Categorified central extensions, étale Lie 2-groups and Lie?s Third Theorem for locally exponential Lie algebras

Lie?s Third Theorem, asserting that each finite-dimensional Lie algebra is the Lie algebra of a Lie group, fails in infinite dimensions. The modern account on this phenomenon is the integration problem for central extensions of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which in turn is phrased in terms of an integration procedure for Lie algebra cocycles.This paper remedies the obstructions for integrating cocycles and central extensions from Lie algebras to Lie groups by generalising the integrating objects. Those objects obey the maximal coherence that one can expect. Moreover, we show that they are the universal ones for the integration problem.The main application of this result is that a Mackey-complete locally exponential Lie algebra (e.g., a Banach–Lie algebra) integrates to a Lie 2-group in the sense that there is a natural Lie functor from certain Lie 2-groups to Lie algebras, sending the integrating Lie 2-group to an isomorphic Lie algebra.     

Integrable cocycles and global deformations of Lie algebra of type G2 in characteristic 2

All classes of integrable cocycles in H²(L,L) are obtained for Lie algebra of type G₂ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. It is proved that there exist only two orbits of classes of integrable cocycles with respect to automorphism group. The global deformation is shown to exist for any nontrivial class of integrable cocycles. These deformations are isomorphic to one of the two algebras of Cartan type, one of which being S(3:1,ω) while the other H(4:1,ω).     

Integration of the lifting formulas and the cyclic homology of the algebras of differential operators

We integrate the Lifting cocycles Y_2n+1, Y_2n+3, Y_2n+5,? ([Sh1,2]) \Psi_{2n+1}, \Psi_{2n+3}, \Psi_{2n+5},\ldots\,([\rm Sh1,2]) on the Lie algebra Dif_n of holomorphic differential operators on an n-dimensional complex vector space to the cocycles on the Lie algebra of holomorphic differential operators on a holomorphic line bundle l \lambda on an n-dimensional complex manifold M in the sense of Gelfand--Fuks cohomology [GF] (more precisely, we integrate the cocycles on the sheaves of the Lie algebras of finite matrices over the corresponding associative algebras). The main result is the following explicit form of the Feigin--Tsygan theorem [FT1]:¶¶ H^·_Lie(\frak g\frak l^fin_￥(Dif_n);\Bbb C) = ù^·(Y_2n+1, Y_2n+3, Y_2n+5,? ) H^\bullet_{\rm Lie}({\frak g}{\frak l}^{\rm fin}_\infty({\rm Dif}_n);{\Bbb C}) = \wedge^\bullet(\Psi_{2n+1}, \Psi_{2n+3}, \Psi_{2n+5},\ldots\,) .     

The Schwinger cocycle on algebras with unbounded operators

In this article, we describe a class of algebras with unbounded operators on which the Schwinger cocycle extends. For this, we replace a space of bounded operators commonly used in the literature by some space of (maybe unbounded) tame operators, in particular by spaces of pseudo-differential operators, acting on the space of sections of a vector bundle E→M. We study some particular examples which we hope interesting or instructive. The case of classical and log-polyhomogeneous pseudo-differential operators is studied, because it carries other cocycles, defined with renormalized traces of pseudo-differential operators, that are some generalizations of the Khesin-Kravchenko-Radul cocycle. The present construction furnishes a simple proof of an expected result: The cohomology class of these cocycles are the same as cohomology class of the Schwinger cocycle. When M=S¹, we show that the Schwinger cocycle is non-trivial on many algebras of pseudo-differential operators (these operators need not to be classical or bounded). These two results complete the work and extend the results of a previous work [J.-P. Magnot, Renormalized traces and cocycles on the algebra of S¹-pseudo-differential operators, Lett. Math. Phys. 75 (2) (2006) 111-127]. When dim(M)>1, we furnish a new example of sign operator which could suggest that the framework of pseudo-differential operators is not adapted to all the cases. On this example, we have to work on some algebras of tame operators, in order to show that the Schwinger cocycle has a non-vanishing cohomology class.     

Holomorphic representations of nilpotent Lie groups

Let G be a connected, simply-connected complex nilpotent Lie group, and G_r ?( G a real form of G. Motivated by the problem of analytic continuation of Banach-space representations of G_R to holomorphic representations of G, we construct translation-invariant locally-convex algebras of entire functions on G (generalizing the classical spaces of entire functions of finite exponential order). The dual spaces of these algebras are naturally identified with algebras of left-invariant differential operators of infinite order on G. In connection with analytic continuation of unitary representations of G_R, we study the convex cone of entire functions on G whose restrictions to G_R are positive-definite, and determine the minimal order of growth at infinity of such functions.     

Lie Algebras with Nilpotent Length Greater than that of each of their Subalgebras

The main purpose of this paper is to study the finite-dimensional solvable Lie algebras described in its title, which we call minimal non- \({\mathcal N}\). To facilitate this we investigate solvable Lie algebras of nilpotent length k, and of nilpotent length ≤k, and extreme Lie algebras, which have the property that their nilpotent length is equal to the number of conjugacy classes of maximal subalgebras. We characterise the minimal non-\({\mathcal N}\) Lie algebras in which every nilpotent subalgebra is abelian, and those of solvability index ≤3.     

Maximal Hilbert Functions

The set of Hilbert functions of standard graded algebras is considered as a partially ordered set under numerical comparison. For the set of algebras H(d, e₀), of a given dimension d and multiplicity e₀, we describe the requirements its maximal elements must satisfy; under fairly general conditions, the extremal functions arise from Cohen-Macaulay algebras. We also examine the subset H(d, e₀, e₁), of those functions whose first two coefficients of their Hilbert polynomials are assigned. Finally, we show how these results and the use of certain extended multiplicities can be used to prove finiteness theorems for the number of corresponding functions.     

Finite quantum groups over abelian groups of prime exponent

We classify pointed finite-dimensional complex Hopf algebras whose group of group-like elements is abelian of prime exponent p, p>17. The Hopf algebras we find are members of a general family of pointed Hopf algebras we construct from Dynkin diagrams. As special cases of our construction we obtain all the Frobenius-Lusztig kernels of semisimple Lie algebras and their parabolic subalgebras. An important step in the classification result is to show that all these Hopf algebras are generated by group-like and skew-primitive elements.     

Affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras as torsors over the punctured line

We interpret and develop a theory of loop algebras as torsors (principal homogeneous spaces) over Spec (k[t, t⁻¹]). As an application, we recover Kac's realization of affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras.     

Construction of cocycles for bicrossproduct of Lie groups

We obtain an explicit formula for finding cocycles on a matched pair of Lie groups by using cocycles on the corresponding pair of Lie algebras. This formula for cocycles allows one to construct examples of locally compact quantum groups via bicrossproduct of Lie groups.     

A curve of nilpotent Lie algebras which are not Einstein nilradicals

The only known examples of non-compact Einstein homogeneous spaces are standard solvmanifolds (special solvable Lie groups endowed with a left invariant metric), and according to a long standing conjecture, they might be all. The classification of Einstein solvmanifolds is equivalent to the one of Einstein nilradicals, i.e. nilpotent Lie algebras which are nilradicals of the Lie algebras of Einstein solvmanifolds. Up to now, very few examples of ${\mathbb N}$ -graded nilpotent Lie algebras that cannot be Einstein nilradicals have been found. In particular, in each dimension, there are only finitely many known. We exhibit in the present paper two curves of pairwise non-isomorphic nine-dimensional two-step nilpotent Lie algebras which are not Einstein nilradicals.     

Infinite-dimensional Lie algebras determined by the space of symmetric squares of hyperelliptic curves

We construct Lie algebras of vector fields on universal bundles of symmetric squares of hyperelliptic curves of genus g = 1, 2,.. For each of these Lie algebras, the Lie subalgebra of vertical fields has commuting generators, while the generators of the Lie subalgebra of projectable fields determines the canonical representation of the Lie subalgebra with generators L _2q , q = ?1, 0, 1, 2,.., of the Witt algebra. As an application, we obtain integrable polynomial dynamical systems.     

Generations of integrable hierarchies and exact solutions of related evolution equations with variable coefficients

We first propose a way for generating Lie algebras from which we get a few kinds of reduced 6 6 Lie algebras, denoted by R6, R8 and R1,R6/2, respectively. As for applications of some of them, a Lax pair is introduced by using the Lie algebra R6 whose compatibility gives rise to an integrable hierarchy with 4- potential functions and two arbitrary parameters whose corresponding Hamiltonian structure is obtained by the variational identity. Then we make use of the Lie algebra R6 to deduce a nonlinear integrable coupling hierarchy of the mKdV equation whose Hamiltonian structure is also obtained. Again,via using the Lie algebra R62, we introduce a Lax pair and work out a linear integrable coupling hierarchy of the mKdV equation whose Hamiltonian structure is obtained. Finally, we get some reduced linear and nonlinear equations with variable coefficients and work out the elliptic coordinate solutions, exact traveling wave solutions, respectively.     

Primordials and primordial Lie algebras

Primordials ${d \in \mathcal{P}}$ are generalizations of ordinals ${\sigma \in \mathcal{O}}$ . Primordials are governed by their succession and precession. Primordials with their succession and precession are of interest in their own right. Remarkably, they also lead directly to certain primordial Lie algebras of set theory. Among these is the large primordial Lie algebra of set theory, whose basis is a class and not a set. The large primordial Lie algebra of set theory generalizes naturally to the large primordial Lie algebras of characteristic p ≥ 2. The simple primordial Lie algebras are the natural primordial Lie algebra ${\mathcal{L}^\natural}$ , the free primordial Lie algebras ${\mathcal{L}^c}$ for r ≥ 1 and r-tuples C of denumerable sequences C _j (1 ≤ j ≤ r) of elements of k, and, for p?>?2, the normal sub Lie algebras of the ${\mathcal{L}^\natural,\mathcal{L}^c}$ as well. The split simple primordial Lie algebras are the Lie algebras L of type W—those which may be built directly from the natural primordial Lie algebra ${\mathcal{L}^\natural}$ —except when p = 2 and L is not free. Consequently, they are, up to isomorphism, the purely inseparable forms of the finite and infinite dimensional Lie algebras of type W. This sheds new light on, and adds interest to, the structure of these purely inseparable forms.     

Direct Unions of Lie Tori (Realization of Locally Extended Affine Lie Algebras)

In this work, we consider realizations of locally extended affine Lie algebras, in the level of core modulo center. We provide a framework similar to the one for extended affine Lie algebras by “direct unions.” Our approach suggests that the direct union of existing realizations of extended affine Lie algebras, in a rigorous mathematical sense, would lead to a complete realization of locally extended affine Lie algebras, in the level of core modulo center. As an application of our results, we realize centerless cores of locally extended affine Lie algebras with specific root systems of types A₁, B, C, and BC.     

Motivic zeta functions of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras

The paper shows how to associate a motivic zeta function with a large class of infinite dimensional Lie algebras. These include loop algebras, affine Kac-Moody algebras, the Virasoro algebra and Lie algebras of Cartan type. The concept of a motivic zeta functions provides a good language to talk about the uniformity in p of local p-adic zeta functions of finite dimensional Lie algebras. The theory of motivic integration is employed to prove the rationality of motivic zeta functions associated to certain classes of infinite dimensional Lie algebras.     

Euler-Bernoulli beams from a symmetry standpoint-characterization of equivalent equations

We completely solve the equivalence problem for Euler-Bernoulli equation using Lie symmetry analysis. We show that the quotient of the symmetry Lie algebra of the Bernoulli equation by the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by solution symmetries is a representation of one of the following Lie algebras: 2A₁, A₁⊕A₂, 3A₁, or A3,3⊕A₁. Each quotient symmetry Lie algebra determines an equivalence class of Euler-Bernoulli equations. Save for the generic case corresponding to arbitrary lineal mass density and flexural rigidity, we characterize the elements of each class by giving a determined set of differential equations satisfied by physical parameters (lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). For each class, we provide a simple representative and we explicitly construct transformations that maps a class member to its representative. The maximally symmetric class described by the four-dimensional quotient symmetry Lie algebra A3,3⊕A₁ corresponds to Euler-Bernoulli equations homeomorphic to the uniform one (constant lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). We rigorously derive some non-trivial and non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli equations reducible to the uniform unit beam. Our models extend and emphasize the symmetry flavor of Gottlieb's iso-spectral beams [H.P.W. Gottlieb, Isospectral Euler-Bernoulli beam with continuous density and rigidity functions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 413 (1987) 235-250].     

Hyers–Ulam Stability of General Jensen-Type Mappings in Banach Algebras

Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers–Ulam stability of homomorphisms in complex Banach algebras and complex Banach Lie algebras and also of derivations on complex Banach algebras and complex Banach Lie algebras for the general Jensen-type functional equation f(α x + β y) + f(α x ? β y) = 2α f(x) for any \({\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{R}}\) with \({\alpha, \beta \neq 0}\) . Furthermore, we prove the hyperstability of homomorphisms in complex Banach algebras for the above functional equation with α = β = 1.