用激光吹气注入高Z杂质使HL-1M托卡马克放电安全终止的研究

采用高Z杂质注入HL-1M等离子体中, 触发等离子体电流衰竭的实验已经施行.用激光吹气注入高Z杂质能够增加辐射冷却，等离子体在-3ms时间内迅速冷却而且在电流终止之前电子温度损失约80%.实验证明：它是一种使得大型聚变实验装置上在放电破裂之前显著减少等离子体中热能而且安全终止放电的简单、快速和有效的途径. 关键词： 高Z杂质 破裂 等离子体终止 激光吹气     

软X射线激光探针诊断高$lt;i$gt;Z$lt;/i$gt;材料等离子体

激光辐照靶产生的等离子体电子密度的诊断对于惯性约束聚变、高能量密度物理等相关领域的研究具有重要意义,特别是高Z材料等离子体临界面附近的电子密度分布信息的测量. 利用软X射线激光作为探针是诊断等离子体电子密度分布的一种重要方法,但在诊断激光辐照高Z材料产生的等离子体研究中,遇到了高Z材料等离子体自发辐射过大的问题,难以开展. 为此,针对软X射线激光的特点,发展了多种具体的实验技术. 通过综合利用这些技术,大大的抑制了待测等离子体自发辐射对信号的影响,使得软X射线激光探针诊断高Z材料等离子体成为可能. 作为典型例子,实验诊断了激光辐照金平面靶的等离子体,获得了清晰的实验图像,表明相关的技术是有效和可行的. 关键词： 等离子体诊断 激光探针技术 软X射线激光 Z材料等离子体')" href="#">高Z材料等离子体     

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HL-2A和HL-1M装置采用了激光吹气注入高Z杂质来缓减大破裂中的等离子体电流衰竭,并给出了初步实验结果。在HL-2A装置上建立了利用MHD扰动的参量预报放电破裂先兆的报警系统,研制了MHD实时检测与处理系统,实现了放电破裂先兆的预报、快速触发激光吹气、形成阻性高辐射等离子体、消耗热能和磁能,缓减大破裂。实验证明,这是一种使得大型聚变实验装置在放电破裂之前显著减少等离子体中热能和磁能,而且能安全终止放电的简单、快速和有效的途径。     

The characteristics of confined ablation in laser propulsion

Compared with direct ablation, confined ablation provides an effective way to obtain a large target momentum and a high coupling coefficient. By using a transparent glass layer to cover the target surface, the coupling coefficient is enhanced by an order of magnitude. With the increase of the gap width between the target surface and the cover layer, the coupling coefficient exponentially decreases. It is found that the coupling coefficient is also related to the thickness of the cover layer.     

POTENTIAL SAFE TERMINATION BY LASER ABLATION OF HIGH Z IMPURITY IN THE HL-1M TOKAMAK

A preliminary experiment for triggering a plasma current quench by high Z impurities has been performed on the HL-1 M tokamak. Using injection of impurity with the higher charge of the nuclei allows us to increase the radiation cooling. It can be a simple and potential approach for decreasing significantly the plasma thermal energy before a disruption and for safe termination of the plasma.     

纳秒激光烧蚀冲量耦合数值模拟

为研究激光烧蚀靶产生冲量过程和机理, 建立了一个复杂的一维热传导和流体动力学模型. 以空间碎片常见材料Al为例, 用建立的模型数值计算了纳秒脉宽激光烧蚀靶产生的冲量及冲量耦合系数随时间变化情况. 数值结果和已有的实验数据符合的较好. 数值计算表明: 激光脉冲时间内, 靶获得的冲量随时间迅速增加, 在脉冲时间结束后, 冲量变化随时间趋于稳定; 在冲量耦合过程中, 烧蚀等离子体向真空膨胀, 羽流尺度逐渐增大, 同时吸收入射激光能量, 导致激光与靶耦合的能量降低. 关键词： 激光烧蚀 冲量耦合 等离子体     

Sawtooth-like electron density oscillations under laser blow-off and lower hybrid current drive in HL-1M tokamak

By using of a six-channel HCN laser interferometer, the sawtooth-like density oscillations without being exhibited in the ohmic phase plasma have been observed during lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) discharges in the HL-1M device. There are often accompanied by injected impurity with laser blow-off. Analyses show that this kind of density sawtooth-like oscillation comes from the mutual effect of LHCD and impurity. An available mechanism is the loss of superthermal electrons by the magnetic perturbation, which is caused by the crash of the central accumulated impurities.     

准分子激光轰击Y-Ba-Cu-O高温超导靶的空间分辨光谱研究

采用WP4-光学多道分析仪对准分子激光轰击Y_1Ba_2Cu_3O_x超导靶产生的等离子体辐射进行了空间分辨测量和研究。实验结果表明,在靶面的邻近区(d<0.4mm),等离子体辐射为较强的连续谱,并迭加有Y、Ba原子和Y~+、Ba~+离子基态电子跃迁的自吸收线。Y、Ba、Cu原子和相应的一价离子以及金属氧化物分子激发态的发射谱线仅在距靶面为0.4mm以外的区域出现。光谱的测量结果支持靶面表层发生爆炸、出射分子簇团和固体微粒的激光烧蚀沉积动力学机制解释。     

单脉冲飞秒激光烧蚀炸药过程的热效应研究

飞秒激光能够在极短时间内烧蚀炸药产生高温高压等离子体。可以利用飞秒激光对含能材料或含能元器件进行精密加工。深入认识飞秒激光烧蚀炸药过程中,炸药内部的热效应是发展飞秒激光加工炸药技术的基础。建立了单脉冲飞秒激光烧蚀炸药过程的流固耦合计算模型,考虑了在高温高压等离子体和炸药自热反应的共同作用下,炸药内部的热效应。对飞秒激光烧蚀TNT炸药过程进行了流体力学数值模拟。计算结果表明：TNT炸药中未烧蚀区域产生了热效应,峰值温度高于TNT炸药的点火温度,但由于炸药内热效应区域极小,高温持续时间极短,因此炸药内温度迅速下降,没有发生点火现象。     

脉冲激光烧蚀推进技术的航天应用进展

脉冲激光烧蚀推进技术具有比冲高和推力可精确控制的特点,既可用于发射有效载荷也可用于星载动力,甚至可用小行星表面物质作为推进剂使其偏转轨道,因此,在航天领域得到越来越多关注。围绕激光单级入轨发射、同步轨道和火星轨道运输;激光微推力器用于航天器姿轨控,以及激光与电组合推进;激光烧蚀操控cm级空间碎片的轨道,以及激光烧蚀操控较大尺寸碎片的姿态;激光烧蚀偏转小行星轨道等方面,对脉冲激光烧蚀推进技术在航天领域研究现状和进展,进行了系统全面地归纳和总结,并对激光平均功率、波长、脉宽和推进剂选材等关键问题,进行了详细分析。     

Investigation of nanoparticle generation during femtosecond laser ablation of metals

The production of nanoparticles via femtosecond laser ablation of gold and copper is investigated experimentally involving measurements of the ablated mass, plasma diagnostics, and analysis of the nanoparticle size distribution. The targets were irradiated under vacuum with a spot of uniform energy distribution. Only a few laser pulses were applied to each irradiation site to make sure that the plume expansion dynamics were not altered by the depth of the laser-produced crater. Under these conditions, the size distribution of nanoparticles does not exhibit a maximum and the particle abundance monotonously decreases with size. Furthermore, the results indicate that two populations of nanoparticles exist within the plume: small clusters that are more abundant in the fast frontal plume component and larger particles that are located mostly at the back. It is shown that the ablation efficiency is strongly related to the presence of nanoparticles in the plume.     

Micromachining of a thin film by laser ablation using femtosecond laser with masks

A gold thin film was machined by laser ablation using a femtosecond laser with mask patterns in the shape of lines and numbers. The patterns were successfully transferred with proper focusing and laser fluence. The optimal femtosecond laser fluence to keep the line width was about 5.2 mJ/cm² on the mask, and 99 mJ/cm² on the film. The processing resolution was 13 μm, and the narrowest line width was about 4 μm.     

脉冲Nd:YAG激光烧蚀Cu产生等离子体总辐射的时空分辨研究

通过时空分辨的光谱测量技术,测定了在环境气压下,Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ脉冲激光烧蚀金属Ｃｕ产生等离子体的总辐射随时间与空间的强度分布,研究了烧蚀环境气压对总辐射强度的影响,提出了电子碰撞与复合激发模型。     

HL-1M装置上MHD不稳定性磁扰动模的传播

对在HL-1M装置放电实验中发现的宏观MHD不稳定性磁扰动模的传播现象进行了研究。通过对实验中发现的各种极向模数m值的MHD磁扰动模特征的观察,以及在不同放电条件,特别是在偏压H模放电下传播方向不同的分析,深入研究了MHD模传播与等离子体旋转的定性关系。     

HL-2M 装置运行控制技术初步研究

重点介绍了 HL-2M 装置的运行技术和初步的等离子体控制实验结果,包括等离子体放电方案设计、 线圈电流控制、击穿阶段零场匹配和等离子体电流以及位移的控制。为了降低放电运行风险,HL-2M 装置初始放 电采用了简化的放电方案,通过整定 PID 参数实现了线圈电流控制,在击穿阶段获得了 10V 以上的环电压和较大 范围的零场区域,成功实现等离子体击穿。最后,投入了等离子体电流和水平位移反馈控制算法,成功将等离子 体放电脉宽提升至 200ms 以上,且维持 I_p≥100kA 的时间超过了 100ms,上述结果表明 HL-2M 装置运行控制技术 得到了初步的检验。      

飞秒激光烧蚀铝靶产生喷射物的超快脉冲数字全息诊断

采用脉冲数字显微全息技术,对50 fs单脉冲激光烧蚀铝靶过程中的物质喷射以及等离子体演化的动态过程进行了实验研究,获得了高时空分辨的动态数字全息图.由全息图观察到了热弹力波引起的二次喷射现象,并且报道了大延迟下喷射物质对400 nm探测光所引起的干涉条纹的反常移动现象.通过对全息图进行数字再现,得到了不同延迟下探测光穿过等离子体后的二维相位分布,并运用逆Abel变换算法获得了等离子体折射率以及等效电子密度的时空演化动态过程.根据实验以及计算所得到的有关于喷射物的光学性质,对喷射物的结构和成分进行了分析. 关键词： 脉冲数字全息 飞秒激光烧蚀 超快时间分辨 等离子体     

Efficient fabrication of substrates for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using laser ablation in liquids

Substrates for the surface-assisted laser desorption ionization (SALDI) technique were prepared using electrophoresis of gold nanoparticles produced by laser ablation in liquids. Throughout the preparation, no supplemental reagent was added for the stabilization and deposition of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were deposited more uniformly using the electrophoresis technique than using dropping of the solution. Results demonstrated that the higher uniformity of the deposition of nanoparticles improved the reproducibility of SALDI measurements. Furthermore, the thickness of the deposited nanoparticles influences the SALDI efficiency.     

Spectroscopic studies of sodium nitrate plasma produced by nanosecond laser ablation

We present the optical emission characteristics of the sodium plasma produced at the surface of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) also known as Chile saltpeter. We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG (Quantel Brilliant) pulsed laser having a pulse duration of 5?ns and 10?Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400?mJ at 1064?nm and 200?mJ at 532?nm. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air (atmospheric pressure). The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sodium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying the distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of the plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with the distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as the laser irradiance is increased.     

脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体反冲压力物理模型研究与应用

分析了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体等温膨胀阶段的物理特性,建立了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体压力三维方程与动力学模型.应用所建模型,数值分析了单脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体相关特性,得到等离子体的反冲压力最大值870 Pa出现在约25 ns后,距离砂轮表面距离约0.05 mm处.相关条件下开展脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮试验,采用高速相机观测烧蚀砂轮过程中的飞溅现象;采用光栅光谱仪测量等离子体空间发射光谱,计算了等离子体电子温度、电子密度以及反冲压力.实验表明脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体反冲压力可以不计,同时也验证了气体方程与动力学模型的正确性和可行性,对脉冲光纤激光烧蚀工艺优化具有启示意义.     

Nanoparticles size modifications during femtosecond laser ablation of nickel in vacuum

Nanoparticles were synthesized by irradiating a nickel target with femtosecond laser pulses in high vacuum, and subsequently analyzed. The proof-of-principle experiments aim to modify the size characteristics of the produced nanoparticles. For nickel it is found that: (i) ultraviolet laser pulses lead to a remarkable change in the nanoparticles size distribution with respect to visible laser pulses; (ii) irradiation of the femtosecond pulses induced ablation plume with a second, delayed ultraviolet laser pulse can change the size characteristics of the produced nanoparticles.