和厚朴酚电化学还原机理的研究

用量子化学AM1、PM3方法研究了和厚朴酚分子的电化学还原反应机理.结果表明,和厚朴酚分子电还原的基团为两个烯丙基的双键,其中邻位烯丙基优先被还原,对位次之,整个还原反应中和厚朴酚得到4e和4H⁺,使两个烯丙基饱和,计算结果较好地说明了实验事实.     

Linear polymers of allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate

Allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate were polymerized by anionic initiators to soluble linear polymers containing allyl groups in the pendant side chains. The pendant unpolymerized allyl groups of the resulting linear poly(allyl acrylates) were shown to be present by: (1) the disappearance of the acrylyl and methacrylyl double bond absorptions in the infrared spectra in the conversions of monomers to polymers; (2) postbromination of the allyl bonds in the linear polymer; (3) the disappearance of the allyl groups absorptions in the infrared spectra of the brominated linear polymers; and (4) the thermal- and radical-initiated crosslinking of the linear polymers through the allyl groups. Allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate show great reluctance to copolymerize with styrene under anionic initiation, but copolymerize readily with methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile. Block copolymers were prepared by reacting allyl methacrylate with preformed polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) anions. The linear polymers and copolymers of allyl acrylate may be classified as “self-reactive” polymers which yield thermosetting polymers. Bromination of the linear polymers offers a convenient method of producing self-extinguishing polymers.     

Oxidation of Unsaturated Ethers with the System Aluminum Tri-tert-butylate-tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide

The system aluminum tri-tert-butylate-tert-butyl hydroperoxide oxidizes alkyl allyl and aryl allyl ethers by the radical mechanism at room temperature. In the process, either the substrate skeleton is preserved and the carbonyl and hydroperoxy groups are introduced, or the carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds in the allyl moiety are cleaved. In allyl benzyl ether the reaction centers are the methylene groups of the benzyl and allyl fragments.     

Synthesis of the tetracyclic core of the kempanes by a ring-closing metathesis strategy

[reaction: see text] The synthesis of the tetracyclic ring system of the kempane diterpenes was achieved through the highly regio- and stereoselective Diels-Alder reaction of an isopropenyl-diene with 2,6-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone, addition of an allyl group, and ring-closing metathesis of the isopropenyl and allyl groups.     

Thiol‐ene clickable hyperscaffolds bearing peripheral allyl groups

Radical catalyzed thiol‐ene reaction has become a useful alternative to the Huisgen‐type click reaction as it helps to expand the variability in reaction conditions as well as the range of clickable entities. Thus, direct generation of hyperbranched polymers bearing peripheral allyl groups that could be clicked using a variety of functional thiols would be of immense value. A specifically designed AB₂ type monomer, that carries two allyl benzyl ethers groups and one alcohol functionality, was shown to undergo self‐condensation under acid‐catalyzed melt‐transetherification to yield a hyperbranched polyether that carries numerous allyl end‐groups. Importantly, it was shown that the kinetics of polymerization is not dramatically affected by the change of the ether unit from previously studied methyl benzyl ether to an allyl benzyl ether. The peripheral allyl groups were readily clicked quantitatively, using a variety of thiols, to generate an hydrocarbon‐soluble octadecyl‐derivative, amphiphilic systems using 2‐mercaptoethanol and chiral amino acid (N‐benzoyl cystine) derivatized hyperbranched structures; thus demonstrating the versatility of this novel class of clickable hyperscaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Characteristic polymerization behaviour of microgel-like poly(allyl methacrylate) microspheres

In the emulsion polymerization of allyl methacrylate (AMA), the reactive crosslinked polymer microspheres or microgel-like polymers with abundant pendant allyl groups were easily obtained because AMA possesses two types of vinyl groups, methacrylic and allylic double bonds, having greatly different reactivities. The resulting microgel-like poly(allyl methacrylate) microspheres (PAMA microspheres) were characterized by light scattering and viscometry. Then, the characteristic polymerization behaviour of PAMA microspheres was explored by the copolymerizations with diallyl terephthalate (DAT) and allyl benzoate (ABz).     

Regioselectivity in electrochemical additions of the allyl groups in substituted allyl halides to α,β-unsaturated esters or acetone

Electrochemical additions of the allyl groups in substituted allyl halides to some α,β-unsaturated esters took place in a regioselective manner at either of their α-or γ-carbon terminus, whereas regioselectivity in the addition to acetone was found to be controlled by changing a cathode material or an electrolytic potential.     

Synthesis of enantiomerically pure perhydrofuro[3,4-b]pyrans and perhydrofuro[3,4-b]furans

Olefinic diols, prepared from (R)-(+)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde via olefination and hydrolysis, were converted into enantiomerically pure hydroxy substituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives by cyclization using N-phenylselenophthalimide and BF₃. The PhSe group in the C-4 position of these tetrahydrofurans was then substituted by an allyl group using allyltributylstannane in the presence of AIBN. The selenium promoted cyclizations of the allyl tetrahydrofurans in which the OH and the allyl groups are trans to each other formed the enantiopure perhydrofuro[3,4-b]pyrans, while the cyclization of the allyl tetrahydrofurans in which the OH and the allyl groups are cis gave rise to the perhydrofuro[3,4-b]furans. These bicyclic products were finally deselenenylated with triphenyltin hydride and AIBN.     

Dehydrogenation of alcohols with allyl carbonates catalyzed by palladium or ruthenium complexes

Treatment of alkyl allyl carbonates with a phosphine-free palladium catalyst in acetonltrile affords ketones or aldehydes in high yields. This new method of oxidation of alcohols via allyl carbonates can be applied to various alcohols except simple primary alcohols. The reaction proceeds under neutral conditions and hence various acid- or base-sensitive functional groups are not affected during the reaction. Ruthenium hydride complex is also an effective catalyst. Direct dehydrogenatlon of secondary or allylic alcohols was carried out by the reaction with allyl methyl carbonate by the catalysis of the ruthenium complex. 1,4-Diols and 1,5-diols are converted to lactones with excess allyl methyl carbonate.     

烯丙基碘和锡与醛的选择加成反应

含活性基团的醛可与烯丙碘和锡粉直接进行亲核加成反应，得到高烯丙基的醇，水的存在不利于此反应的进行，与烯丙基溴相比，烯丙基碘反应活性更强，可在短时间内得较高的产率。     

Selective palladium-catalyzed deprotection of the allyl and allyloxycarbonyl groups in phosphate chemistry and in the presence of propargyl and propargyloxycarbonyl groups

The allyl group is shown to be orthogonal to the most commonly used phosphate protecting groups. In some cases, the allyl and allyloxycarbonyl groups may be selectively cleaved, under palladium-catalysis, in the presence of the propargyl and propargyloxycarbonyl groups.     

Synthesis of Novel Carbosilane Dendrimers with Myo—inositol Cores

The preparation of carbosilane dendrimers with cores of myo-inositol and the outmost periphery grougs of allyl groups has been reported.By using alternate hydrosilylation and alkenyiation reactions,the dendrimer have been carried up to the third generation with 48 allyl groups on the periphery.     

Synthesis of core-shell structured polymers with inserted thioether from a multi-functional scaffold

The synthesis of a thioether inserted, core-shell structured polymer from the scaffold of hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) was described. PG was first allyl functionalized, and in the presence of AIBN, the allyl groups further underwent radical addition to thiol compounds, thus thiol functional polyethylene oxide monomether (MPEO) were grafted onto PG. Similarly, 2-mercaptoethy-lammonium chloride was introduced onto PG via thiol addition, and the residual amino groups were further quaternized with decyl bromide, leading to an amphiphilic core-shell structure polymer.     

Combining Spontaneous Polymerization and Click Reactions for the Synthesis of Polymer Brushes: A “Grafting Onto” Approach

Two novel benzofulvene monomers bearing propargyl or allyl groups have been synthesized by means of readily accessible reactions, and were found to polymerize spontaneously by solvent removal, in the apparent absence of catalysts or initiators, to give the corresponding polybenzofulvene derivatives bearing clickable propargyl or allyl moieties. The clickable propargyl and allyl groups were exploited in appropriate click reactions to develop a powerful and versatile “grafting onto” synthetic methodology for obtaining tailored polymer brushes.     

Addition of Nitrile Oxides to Aryl Allyl Ethers

3,5-Disubstituted isoxazolines with an aryloxymethyl group in position 5 have been synthesized. The [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of benzonitrile oxide to a 5-chlorosalicylic acid derivative containing two allyl groups occurs to give a compound with an oxazolinylmethyl fragment both in the ester and the ether parts of the molecule. The addition of nitrile oxides to the aryl allyl ethers occurs regiospecifically to give the 5-substituted isomer.     

Single‐step synthesis of internally functionalizable hyperbranched polyethers

Radical catalyzed thiol‐ene reaction has become a useful alternative to the Hüisgen‐type azide‐yne click reaction as it helps expand the variability in reaction conditions as well as the range of clickable entities. In this study, the direct generation of a hyperbranched polyether (HBPE) having decyl units at the periphery and a pendant allyl group on every repeat unit of the polymer backbone is described; the allyl groups serve as a reactive handle for postpolymerization modifications and permits the generation of a variety of internally functionalized HBPEs. In this design, the AB₂ monomer carries two decylbenzyl ether units (B‐functionality), an aliphatic ? OH (A‐functionality) and a pendant allyl group within the spacer segment; polymerization of the monomer readily occurs at 150 °C via melt transetherification process by continuous removal of 1‐decanol under reduced pressure. The resulting HBPE has a hydrophobic periphery due to the presence of numerous decyl chains, while the allyl groups that remain unaffected during the melt polymerization provides an opportunity to install a variety of functional groups within the interior; thiol‐ene click reaction with two different thiols, namely 3‐mercaptopropionic acid and mercaptosuccinic acid, generated interesting amphiphilic structures. Preliminary field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging studies reveal the formation of fairly uniform spherical aggregates in water with sizes ranging from 200 to 400 nm; this suggests that these amphiphilic HBPs is able to reconfigure to generate jellyfish‐like conformations that subsequently aggregate in an alkaline medium. The internal allyl functional groups were also used to generate intramolecularly core‐crosslinked HBPEs, by the use of dithiol crosslinkers; gel permeation chromatography traces provided clear evidence for reduction in the size after crosslinking. In summary, we have developed a simple route to prepare core‐clickable HBPEs and have demonstrated the quantitative reaction of the allyl groups present within the interior of the polymers; such HB polymeric systems that carry numerous functional groups within the core could have interesting applications in analyte sequestration and possibly sensing, especially from organic media. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 4125–4135     

Cationic polymerization of allyl glycidyl ether in solvents of different basicity

The boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuranate-catalyzed cationic polymerization of allyl glycidyl ether in carbon tetrachloride proceeds via an oxirane cycle to form initially cyclic products and, at later stages, high-molecular-mass products. In the case of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, the polymerization of allyl glycidyl ether occurs via insertion of the monomer into a dissociated bond of a Lewis acid-dimethoxyethane complex and yields a linear polymer with end methoxy groups.     

From Syndiotactic Homopolymers to Chemically Tunable Alternating Copolymers: Highly Active Yttrium Complexes for Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization of β‐Malolactonates

Alternating copolymers constitute an attractive class of materials. It was shown previously that highly alternated poly(β‐hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) can be prepared by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of mixtures of two different enantiomerically pure 4‐alkyl‐β‐propiolactones. However, the approach could not be extended to PHAs with chemically tunable functional groups, which is highly desirable to access original advanced materials. Reported herein is the first highly syndioselective and controlled ROP of racemic allyl and benzyl β‐malolactonates (MLA^R; R=allyl, benzyl) using an yttrium complex supported by a tetradentate dichloro‐substituted bis(phenolate) ligand. This highly active catalyst allows the nearly perfect alternating copolymerization of MLA^Allyl and MLA^Benzyl. Hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl or functionalization of the allyl pendant groups opens a route towards a new class of functional alternating copolymers.     

Chlorotrimethylsilane Mediated Formation of ω-Allyl Esters of Aspartic And Glutamic Acids

The protection of the ω-carboxylic function of aspartic and glutamic acids by an allyl ester is advantageous because of its orthogonality with most protecting groups and its compatibility with a number of reagents. In this communication we describe a simple method using chlorotrimethylsilane in the presence of allyl alcohol which gives exclusively the ω-allyl esters of both aspartic and glutamic acids in excellent yield.     

Effect of Allyl Substitution in Chitosan on the Structure of Graft Copolymers

The kinetics of graft polymerization of vinyl acetate on allyl chitosan samples with varied content of allyl groups, initiated with ammonium peroxodisulfate, was studied.