DNS study on the formation of Lambda rotational core and the role of TS wave in boundary layer transition

Λ-vortex plays a pivotal role in the boundary layer transition process. In this paper, the generation of Lambda rotational core (Λ-vortex) in boundary layer transition and the role of TS (Tollmien–Schlichting) waves performed are studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in detail. It shows that the growth of TS wave under non-linear NS equations differs from the one under linearised NS (Navier–Stokes) equations at very early stage. With the evolution of TS waves, a newly found evolution procedure under non-linear NS equations helps to form the perturbation structures and lead them to evolve to Λ-vortices. The transition process undergoing the non-linear stage is also found to be much earlier than the previous studies had suggested.     

DNS study on bursting and intermittency in late boundary layer transition

Experimental and numerical investigations have suggested the existence of a strong correlation between the passage of coherent structures and events of bursting and intermittency. However, a detailed cause-and-effect study on the subject is rarely found in the literature due to the complexity and the nonlinear multiscale nature of turbulent flows. The primary goal of this research is to explore the motion and evolution of coherent structures during late transition, whose structure is much more ordered than that of fully developed turbulence, and their relationship with events of bursting and intermittency based on a verified high-order direct numerical simulation (DNS). The computation was carried out on a flat plate at Reynolds number 1000 (based on the inflow displacement thickness) with an inflow Mach number 0.5. It is concluded that bursting and intermittency detected by stationary sensors in a transitional boundary layer actually result from the passage and development of vortical structures, and it would be more rational to design transitional turbulence models based on modelling the moving vortical structures rather than the statistical features and experimental experiences.     

DNS of compressible turbulent boundary layer over a blunt wedge

Wall turbulence is more complicated than free turbulence, and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of wall turbulence is more difficult. In recent years, most of DNS cases for wall turbulence are simplified by using temporal mode, where streamwise pe- riodic boundary condition is imposed. In temporal mode, spatial transition will be con- sidered as an analogue of time-evolving transition. For the channel turbulence, an equivalent body force can substitute for the mean gradient of pressure, …     

The mechanism of breakdown in laminar-turbulent transition of a supersonic boundary layer on a flat plate-temporal mode

Recently, more and more attentions have been paid to the transition and turbulence of compressible flows, especially supersonic flows, but progress is very slow. In general, attentions were paid to the evolution of disturbances in laminar flow region, and the mechanism of breakdown process in laminar-turbulent transition remains unclear. The conventional idea of what leads to laminar-turbulent transition is that the transi-tion starts from the amplification of disturbances, and when the distur…     

Physical implication of two problems in transition prediction of boundary layers based on linear stability theory

Up to now,the most widely used method for transition prediction is the one based on linear stability theory.When it is applied to three-dimensional boundary layers,one has to choose the direction,or path,along which the growth rate of the disturbance is to be integrated.The direction given by using saddle point method in the theory of complex variable function is seen as mathematically most reasonable.However,unlike the saddle point method applied to water waves,here its physical meaning is not so obvious,as the frequency and wave number may be complex.And on some occasions,in advancing the integration of the growth rate of the disturbance,up to a certain location,one may not be able to continue the integration,because the condition for specifying the direction set by the saddle point method can no longer be satisfied on the basis of continuously varying wave number.In this paper,these two problems are discussed,and suggestions for how to do transition prediction under the latter condition are provided.     

转捩区长度对回转体流噪声的影响

本文通过分析回转体边界层转捩区声辐射的机理,就转捩区长度对回转体转捩区辐射声压谱的影响进行了讨论。结果表明,来流速度和回转体直径是影响回转体转捩区长度、也是影响回轨体转捩区辐射声压谱的主要因素,在来流攻回轨体直径相同时,则回转体形对转捩区长度的影响超主导作用,采用本文的方法所得的理论值与实验值之间的一致性较好。     

平板边界层转捩过程中低频信号的产生

利用Fourier频谱分析和小波变换处理在平板边界层转捩过程中测得的速度信号,观察到频谱中存在低于基本扰动波频率的含能信号,即文中所谓的低频信号.在进一步分析中,发现这种低频信号的产生可能与流动的间歇性有关.由于流动的间歇性导致速度信号的脉动,数据结构产生间歇变化,这种信号并不一定对应于流场中的某一物理结构的真实频率 关键词： 边界层 转捩 Fourier频谱分析 小波变换     

展向凹槽及泄流孔对高超声速平板边界层转捩影响的试验研究

针对展向凹槽和泄流孔对高超声速钝平板边界层转捩的影响,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心F2 m激波风洞(FD-14A)开展了试验及初步的计算与理论研究.试验的来流马赫数为6、单位雷诺数为3.3×107/m,平板的前缘半径为1 mm,攻角为–4°.在距平板前缘110 mm处布置三组不同的二维展向凹槽,凹槽的宽度与深度分别为凹槽1(2.5 mm,1 mm)、凹槽2(3.75 mm,1.5 mm)、凹槽3(5 mm,2 mm),同时凹槽1的两端可以打开泄流孔,记为凹槽4,不含凹槽时的光滑平板情况记为凹槽5或平板.采用热流传感器测量了不同情况下平板中心线的热流分布,测量结果显示,光滑平板情况在x≈340 mm处开始转捩,在x≈425 mm处转捩接近完成.凹槽导致平板边界层的转捩位置提前,且随着凹槽宽度及深度的增加,对转捩的促进作用增强,转捩位置向上游移动.凹槽1增加泄流孔后(凹槽4)其热流分布及转捩位置与光滑平板情况基本一致.边界层流动完全转捩为湍流后,各情况下的热流差别较小,表明不同规格的凹槽只影响转捩过程中的热流分布,对转捩完成后的湍流壁面热流影响较小.数值计算(CFD)结果显示,泄流孔导致了被动抽吸,试验结果显示凹槽两端的泄流孔抽吸效应抵消了凹槽对平板中心线边界层转捩的促进作用.采用线性稳定性理论(LST)及最优扰动方法分析了光滑钝平板情况的流动失稳机制.LST结果显示,本文平板流动不存在Mack第一模态、第二模态失稳,因此传统的模态失稳机制无法解释试验中观测到的转捩现象.最优扰动计算显示,平板流动存在较强的非模态失稳,可以定性解释观测到的转捩现象.     

Modelling flow transition in a hypersonic boundary layer with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes approach

Based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes approach,a laminar-turbulence transition model is proposed in this study that takes into account the effects of different instability modes associated with the variations in Mach numbers of compressible boundary layer flows.The model is based on k-ω-γ three-equation eddy-viscosity concept with k representing the fluctuating kinetic energy,ωthe specific dissipation rate and the intermittency factorγ.The particular features of the model are that:1)k includes the non-tu...     

回转体边界层转捩区声辐射的预报方法研究

基于边界层理论和转捩区声辐射理论,利用Liepmann理论Krane偶极子声源改进模型,在研究回转体表面的压力梯度和声衍射损失对转捩区声辐射影响的基础上,改进了回转体边界层转捩区声辐射的预报方法。结果表明:与零压力梯度相比,逆压梯度下的转捩区将导致更高的噪声辐射,利用改进方法预报的噪声级与实验值的一致性较好。     

Observations of the atmospheric boundary layer across the land-sea transition zone using a scanning Mie lidar

Optical properties of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) above the land-sea transition interface were measured using a scanning Mie lidar located 30 km away from the Adriatic coast. Based on the two-dimensional range-height-indicator scans, detailed information on the ABL was obtained, including parameters such as atmospheric optical depth, aerosol extinction coefficient and the height of the ABL. The presented case study indicates that the height of the ABL in the land-sea transition zone and the adjacent mountainous region was changing rapidly due to highly variable atmospheric conditions.     

高压下Fe从bcc到hcp结构相变机理的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法, 分别研究了压力作用下Fe从体心立方 (bcc,α 相) 结构到六角密排(hcp, ε相) 结构相变的两种不同的相变机理: 相变过程中出现亚稳定的面心立方(fcc) 结构(bcc-fcc-hcp) , 以及相变过程中没有出现亚稳定的fcc结构(bcc-hcp) . 计算结果表明: 静水压力条件下, 相变过程中并不会产生亚稳定的fcc结构, 这与最近的原位XRD实验测量结果相一致. 随着压力的增加, fcc-hcp的相变势垒逐渐增加, 压力趋向于阻止Fe从fcc结构到hcp结构的相变. 计算得到了相变过程中原子磁性和结构的详细信息, 分析表明相变过程中涉及复杂的磁性转变, 并且讨论了原子磁性对结构转变影响的物理机理. 此外, 对分子动力学模拟中产生亚稳定的fcc结构的原因也进行了讨论. 关键词： 相变机理 静水压力 第一性原理 铁     

Modelling of turbulent scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS databases

A transport equation for scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames was modelled on the basis of DNS databases. Fully developed turbulent premixed flames were obtained for three different density ratios of flames with a single-step irreversible reaction, while the turbulent intensity was comparable to the laminar burning velocity. These DNS databases showed that the countergradient diffusion was dominant in the flame region. Analyses of the Favre-averaged transport equation for turbulent scalar flux proved that the pressure related terms and the velocity–reaction rate correlation term played important roles on the countergradient diffusion, while the mean velocity gradient term, the mean progress variable gradient term and dissipation terms suppressed it. Based on these analyses, modelling of the combustion-related terms was discussed. The mean pressure gradient term and the fluctuating pressure term were modelled by scaling, and these models were in good agreement with DNS databases. The dissipation terms and the velocity–reaction rate correlation term were also modelled, and these models mimicked DNS well.     

A DNS study of the physical mechanisms associated with density ratio influence on turbulent burning velocity in premixed flames

Data obtained in 3D direct numerical simulations of statistically planar, 1D weakly turbulent flames characterised by different density ratios σ are analysed to study the influence of thermal expansion on flame surface area and burning rate. Results show that, on the one hand, the pressure gradient induced within a flame brush owing to heat release in flamelets significantly accelerates the unburned gas that deeply intrudes into the combustion products in the form of an unburned mixture finger, thus causing large-scale oscillations of the burning rate and flame brush thickness. Under the conditions of the present simulations, the contribution of this mechanism to the creation of the flame surface area is substantial and is increased by σ, thus implying an increase in the burning rate by σ. On the other hand, the total flame surface areas simulated at σ = 7.53 and 2.5 are approximately equal. The apparent inconsistency between these results implies the existence of another thermal expansion effect that reduces the influence of σ on the flame surface area and burning rate. Investigation of the issue shows that the flow acceleration by the combustion-induced pressure gradient not only creates the flame surface area by pushing the finger tip into the products, but also mitigates wrinkling of the flame surface (the side surface of the finger) by turbulent eddies. The latter effect is attributed to the high-speed (at σ = 7.53) axial flow of the unburned gas, which is induced by the axial pressure gradient within the flame brush (and the finger). This axial flow acceleration reduces the residence time of a turbulent eddy in an unburned zone of the flame brush (e.g. within the finger). Therefore, the capability of the eddy for wrinkling the flamelet surface (e.g. the side finger surface) is weakened owing to a shorter residence time.     

The evolution of synthesised vortices in turbulent boundary layer

Particle image velocimetry technique has been used to investigate the evolution of synthesised vortical structures in the turbulent boundary layer. Synthetic jet actuator is implemented on the flat plate surface to synthesise various vortical structures by operating the actuator at varying operating parameters. The vortices are issued into the boundary layer and their evolution and subsequent interaction with the relatively less energetic near wall fluid is studied. The investigation is based on the quantitative measurements that are made both on the central and parallel lateral planes. Finally, the enhancement of the wall shear stress resulted in by the passing vortices is measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the actuator towards flow separation control.     

VO2金属-绝缘体相变机理的研究进展

VO₂是一种热致相变金属氧化物. 在341 K附近, VO₂发生由低温绝缘体相到高温金属相的可逆转变, 同时伴随着光学、电学和磁学等性质的可逆突变, 这种独特的性质使得VO₂在光电开关材料、智能玻璃、存储介质材料等领域有着广阔的应用前景. 因此, VO₂金属-绝缘体可逆相变一直是人们的研究热点, 但其相变机理至今未有定论. 首先, 简要概述了VO₂相变时晶体结构和能带结构的变化情况: 从晶体结构来讲, 相变前后VO₂从低温时的单斜相VO₂(M)转变为高温稳定的金红石相VO₂(R), 在一定条件下此过程也可能伴随着亚稳态单斜相VO₂(B)与四方相VO₂(A)的产生; 从能带结构来看, VO₂处于低温单斜相时, 其d_//能带和π^*能带之间存在一个禁带, 带宽约为0.7 eV, 费米能级恰好落在禁带之间, 表现出绝缘性, 而在高温金红石相时, 其费米能级落在π^*能带与d_//能带之间的重叠部分, 因此表现出金属导电性. 其次, 着重总结了VO₂相变物理机理的研究现状. 主要包括: 电子关联驱动相变、结构驱动相变以及电子关联和结构共同驱动相变的3种理论体系以及支撑这些理论体系的实验结果. 文献报道争论的焦点在于, VO₂是否是Mott绝缘体以及结构相变与MIT相变是否精确同时发生. 最后, 展望了VO₂材料研究的发展方向.