Lidar Multiple Scattering in Water Droplet Clouds: Toward an Improved Treatment

Although it has long been recognized that the effects of photon multiple scattering generally need to be accounted for in the analysis of lidar cloud returns, this is a difficult problem and current approaches are still rudimentary. The multiple scattering process is controlled by the size of the lidar beamwidth and the distance to the cloud, which jointly determine the lidar footprint, but cloud microphysical content (i.e., particle size, concentration, and shape) exerts a strong influence on the range distribution and depolarization of the returned energy. Since clouds are inherently inhomogeneous with height, it is our premise that vertically homogeneous cloud simulations based on idealized particle size distributions lead to misleading results. We offer a more realistic approach based on the contents of growing water droplet clouds predicted by a sophisticated adiabatic cloud model, which are offered for use as new standard vertically-inhomogeneous cloud models. Lidar returned signal and depolarization profiles derived from our analytical double-scattering method are given for inter-comparison purposes.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21–23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

Feasibility of a Lidar Utilizing the Glory for Measuring Particle Size of Water Clouds

A new lidar method for measuring water cloud particle size is proposed, and the feasibility of the measurement is discussed. The method utilizes the phenomenon known as the glory which is observed in open air. The proposed lidar consists of a multicolor laser transmitter and two receiver systems looking at the scattering from the target cloud with different scattering angles. Results of the theoretical study show that a system with five laser wavelengths (355, 532, 750, 1064 and 1500 nm) and two receivers located at scattering angles of 180 and 177.5–179 deg is useful for measuring particle size (mode radius of the size distribution) in a range of 4 to 12μm.     

Spaceborne Laser Rangefinder “LORA” Used as a Cloud Lidar

First, in this report an overview is given on the use of the Russian laser altimeter in space “LORA” as a lidar for cloud measurements. Secondly, the influence of multiple scattering is verified by analysis of the backscatter signals from clouds having the excellent range resolution of a rangefinder.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21–23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

Two-Color Dual-Polarization Pulsed Bistatic Lidar for Measuring Water Cloud Droplet Size

The concept of a pulsed bistatic lidar for measuring water cloud particle size is presented. The method uses a two-color laser and a receiver with a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. The dependence of Mie scattering on scattering angle, wavelength, and polarization is used to derive water cloud droplet size. The measurement was simulated for the C₁ and C₂ clouds, and the technique for determining mode radius was studied. The result shows the lidar system with a two-wavelength laser (1064 nm and 532 nm) and a dual-polarization receiver fixed at a scattering angle of around 178 deg can be used to measure a cloud particle size (mode radius) of 4 to 12 μm. Evaluation of the effect of multiple scattering showed that the method can be applied not only for the measurement at the cloud base but also in the cloud where multiple scattering is not negligible.     

Polarization of Lidar Returns from Water Clouds: Calculations and Laboratory Scaled Measurements

The main features of a Monte Carlo code developed to deal with polarization of lidar returns from water clouds in multiple scattering regime are described. The paper presents an example of results pertaining to a stratified cloud structure, and a series of comparisons of calculation results with measurements carried out in the laboratory. For double scattering a comparison of Monte Carlo results with those of an analytical formula is also given.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21–23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

A Raman lidar has been developed with photon counting technique. Aerosol and cloud extinction coefficients are derived by nitrogen (N2) molecular Raman scatter returns in the troposphere. Both backscatter coefficients and extinction-backscatter-ratios of aerosol and cloud are presented by simultaneously combining N2 Raman and Mie-Rayleigh returns of aerosol and molecule. Ratios of extinction to backscatter between 20 sr and 70 sr are usually found for aerosol, but less than 15 sr for mid-high altitude cloud in the troposphere.     

Sensitivity of depolarized lidar signals to cloud and aerosol particle properties

Measurements from depolarized lidars provide a promising method to retrieve both cloud and aerosol properties and a versatile complement to passive satellite-based sensors. For lidar observations of clouds and aerosols, multiple scattering plays an important role in the scattering process. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of lidar backscattering depolarization to cloud and aerosol properties. Lidar parameters are chosen to be similar to those of the upcoming space-based CALIPSO lidar. Cases are considered that consist of a single cloud or aerosol layer, as well as a case in which cirrus clouds overlay different types of aerosols. It is demonstrated that besides thermodynamic cloud phase, the depolarized lidar signal may provide additional information on ice or aerosol particle shapes. However, our results show little sensitivity to ice or aerosol particle sizes. Additionally, for the case of multiple but overlapping layers involving both clouds and aerosols, the depolarized lidar contains information that can help identify the particle properties of each layer.     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

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Measurement of water cloud particle size with a dual-polarization pulsed bistatic lidar

A new bistatic lidar was developed for measuring water cloud particle size at the base of lower clouds. The lidar uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and a receiver having a polarization analyzer located at a suitable scattering angle. Cloud particle size (mode radius of the assumed size distribution) was derived from the ratio of the polarization components of the scattered light based on the single scattering Mie theory. The experiment was performed on board the research vessel Mirai in the northwestern Pacific. Particle size at the bottom of maritime cumulus and stratus was measured, and the difference between the internal structures of cumulus and stratus was observed. The effect of multiple scattering was studied by changing the observing scattering angle. The effect was not significant when the penetration depth was less than 50 m.     

米散射激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具，可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度，从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段．正在研制的一台基于532nm波长的车载式米散射激光雷达，用于大气能见度的测量；简单介绍了正在研制的激光雷达的技术参数，给出了测量数据的处理方法；利用雷达的技术参数进行了模拟计算，显示了该激光雷达探测大气水平能见度的可靠性，计算误差显示在大气能见度为10km时该激光雷达的测量误差小于16％．     

Signal Penetration into Thick Clouds Studied by Multi-Layer Data Observed with a Micro-Pulse Lidar

Lidar return signals are studied for a micro-pulse lidar under sky conditions with multi-layer clouds. From theoretical considerations on the lidar signal-to-noise ratio, it is estimated that the maximum cloud optical thickness detectable is about 3.7. This result reasonably agrees with the actual multi-layer cloud data obtained from observations in Sukhothai, Thailand. Deviations from theoretical prediction, however, are found for a geometrically thin but dense cloud, and for a moderately concentrated but geometrically thick cloud. The effect of multiple scattering is also discussed.     

New dust aerosol identification method for spaceborne lidar measurements

Classification is a critical step in the backscatter lidar data processing to accurately retrieve extinction and backscatter profiles of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Different schemes, such as the probability distribution functions (PDFs) method, have been used in the cloud and aerosol classification. In this paper, we attempt to use the support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate aerosols from clouds, with a focus on dust aerosol classification in China. To demonstrate the feasibility of the SVM classifier, we chose dust storms that occurred in the Gobi and Taklimakan deserts and observed by the CALIPSO lidar in spring time 2007. The results show that the SVM can correctly identify the dust storms.     

Lidar Network System for Monitoring the Atmospheric Environment in Jakarta City

A lidar network system consisting of two Mie scattering lidars and one differential absorption lidar was developed to measure the atmospheric environment in Jakarta. The three lidars were installed at three locations in Jakarta to study atmospheric boundary layer structure and transportation of atmospheric pollutants. The Mie scattering lidars employ compact flashlamp pumped Nd:YAG lasers operated at 1064 nm fundamental. They are installed in shelters and directed vertically. One of the Mie lidar has a rotating wedged window for scanning conically to measure wind velocity using a correlation method. The DIAL system employs two Nd:YAG laser-pumped optical parametric oscillators. The DIAL is designed to measure distribution of ozone and SO₂ in the near UV region, and NO₂ in the 450-nm region. The system is installed in a shelter and has a full scanning capability.     

Lidar calibration experiments

A series of atmospheric aerosol diffusion experiments combined with lidar detection was conducted to evaluate and calibrate an existing retrieval algorithm for aerosol backscatter lidar systems. The calibration experiments made use of two (almost) identical mini-lidar systems for aerosol cloud detection to test the reproducibility and uncertainty of lidars. Lidar data were obtained from both single-ended and double-ended lidar configurations. A backstop was introduced in one of the experiments and a new method was developed where information obtained from the backstop can be used in the inversion algorithm. Independent in-situ aerosol plume concentrations were obtained from a simultaneous tracer gas experiment with SF, and comparisons with the two lidars were made. The study shows that the reproducibility of the lidars is within 15%, including measurements from both sides of a plume. The correspondence with in-situ measurements is excellent. Finally, the new backstop method is able to reveal information which can close the lidar equation by obtaining the relation between backscatter and extinction in an aerosol cloud. Received: 21 December 1995 / Revised version: 25 July 1996     

基于粒子谱的多波长激光雷达近场大气光学参数校正方法

非同轴激光雷达由于存在发射激光与接收望远镜之间的不完全重叠区, 造成近场回波信号与真实大气信号不一致. 对于多波长激光雷达, 这种不一致更为突出和复杂. 然而, 近场大气是人类活动最集中的区域, 因此对多波长激光雷达近场信号进行校正, 对于了解和探究边界层大气具有十分重要的意义. 提出了一种利用粒子谱仪测量近地层气溶胶尺度谱分布并运用Mie 散射理论和低层大气指数衰减规律, 进而直接校正多波长激光雷达消光系数廓线近场信号的新方法. 通过对晴天、多云天气和雾天多波长气溶胶消光系数廓线近场信号的校正, 证明了该方法的可行性和实用性. 该方法着重考虑了多波长激光雷达比的波长依赖性和气溶胶粒子谱分布的天气相关性, 将该方法用于近地层大气消光系数廓线校正, 减少了由于不考虑这两个因素带来的消光系数廓线反演和校正的不确定性. 该方法对于研究不同天气情况下边界层内的大气气溶胶物理、光学特性具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义.     

Electrical and photoelectrical studies of plasma polymerized acrylonitrile

The electrical and photoelectrical properties of plasma polymerized acrylonitrile (PAN) are reported. The polymer films were studied in silver-PAN-silver systems. Electrical conductivity at room temperature was of the order of 10⁻¹¹ ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The space charge limited current (SCLC) studies at room temperature and thermally stimulated current studies (TSC) over a temperature range of 290–500°K led to a clear understanding of carrier concentration, carrier mobility, trapping levels and activation energies. Photoelectric measurements were used to draw a band picture in plasma depositedPAN.     

亚稳态氦共振荧光激光雷达系统方案比较分析

对脉冲光和连续光两种激光雷达系统进行了改进,在原有激光雷达系统的基础上进一步细化设计参数,并结合系统本身限制选择更合适的设备.对两种激光雷达系统回波信号进行模拟计算,并就信噪比和实现难度等方面进行了对比,结果表明,脉冲光激光雷达更合适探测热层和外逸层亚稳态氦密度.     

基于分类的红外云层背景弱小目标检测方法

提出了一种新的基于模糊分类的红外云层背景弱小目标检测方法.根据红外成像的特点,将红外云层背景弱小目标图像分为三类:边缘类、净空及云中类、弱小目标类;对不同类别图像进行分析,建立了分类模型,并定义了方向特征矢量,将其作为类别的特征矢量;根据模糊分类的理论,定义了类相似系数来判别图像中每一个像素的类别属性,保留弱小目标类的像素点完成检测.实验结果表明,该方法能够对红外弱小目标图像中不同类型的区域进行准确的分类,从而较好的实现了对低信杂比的复杂云层背景图像中的弱小目标检测.     

米散射激光雷达剖面数据三次样条垂直水平插值法

传统的空间数据插值方法在米散射激光雷达剖面扫描数据的距离高度显示图可视化应用方面具有一定的局限性.本文分析了米散射激光雷达剖面扫描数据以仰角为基础的空间位置关系与大气参数的空间分布特性,分别在垂直与水平位置上合理选取参考数据,给出位置相关性权重,基于三次样条函数法进行数据变化趋势的平滑性修正,完成缺失数据插值.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高米散射大气激光雷达扫描数据空间插值的准确性,插值数据误差小,距离高度显示图图形趋势过度平滑,符合大气参数的整体变化规律.     

小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的研制和应用

介绍了小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的系统结构、技术参数以及激光雷达信号处理的关键技术和处理方法。给出了测量结果,并与Vaisala公司能见度仪的测量结果进行了对比。这种Mie散射激光雷达具有结构紧凑、重量轻的特点,非常适合于进行能见度和大气消光特性时空分布和时间演变特性的研究。同时也可以进行车载或者结合扫描装置进行自动扫描监测,以获取感兴趣的区域颗粒物的时空分布。