Structure and Thermodynamics of NaF-AlF(3) Melts with Addition of CaF(2) and MgF(2)

The NaF-AlF(3) system with additions of CaF(2) and MgF(2) has been studied with Raman and vapor pressure measurements for 3 >/= CR (NaF/AlF(3) molar ratio) >/= 1 and up to 50 mol % additive. The results show that the binary melt can be described using the two equilibria AlF(6)(3)(-) = AlF(6)(2)(-) + F(-) and AlF(5)(2)(-) = AlF(4)(-) + F(-) with equilibrium constants 0.25 and 0.05, respectively, at 1293 K. Both reactions have positive reaction enthalpies. The first equilibrium is strongly shifted to the right resulting in a melt mixture with very low AlF(6)(3)(-) concentrations even at the Na(3)AlF(6) composition. Evidence for nonideal mixing of anions was found. For the ternaries, models based on Raman data are presented and compared with vapor pressure measurements. Good agreement is observed when association between the additives, CaF(2) or MgF(2), with the AlF(5)(2)(-) ions in the melt was considered. This association could be experimentally observed through a band broadening and a slight shift in the AlF(5)(2)(-) band frequency. Our vapor pressures and Raman data both indicate that MgF(2) clearly acts as an acid when added to NaF-AlF(3) melts of any composition. When CaF(2) is added, a slight decrease of vapor pressure occurs. Raman data indicate a decrease of AlF(4)(-) concentration, corresponding to a dissociation of CaF(2) with liberation of F(-) ions. All these results are, however, very much dependent on the initial melt composition. These data are explained in terms of acid-base, dilution, and association reactions of the solute with the solvent.     

Prioritization of charge over geometry in transition state analogues of a dual specificity protein kinase

The direct observation of a transition state analogue (TSA) complex for tyrosine phosphorylation by a signaling kinase has been achieved using (19)F NMR analysis of MEK6 in complex with tetrafluoroaluminate (AlF(4)(-)), ADP, and p38α MAP kinase (acceptor residue: Tyr182). Solvent-induced isotope shifts and chemical shifts for the AlF(4)(-) moiety indicate that two fluorine atoms are coordinated by the two catalytic magnesium ions of the kinase active site, while the two remaining fluorides are liganded by protein residues only. An equivalent, yet distinct, AlF(4)(-) complex involving the alternative acceptor residue in p38α (Thr180) is only observed when the Tyr182 is mutated to phenylalanine. The formation of octahedral AlF(4)(-) species for both acceptor residues, rather than the trigonal bipyramidal AlF(3)(0) previously identified in the only other metal fluoride complex with a protein kinase, shows the requirement of MEK6 for a TSA that is isoelectronic with the migrating phosphoryl group. This requirement has hitherto only been demonstrated for proteins having a single catalytic magnesium ion.     

Spectroscopic and thermal investigations of the fluoroaluminate complex formation in NaF-KF and LiF-NaF-KF eutectics

The dissolution and complex formation of fluoroaluminates in two eutectic alkalifluoride mixtures, NaF-KF (FNAK) and LiF-NaF-KF (FLINAK), have been investigated by Raman, NMR, and thermal analysis. Melting and dissolution took place stepwise. The eutectic alkalifluoride mixtures with minor amounts of dissolved fluoroaluminate salts started melting at around 460 and 740 degrees C for FLINAK and FNAK mixtures, respectively. Total melting/dissolution of mixtures with 9-11 mol % aluminum fluoro salts added took place near 780 degrees C in the FLINAK solvent and at approximately 900 degrees C for FNAK solutions. The solidified melts were characterized by Raman bands at 561 (nu(1)), 391 (nu(2)), and 328 cm(-1) (nu(5)) and a (27)Al NMR chemical shift near 0 ppm originating from isolated AlF(6)(3-) octahedral ions. The Raman and NMR signals due to AlF(6)(3-) were also observed at temperatures where the samples were only partly melted. Upon total melting, a pronounced dissociation of AlF(6)(3-) into AlF(5)(2-) and fluoride ions took place. At even higher temperatures, the equilibrium was displaced in favor of AlF(5)(2-) in the FNAK solvent. The AlF(5)(2-) ion was characterized by an intensive Raman band at 558 cm(-1) and an increasingly positive (27)Al chemical shift with raising temperature, e.g., of 16 ppm at 935 degrees C.     

Matrix-isolated Al2OF6(2-) ion in molten and solid LiF/NaF/KF

A Raman spectrum consistent with that expected from an Al2OF6(2-) ion was observed when Na2O was dissolved in a eutectic LiF/NaF/KF (FLINAK) melt at 500 degrees C, which contained a low concentration of either AlF3 or Na3AlF6. Furthermore, it was possible to trap the Al2OF6(2-) ion in the frozen solid and to measure its Raman and IR spectra at 25 degrees C. A number of bands have been detected; among those, the two most characteristic bands of the Al2OF6(2-) ion at 494 (polarized) and 265 cm-1 in the FLINAK melt at 500 degrees C, and those at 509 and 268 (Raman) and approximately 780 to approximately 900 (IR) cm-1 for the compound matrix isolated in solid FLINAK at 25 degrees C. In the absence of added oxide, the dissolved aluminum fluoride was in the form of the octahedral AlF6(3-) ion, which has characteristic Raman bands at 542 and 325 cm-1 in the FLINAK melt at 500 degrees C. Whereas alumina, Al2O3, was found to be essentially insoluble in FLINAK melts, it was possible to dissolve sufficient amounts of Na2O to convert most of the AlF6(3-) to the oxyfluoroaluminate, Al2OF6(2-). These solutions appeared to be metastable with respect to formation of insoluble alumina at higher temperatures. The present results can be compared to previous measurements on alumina dissolved in pure molten cryolite at much higher temperatures, where alumina solubility is low and broad bands due to oxide species are difficult to detect due to overlap with bands from AlF6(3-) and AlF4-.     

19F NMR study of the equilibria and dynamics of the Al3+/F- system

A careful reinvestigation by high-field 19F NMR (470 MHz) spectroscopy has been made of the Al3+/F- system in aqueous solution under carefully controlled conditions of pH, concentration, ionic strength (I), and temperature. The 19F NMR spectra show five distinct signals at 278 K and I = 0.6 M (TMACl) which have been attributed to the complexes AlFi(3-i)+(aq) with i < or = 5. There was no need to invoke AlFi(OH)j(3-i-j)+ mixed complexes in the model under our experimental conditions (pH < or = 6.5), nor was any evidence obtained for the formation of AlF6(3-)(aq) at very high ratios of F-/Al3+. The stepwise equilibrium constants obtained for the complexes by integration of the 19F signals are in good agreement with literature data given the differences in medium and temperature. In I = 0.6 M TMACl at 278 K and in I = 3 M KCl at 298 K the log Ki values are 6.42, 5.41, 3.99, 2.50, and 0.84 (for species i = 1-5) and 6.35, 5.25, and 4.11 (for species i = 1-3), respectively. Disappearance of the 19F NMR signals under certain conditions was shown to be due to precipitation. Certain 19F NMR signals exhibit temperature- and concentration-dependent exchange broadening. Detailed line shape analysis of the spectra and magnetization transfer measurements indicate that the kinetics are dominated by F- exchange rather than complex formation. The detected reactions and their rate constants are AlF2(2+) + *F- reversible AlF*F2+ + F- (k02 = (1.8 +/- 0.3) x 10(6) M-1 s-1), AlF3(0) + *F- reversible AlF2*F0 + F- (k03 = (3.9 +/- 0.9) x 10(6) M-1 s-1), and AlF3(0) + H*F reversible AlF2*F0 + HF (kH03 = (6.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(4) M-1 s-1). The rates of these exchange reactions increase markedly with increasing F- substitution. Thus, the reactions of AlF2+(aq) were too inert to be detected even on the T1 NMR time scale, while some of the reactions of AlF3(0)(aq) were fast, causing large line broadening. The ligand exchange appears to follow an associative interchange mechanism. The cis-trans isomerization of AlF2+(aq), consistent with octahedral geometry for that complex, is slowed sufficiently to be observed at temperatures around 270 K. Difference between the Al3+/F- system and the much studied Al3+/OH- system are briefly commented on.     

The dissociation of fluoroaluminates in FLiNaK and CsF-KF molten mixtures: a Raman spectroscopic and solubility study

By using a new furnace design, M(3)AlF(6) (M = Na, K, Cs) and mixtures of small amounts of AlF(3) in FLiNaK (46.5 mol % LiF, 11.5 mol % NaF, 42 mol % KF) and CsF-KF eutectic have been investigated over a wide temperature range (25-1050 degrees C) by Raman spectroscopy. The peak positions and their relative intensities have been measured as a function of temperature. In FLiNaK, up to 750 degrees C, the bands shift gradually to lower wavenumbers, and their halfwidths increase in agreement with published data. However, it is shown from solubility measurements and Raman data that, in these conditions, the mixture is not totally molten and the spectra correspond mainly to AlF(6)(3-) in the solid state. When the mixture is completely molten, a new band appears clearly on the high-frequency side of the main band of the spectrum, and its intensity grows up when the temperature is increased. The present results are a clear confirmation of the dissociation of AlF(6)(3-) into AlF(5)(2-) and AlF(4)(-) that our study of the Raman bands of the fully melted systems MF-AlF(3) (M = Na, K, Li) previously suggested. On these systems, it is then important to know if the spectra belong mainly to solid or liquid fluoroaluminates before drawing any conclusion concerning the liquid phase structure.     

Self-assembled ionophores from isoguanosine: diffusion NMR spectroscopy clarifies cation's and anion's influence on supramolecular structure

Cation-templated self-assembly of the lipophilic isoguanosine (isoG 1) with different monovalent cations (M(+)=Li(+), Na(+), K(+), NH(4) (+), and Cs(+)) was studied in solvents of different polarity by using diffusion NMR spectroscopy. Previous studies that did not use diffusion NMR techniques concluded that isoG 1 forms both pentamers (isoG 1)(5)M(+) and decamers (isoG 1)(10)M(+) in the presence of alkali-metal cations. The present diffusion NMR studies demonstrate, however, that isoG 1 does not form (isoG 1)(5)M(+) pentamers. In fact, the diffusion NMR data indicates that both doubly charged decamers of formula (isoG 1)(10)2 M(+) and singly charged decamers, (isoG 1)(10)M(+), are formed with lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium tetraphenylborate salts (LiB(Ph)(4), KB(Ph)(4), NaB(Ph)(4) and NH(4)B(Ph)(4)), depending on the isoG 1:salt stoichiometry of the solution. In the presence of CsB(Ph)(4), isoG 1 affords only the singly charged decamers (isoG 1)(10)Cs(+). By monitoring the diffusion coefficient of the B(Ph)(4) (-) ion in the different mixtures of solvents, we also concluded that the anion is more strongly associated to the doubly charged decamers (isoG 1)(10)2 M(+) than to the singly charged decamers (isoG 1)(10)M(+). The (isoG 1)(10)2 M(+) species can, however, exist in solution without the mediation of the anion. This last conclusion was supported by the finding that the doubly charged decamers (isoG 1)(10)2 M(+) also prevail in 1:1 CD(3)CN:CDCl(3), a solvent mixture in which the B(Ph)(4) (-) ion does not interact significantly with the self-assembled complex. These diffusion measurements, which have provided new and improved structural information about these decameric isoG 1 assemblies, demonstrate the utility of combining diffusion NMR techniques with conventional NMR methods in seeking to characterize labile, multicomponent, supramolecular systems in solution, especially those with high symmetry.     

Rates and mechanism of fluoride and water exchange in UO(2)F(5)(3-) and [UO(2)F(4)(H(2)O)](2-) studied by NMR spectroscopy and wave function based methods

The reaction mechanism for the exchange of fluoride in UO(2)F(5)(3-) and UO(2)F(4)(H(2)O)(2-) has been investigated experimentally using (19)F NMR spectroscopy at -5 degrees C, by studying the line broadening of the free fluoride, UO(2)F(4)(2-)(aq) and UO(2)F(5)(3-), and theoretically using quantum chemical methods to calculate the activation energy for different pathways. The new experimental data allowed us to make a more detailed study of chemical equilibria and exchange mechanisms than in previous studies. From the integrals of the different individual peaks in the new NMR spectra, we obtained the stepwise stability constant K(5) = 0.60 +/- 0.05 M(-1) for UO(2)F(5)(3-). The theoretical results indicate that the fluoride exchange pathway of lowest activation energy, 71 kJ/mol, in UO(2)F(5)(3-) is water assisted. The pure dissociative pathway has an activation energy of 75 kJ/mol, while the associative mechanism can be excluded as there is no stable UO(2)F(6)(4-) intermediate. The quantum chemical calculations have been made at the SCF/MP2 levels, using a conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) to describe the solvent. The effects of different model assumptions on the activation energy have been studied. The activation energy is not strongly dependent on the cavity size or on interactions between the complex and Na(+) counterions. However, the solvation of the complex and the leaving fluoride results in substantial changes in the activation energy. The mechanism for water exchange in UO(2)F(4)(H(2)O)(2-) has also been studied. We could eliminate the associative mechanism, the dissociative mechanism had the lowest activation energy, 39 kJ/mol, while the interchange mechanism has an activation energy that is approximately 50 kJ/mol higher.     

Structural description of the Na(2)B(4)O(7)-Na(3)AlF(6)-TiO(2) system. 1. IR and Raman study of the solidified melts

The pseudo-binary Na2B4O7-[Na3AlF6-TiO2]11 system has been investigated at room temperature by means of X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman, and UV-vis spectroscopies. Evolution of the different spectra with Na2B4O7 and TiO2 contents evidenced the breaking-up of the large borate rings in favor of small borate units, the diminution of the BIV fraction, and the partial substitution of oxygen by fluorine with the formation of oxyfluoride species. Two domains of compositions are described: a TiO2-rich region with 20-50% Na2B4O7 with the lowering of boron coordination and formation of Ti(O,F)6 units and a TiO2-poor region with 60-90% Na2B4O7 where the Na3AlF6 modifier behavior is predominant. The enhanced modifier effect of [Na3AlF6-TiO2]11 in comparison with pure Na3AlF6 on the vitreous network of Na2B4O7 consists of fluorine preference for binding to higher strength cations, Ti4+, over Al3+ and Na+ respectively, when TiO2 addition exceeds 5 wt %.     

Long-range stereocontrol in the self-assembly of two-nanometer-dimensioned triple-stranded dinuclear helicates

A series of bisimine-bridged dicatechol ligands 2-H(4)-5-H(4) were synthesized and were used to prepare triple-stranded dinuclear helicate-type complexes with a length of up to more than 2 nm. X-ray structural analyses of Na(4)[(2)(3)V(2)], Na(4)[(3)(3)Ti(2)], Na(4)[(4)(3)Ti(2)], and Na(4)[(5)(3)Ti(2)], as well as temperature-dependent NMR investigations of Na(4)[(4)(3)Ti(2)] and Na(4)[(5)(3)Ti(2)] show that, in the case of the rigid linear ligands 2 and 3, and of the ligand 5, which possesses C(2h) symmetry in its idealized structure, homochiral helicates are diastereoselectively formed. Ligand 4, on the other hand, with idealized C(2v) symmetry, leads with surprisingly high selectivity to the formation of the heterochiral meso-helicate. This is attributed to the ability of ligand 4 to adopt a less-restricted conformation in the meso compound than in the helical complex. NMR investigations indicate that both complex units of Na(4)[(4)(3)Ti(2)] invert (LambdaDelta-->DeltaLambda) simultaneously, while in the case of Na(4)[(5)(3)Ti(2)] a stepwise racemization proceeds.     

Ionic motion in crystalline cryolite

The character of the ion dynamics in crystalline cryolite, Na(3)AlF(6), a model double perovskite-structured mineral, has been examined in computer simulations using a polarizable ionic potential obtained by force-fitting to ab initio electronic structure calculations. NMR studies, and conductivity measurements, have indicated a high degree of mobility, in both Na(+) ion diffusion and reorientation of the AlF(6) octahedral units. The simulations reproduce the low-temperature (tilted) crystal structure and the existence of a transition to a cubic structure at elevated temperatures, in agreement with diffraction measurements, though the calculated transition temperature is too low. The reorientational dynamics of the AlF(6) octahedra is shown to consist of a hopping motion between the various tilted positions of the low-temperature form, even above the transition temperature. The rate of reorientation estimated by extrapolation to the temperature régime of the NMR measurements is consistent with the experimental data. In addition, we report a novel cooperative "tilt-swapping" motion of the differently tilted sublattices, just below the transition temperature. The perfect crystals show no Na(+) diffusion, in apparent disagreement with observation. We argue, following previous analyses of the cryolite phase diagram, that the diffusion observed in the experimental studies is a consequence of defects that are intrinsic to the thermodynamically stable form of cryolite. By introducing defects into the simulation cell, we obtain diffusion rates that are consistent with the NMR and conductivity measurements. Finally, we demonstrate a link between diffusion of the Na(+) ions and the reorientation of AlF(6) units, though the correlation between the two is not very strong.     

New synthetic and structural aspects in the chemistry of alkylaluminum fluorides. The mutual influence of hard and soft ligands and the hybridization as rigorous structural criterion

A general synthetic strategy starting from metal alkyls is reported based on the hydrogen difluoride anion as a suitable reagent for obtaining organometallic fluorides. The newly prepared compounds are [Me(4)N][(i-Bu)(2)AlF(2)] (1), [Ph(4)P][(i-Bu)(2)AlF(2)] (2), and [Ph(4)P][AlF(4)] (3), containing the tetrahedral anions [(i-Bu)(2)AlF(2)](-) and [AlF(4)](-). The actual structures are prototypes that allowed a comparison of inorganic and organometallic fluorides in the frame of the hard and soft acid and base principle, by means of ab initio calculations. A new theoretical model is designed to put in equation form the qualitative statements of the Bent rule. The model allows the rationalization of the tendencies of bond angle variation in [R(2)MX(2)] systems containing a main group metal (M), in terms of hybridization of the central atom and the reciprocal influence of hard and soft ligands.     

Some new butylthiobenzoatotin(IV) compounds: spectral studies and analysis of ligand's bonding

Five new monorganotin(IV) compounds with thiobenzoate ligand, [BuSn(SOCPh)2]2O (1), [BuSn(O)(SOCPh)]2 (2), BuSn(Cl)(SOCPh)2 (3), BuSn(Cl)2(SOCPh) (4) and [BuSn(OH)(Cl)(SOCPh)]2 (5) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 119Sn NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the coordination geometry around Sn(IV) in the cases of 2 and 4. 1, 2 and 5 are dimeric while 3 and 4 are monomeric. In all these molecules the thiobenzoate ion is coordinated only through its sulfur atom. Molecular structures of the compounds have been optimized by MM2 calculations. Semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations (PM3 method) were performed to explain the monodentate-bonding pattern of thiobenzoate ligand.     

含手性膦配体2-MBPA铂(Ⅱ)配合物的2DNMR

利用一维和二维ＮＭＲ技术,对含有手性膦配体的铂配合物ｃｉｓ－〔Ｐｔ（２－ＭＢＰＡＨ）２Ｃｌ２〕（１）,ｔｒａｎｓ－〔Ｐｔ（２－ＭＢＰＡＨ）２Ｃｌ２〕（２）,ｃｉｓ－〔Ｐｔ（２－ＭＢＰＡ）２〕（３）和ｃｉｓ－〔Ｐｔ（２－ＭＢＰＡ）（２－ＭＢＰＡＨ）Ｃｌ〕（４）进行１Ｈ和１３ＣＮＭＲ谱分析,区分了化合物（３）和（４）,归属了糖苷部分的１Ｈ和１３ＣＮＭＲ谱线,并根据磷和铂及磷与磷的偶合常数确定化合物（３）和（４）是顺式构型     

Helical complexes containing diamide-bridged benzene-o-dithiolato/catecholato ligands

The benzene-o-dithiol/catechol ligands H4-2 and H4-3 react with [TiO(acac)2] to give the dinuclear, double-stranded anionic complexes [Ti2(L)2(mu-OCH3)2](2-) ([22](2-), L=2(4-); [23](2-), L=3(4-)). NMR spectroscopic investigations reveal that the complex anion [Ti2(2)2(mu-OCH3)(2)](2-) is formed as a mixture of three of four possible isomers/pairs of enantiomers, whereas only one isomer of the complex anion [Ti2(3)2(mu-OCH3)(2)](2-) is obtained. The crystal structure analysis of (PNP)2[Ti2(3)2(mu-OCH3)2] shows a parallel orientation of the ligand strands, whereas the structure determination for (AsPh4)2[Ti2(2)2(mu-OCH3)2] does not yield conclusive results about the orientation of the ligand strands due the presence of different isomers in solution, the possible co-crystallisation of different isomers and severe disorder in the crystal. NMR spectroscopy shows that ligand H4-3 reacts at elevated temperature with [TiO(acac)2] to give the triple-stranded helicate (PNP)4[Ti2(3)3] ((PNP)4[24]) as a mixture of two isomers, one with a parallel orientation of the ligand strands and one with an antiparallel orientation. Exclusively the triple-stranded helicates [Ti2(L)(3)](4-) ([25](4-), L=1(4-); [26](2-), L=4(4-)) are formed in the reaction of ligands H4-1 and H4-4 with [TiO(acac)2]. The molecular structures of Na(PNP)3[Ti2(1)3]CH(3)OHH(2)OEt(2)O (Na(PNP)3[25]CH(3)OHH(2)OEt(2)O) and Na(1.5)(PNP)(6.5)[Ti2(4)3]2.3 DMF (Na(1.5)(PNP)(6.5)[26]2.3 DMF) reveal a parallel orientation of the ligand strands in both complexes, which is retained in solution. The sodium cations present in the crystal structures lead to two different kinds of aggregation in the solid state. Na-[25]-Na-[25]-Na polymeric chains are formed from compound Na(PNP)3[25], with the sodium cations coordinated by the carbonyl groups of two ligand strands from two different [Ti2(1)3](4-) ions in addition to solvent molecules. In contrast to this, two [Ti2(4)3](4-) ions are connected by a sodium cation that is coordinated by the three meta oxygen atoms of the catecholato groups of each complex tetraanion to form a central {NaO6} octahedron in the anionic pentanuclear complex {[26]-Na-[26]}(7-).     

Octahedral adducts of dichlorosilane with substituted pyridines: synthesis, reactivity and a comparison of their structures and (29)si NMR chemical shifts

H(2)SiCl(2) and substituted pyridines (Rpy) form adducts of the type all-trans-SiH(2*)Cl(2)2 Rpy. Pyridines with substituents in the 4- (CH(3), C(2)H(5), H(2)C=CH, (CH(3))(3)C, (CH(3))(2)N) and 3-positions (Br) give the colourless solids 1 a-f. The reaction with pyrazine results in the first 1:2 adduct (2) of H(2)SiCl(2) with an electron-deficient heteroaromatic compound. Treatment of 1 d and 1 e with CHCl(3) yields the ionic complexes [SiH(2)(Rpy)(4)]Cl(2*)6 CHCl(3) (Rpy=4-methylpyridine (3 d) and 4-ethylpyridine (3 e)). All products are investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and (29)Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. The Si atoms are found to be situated on centres of symmetry (inversion, rotation), and the Si-N distances vary between 193.3 pm for 1 c (4-(dimethylamino)pyridine complex) and 197.3 pm for 2. Interestingly, the pyridine moieties are coplanar and nearly in an eclipsed position with respect to the SiH(2) units, except for the ethyl-substituted derivative 1 e, which shows a more staggered conformation in the solid state. Calculation of the energy profile for the rotation of one pyridine ring indicates two minima that are separated by only 1.2 kJ mol(-1) and a maximum barrier of 12.5 kJ mol(-1). The (29)Si NMR chemical shifts (delta(iso)) range from -145.2 to -152.2 ppm and correlate with the electron density at the Si atoms, in other words with the +I and +M effects of the substituents. Again, compound 1 e is an exception and shows the highest shielding. The bonding situation at the Si atoms and the (29)Si NMR tensor components are analysed by quantum chemical methods at the density functional theory level. The natural bond orbital analysis indicates polar covalent Si-H bonds and very polar Si-Cl bonds, with the highest bond polarisation being observed for the Si-N interaction, which must be considered a donor-acceptor interaction. An analysis of the topological properties of the electron distribution (AIM) suggests a Lewis structure, thereby supporting this bonding situation.     

Na_3AlF_6-Al_2O_3熔盐体系中ZnFe_2O_4基阳极的电化学行为

研究了ＺｎＦｅ２Ｏ４基阳极在Ｎａ３ＡｌＦ６－Ａｌ２Ｏ３（ｓａｔｕｒａｔｅｄ）熔盐体系中的电化学稳定性,讨论了电极的析氧历程并得到了析氧过电位与阳极表观电流密度之间的Ｔａｆｅｌ关系式,η＝０．１２＋０．０５２ｌｏｇｉ（ｉ＝０．０１５－０．４４Ａ／ｃｍ２）。用三角波电位扫描法测定了电极析氧过程的伏安曲线     

The effect of salt content on the structure of iota‐carrageenan systems: 23Na DQF NMR and rheological studies

²³Na NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of Na⁺ ion concentrations on the structure of 1% (w/w) iota‐carrageenan systems, a natural gelling polysaccharide used as a thickener in the food industry. Rheological and ²³Na T₁ relaxation time measurements revealed that gel formation correlates with decreases in ion mobility over the range of 0–3% (w/w) sodium content. ²³Na single‐quantum (SQ) and double‐quantum‐filtered (DQF) NMR experiments performed on these systems provided evidence for a ‘bound’ sodium ion fraction in a specifically ordered environment. These results have allowed us to propose a model for the carrageenan gelation mechanism in the presence of Na⁺ ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.