCTSc） and poly[4,4＇-methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde）hydrazone] （PMBCH） were formed by polycondensation of 4,4＇- methylenebis（cinnamaldehyde） with ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,2-phenylenediamine, meso-stilbenediamine, urea, semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and hydrazine, respectively. The dialdehyde and polymers have been characterized through elemental micro-analysis, IR, UV-Vis and ^1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Thermoanalytical studies and viscous flow of dilute solutions of dialdehyde and its polymers have been examined and compared.     

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE POLYMERS DERIVED FROM 4,4''''-METHYLENEBIS(CINNAMALDEHYDE)

New Schiff base polymers poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)ethylenediimine] (PMBCen), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde) 1,2-propylenediimine] (PMBCPn), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde) 1,3-propylenediimine] (PMBCPR), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)l,2-phenylenediimine] (PMBCPh), poly[4,4'-methylene-bis(cinnamaldehyde)meso-stilbenediimine] (PMBCS), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)urea] (PMBCUR), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)semicarbazone] (PMBCSc), poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)thiosemicarbazone] (PMBCTSc) and poly[4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde)hydrazone] (PMBCH) were formed by polycondensation of 4,4'-methylenebis(cinnamaldehyde) with ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,2-phenylenediamine, meso-stilbenediamine, urea, semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and hydrazine, respectively. The dialdehyde and polymers have been characterized through elemental micro-analysis, IR, UV-Vis and 'H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Thermoanalytical studies and viscous flow of dilute solutions of dialdehyde and its polymers have been examined and compared.     

Semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone chromium(III) complexes

Summary Chromium(III) complexes, [Cr(ligand)₂]Cl, containing the semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones of 2-hydroxyacetophenone and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde, and [Cr(ligand)₂Cl₂]Cl, formed from 4-hydroxyacetophenone semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone, have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, magnetic moment, i.r., electronic and e.s.r. spectral studies. On the basis of physicochemical investigations tetragonal geometries are assigned to the complexes.     

Ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes containing tridentate Schiff bases

New ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(CO)(B)(LL)(PPh₃)] (where, LL = tridentate Schiff bases; B = PPh₃, pyridine, piperidine or morpholine) have been prepared by reacting [RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃] or [RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₂(B)] with Schiff bases containing donor groups (O, N, X) viz., salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (X = S), salicylaldehyde semicarbazone (X = O), o-hydroxyacetophenone thiosemicarbazone (X = S) and o-hydroxyacetophenone semicarbazone (X = O). The new complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, spectral (i.r., ¹H- and ³¹P-n.m.r.), data.     

Investigation on the thermal degradation of acrylic polymers with fluorinated side-chains

The thermal degradation of poly-2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,7″-tridecafluoroheptylacrylate and poly-2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′,7,7′-dodecafluoroheptylmethacrylate has been studied in isothermal conditions at 450-750 °C using pyrolysis-gas chromatography. The type and composition of the pyrolysis products give useful information about mechanism of thermal degradation. It was shown that the main thermal degradation process for both polymers is random main-chain scission. The major degradation products for fluorinated polyacrylate are monomer, dimer, saturated diester, trimer, and corresponding methacrylate. The fluorinated polymethacrylate gives monomer as the main product of thermal destruction. As a result of side-chain reaction, the thermal degradation of the fluorinated polyacrylate also produces remarkable amounts of alcohol. On the other hand, the respective alcohol is only a minor component among the pyrolysis products of the fluorinated polymethacrylate. For both polymers, the main nontrivial degradation product coming from the alkyl ester decomposition is the corresponding fluorinated cyclohexane. The formation of the fluorinated cyclohexanes may be accounted for a nucleophilic bimolecular substitution pathway.     

Synthesis and structural studies of tin(II) complexes of semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones

The synthesis and characterization of tricoordinated tin(II) complexes with semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones of the type, Sn · L (where L = the semicarbazone or thiosemicarbazone of salicylaldehyde, o-hydroxyacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and benzoin) are reported. On the basis of electronic, IR, ¹H NMR and Mössbauer spectral studies, some tentative structures have been proposed for these new compounds.     

Effects of adjacent groups of benzimidazole on antioxidation of polybenzimidazoles

The chemical oxidative stabilities of poly(2,2-(m-phenylene)-5,5-bibenzimidazole) (PBI-ph), poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI), poly(2,2′-hexyl-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (PBI-hex), and poly(2,2′-imidazole-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (PBI-imi) are studied. By means of FTIR and ¹HNMR analysis, more information about the degradation process of PBI-ph is found as: CH₂ groups are left in the residual polymers; after the N-H bond and the trisubstituted benzene ring are oxidized by oxidative free radicals, the meta-phenylene is relatively stable. Through Fenton tests, the chemical oxidative stabilities of these PBIs are compared and results show that PBI-ph is the stablest material while PBI-imi is the unstablest one. Through FTIR analysis, the structure changes to those degraded PBIs are compared. The conjugated structure formed between meta-phenyl and benzimidazole can protect the main chain of PBI-ph from the attack of oxidative free radicals. Additionally, effects of acid on PBI-ph degradation rate are evaluated and the results show that phosphoric acid can slow down the chemical oxidative degradation.     

Efficient bimetallic titanium catalyst for carbonyl-ene reaction

A new family of achiral 3,3′,5,5′-tetrasubstituted-2,2′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy biphenyl ligand 4 was developed. The axial chirality of the ligand could be induced by the chelation of 2,2′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy groups with (R)-BINOL-Ti(OⁱPr)₂ to form an axially chiral bimetallic titanium catalyst 9. Compared with (R)-BINOL-Ti(OⁱPr)₂ catalyst, this novel catalyst 9 exhibited excellent activity and enantioselectivity for the carbonyl-ene reaction of methylstyrene and ethyl glyoxylate. 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrasubstituted groups showed a remarkable effect on both enantioselectivity and yield. With 9d prepared from 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy biphenyl 4d as the catalyst, the best result, up to 97.6% ee and 99% yield, was obtained. Additionally, the bimetallic catalyst 9 also showed better catalytic capability than the corresponding monometallic catalyst.     

Azomethine derivatives of aluminium containing AlOSiMe3 groups

The synthesis of azomethine derivatives of aluminium containing AlOSiMe₃ groups and resistant to hydrolysis is described. These have been prepared either by the equimolar reactions of bibasic tridentate or bibasic tetradentate azomethines, viz. N-(2- mercaptoethyl) salicylaldimine, N-(2-mercaptophenyl) salicylaldimine, salicylaldehyde sulphisoxazole, salicylaldehyde azine, salicylaldehyde semicarbazone, salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, o-hydroxyacetophenone azine N,N' 1,3-propylene-bis(salicylaldimine) and diacetyl bis(2-mercaptoanil), or of 1 : 2 molar reactions of monobasic bidentate imines viz. N-(2-mercaptophenyl) benzaldimine, benzaldehyde semicarbazone and benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with Me₃SiOAl(OPrⁱ)₂ in the medium of dry benzene. The resulting derivatives are coloured solids with sharp m.ps, non-volatile, non-electrolytes, soluble in chloroform, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide, and monomeric in nature. Their IR,¹H NMR and electronic spectral data have been presented in support of the proposed structures.     

Controlled vinyl-addition-type polymerization of norbornene initiated by several cobalt complexes having substituted terpyridine ligands

A series of cobalt(II) complexes having terpyridine derivatives such as 2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine (1), 4,4^′,4″-^tBu₃-2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine (2), 5,5″-Me₂-2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine (3), 6,6″-Me₂-2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine (4) and 6,6″-(3,5-Me₂C₆H₃)₂-2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine (5) was synthesized. The structures of 1, 3, and 4 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The coordination sphere around the cobalt center in 1 can be described as pseudo square pyramidal. On the other hand, complex 4 has pseudo trigonal bipyramidal structure. Upon activation with d-MAO (dried-methylaluminoxane), these complexes showed high activities for the polymerization of norbornene (NBE). In particular, polymerization of NBE with 4/d-MAO system at room temperature resulted in quantitative yield within several hours to give the polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions and controlled molecular weight. The polymerizations of NBE with these cobalt catalyst systems proceeded in vinyl addition polymerization, which was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectra of the resulting polymers.     

Scandium triflate-catalyzed 6,6′-diiodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Scandium triflate-catalyzed iodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 2 equiv of 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DIH) proceeded to give 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl in 98% yield and subsequent deprotection of methyl groups provided 6,6′-diiodo-1,1′-binaphthol, which is a useful ligand or reagent for many enantioselective transformations. Use of 2 equiv of NIS in place of DIH in the presence of scandium triflate, however, did not successfully yield 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl, indicating that one of two types of iodine atoms in DIH is more reactive toward the iodination than iodine in NIS.     

The ligational behaviour of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones with tellurium(IV)—reactions with TeCl4

The reactions of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones of benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, acetophenone and 2-hydroxyacetophenone with TeCl₄ give the complexes LTeCl₄, (LH)TeCl₃ or (LH)Te₂Cl₇ (L = semicarbazone or thiosemicarbazone). The structural features of these tellurium derivatives are explored by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and conductance (in acetonitrile) measurements, and structures based on an octahedral arrangement of ligands around tellurium are proposed. The presence of facial and meridian isomers in equilibrium is indicated in some cases. The complexation occurs through S/O, the nitrogen of the > CN group and O⁻ (if present on benzene ring). The (LH)Te₂Cl₇ species seem to have chlorine bridged and octahedrally coordinated tellurium.     

New terpyridine macroligands as potential synthons for supramolecular assemblies

A Williamson type etherification approach was applied for the reaction of 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine with a number of well-defined mono- and bis-hydroxy functionalized polymers, namely poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Pluronics®. The resulting terpyridine functionalized polymers were characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and SEC, as well as MALDI-TOF-MS demonstrating the successful functionalization. This type of end-functionalized chelating macromolecules could be considered as key candidates for the preparation of metallo-supramolecular polymers via metallo-terpyridine complexation; the principle feasibility was demonstrated by UV-vis titration of iron(II) chloride to bis-terpyridine functionalized poly(tetrahydrofuran).     

Synthesis and properties of oligomers containing substituted bithiazole rings

A series of novel polyimide and poly(Schiff base) oligomers containing substituted bithiazole rings were designed and synthesized, for the first time, by polycondensation of 5,5^′-dimethyl-2,2^′- diamino-4,4^′-bithiazole (MDABT) with dianhydrides (pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3^′-4,4^′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) ether dianhydride), and dialdehydes (oxalic aldehyde, isophthalaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde). The structure of the oligomers was determined by IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The oligomers showed good thermal stability. The Fe²⁺ complex of poly(Schiff base), synthesized from MDABT with oxalic aldehyde (PMTOA), was prepared with 13.7% Fe content and found to be a ferromagnet at low temperature.     

A new single-step process for polybenzimidazole synthesis

Aromatic benzimidazole polymers have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding tetraamine and diester in refluxing sulfolane or phenyl sulfone. The convenience of using these sulfone solvents together with the good yields, high viscosities and absence of crosslinking make this procedure an attractive new route to this class of polymers. The preparation by this procedure of poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole], poly-[2,2′-(p-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole], poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-di(benzimidazole) ether], and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-di(benzimidazole) ketone] is described.     

One-pot synthesis of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene and its boronic acid derivative

5,5′-Dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene was prepared from 2,5-dibromopyridine and (trimethylsilyl)acetylene via the new one-pot synthesis approach using a regioselective palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with a 60% yield. Several protocols of lithium-halogen exchange were then attempted to synthesize 6,6′-(1,2-ethynediyl)bis[3-pyridylboronic acid] from 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dipyridylacetylene. The former was successfully obtained with a 54% yield by a reverse addition method using toluene and THF and it showed potential as a useful building block for cross-coupling reactions in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.     

121Sb Mössbauer spectral and related studies on Sb(III) complexes

The bonding and structural features of antimony(III) complexes of the type, (PrⁱO)SbL and Sb₂L₃ are described (where L is the dianion of semicarbazone or thiosemicarbazone). The Mössbauer spectra are typical of Sb(III) complexes in which the non-bonding pair of electrons is stereochemically active. The thiosemicarbazone complexes show more negative isomer shifts compared to the semicarbazone complexes.     

Cationic 1,2-vinyl addition polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals initiated by conventional acids

Pure 1,2-addition polymers, poly(2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane), 1b , poly(2-methylene-1,3-dioxane), 2b , and poly(2-methylene-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane), 3b , were prepared using the cationic initiators H₂SO₄, TiCl₄, BF₃, and also Ru(PPh₃)₃Cl₂. Small ester carbonyl bands in the IR spectra of 1b and 2b were observed when the polymerizations were performed at 80°C ( 1b ) and both 67 and 138°C ( 2b ) using Ru(PPh₃)₃Cl₂. The poly(cyclic ketene acetals) were stable if they were not exposed to acid and water. They were quite thermally stable and did not decompose until 290°C ( 1b ), 240°C ( 2b ), and 294°C ( 3b ). Different chemical shifts for axial and equatorial H and CH₃ on the ketal rings were found in the ¹H NMR spectrum of 3b at room temperature. High molecular weight 3b (M̄_n = 8.68 × 10⁴, M̄_w = 1.31 × 10⁵, M̄_z = 1.57 × 10⁵) was obtained upon cationic initiation by H₂SO₄. Poly(2-methylene-1,3-dioxane), 2b , underwent partial hydrolysis when Ru(PPh₃)₃Cl₂ and water were present in the polymer. The hydrolyzed products were 1,3-propanediol and a polymer containing both poly(2-methylene-1,3-dioxane) and polyketene units. The percentages of these two units in the hydrolyzed polymer were about 32% polyketene and 68% poly(2-methylene-1,3-dioxane). No crosslinked or aromatic structures were observed in the hydrolyzed products. The molecular weight of hydrolyzed polymer was M̄_n = 5740, M̄_w = 7260, and M̄_z = 9060. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3707–3716, 1997     

Reaction of thiourea with formaldehyde and simplest aliphatic diamines

N,N′-Bis(hydroxymethyl)thiourea reacted with propane-1,3-diamine at a molar ratio of 2 : 1 to give 5,5′-propane-1,3-diylbis(1,3,5-triazinane-2-thione), whereas 1,3,5,7,11,13,15,17-octaazatricyclo[15.3.1.1^7,11]-docosane-4,14-dithione was obtained in the reaction with equimolar amounts of the reactants. Tricyclic product was also formed in the three-component condensation of thiourea with formaldehyde and propane-1,3-diamine at a ratio of 1 : 3 : 1. The reactions of N,N′-bis(hydroxymethyl)thiourea with ethane-1,2-diamine (2 : 1) and of thiourea with formaldehyde and butane-1,4-diamine (1 : 2 : 1) afforded 5,5′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(1,3,5-triazinane-2-thione) and 5,5′-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(1,3,5-triazinane-2-thione), respectively.     

Production of mixed halogenated congeners of the natural product heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1) by photolysis in the presence of bromine

Halogenated 1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrroles (MBPs) are a class of marine halogenated natural products that have been detected in biota from all over the world. However, structures and standards of many mixed chlorinated/brominated MBPs are not available. For this reason, the known 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1 or MBP-79) was UV-irradiated in the presence of bromine with the goal of inducing a chlorine → bromine exchange. A few drops of bromine were added to a solution of Q1 and 10 mL of either CH₂Br₂, CH₂Cl₂, or CHCl₃. The experiments were performed both at room temperature and elevated temperature for 30 min. At least four out of five possible bromohexachloro-1′methyl-1,2′-bipyrroles (BrCl₆-MBPs), at least seven out of 13 possible Br₂Cl₅-MBPs, as well as traces of Br₃Cl₄-MBPs and Br₄Cl₃-MBPs were obtained in this way. Selective fragment ions in the GC/ECNI-MS spectra as well as electrophilic bromination of hexachloro-MBP solutions were used to verify the structures of the BrCl₆-MBP isomers. The BrCl₆-MBPs eluted from DB-5-like columns in the order of 4′-bromo-2,3,3′,4,5,5′-hexachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-76), which co-eluted with 3′-bromo-2,3,4,4′,5,5′-hexachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-78), followed by 2-bromo-3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-75), 3-bromo-2,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-77), and 5′-bromo-2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-74). These BrCl₆-MBPs were also detected in a sample of cetacean blubber from Australia, but the abundance pattern was different. While Br-MBP-76/Br-MBP-78 dominated in the cetacean, irradiation of Q1 (MBP-79) in the presence of bromine led to high proportions of Br-MBP-75. The suitability of the UV-induced Cl → Br exchange was confirmed by the Br-assisted UV-irradiation of pentachloroanisole (PCA). This experiment produced at least two bromotetrachloro- and three dibromotrichloroanisoles, the last eluting in each case being the most relevant. Thus, this method is most likely generally suited for the production of mixed-halogenated aromatic organohalogen compounds which are not readily obtainable by synthesis.