Dynamics of the deformation and destruction of a heterogeneous body (granite) under the influence of an electric discharge

The device is constructed, which makes it possible to simultaneously detect, with a time resolution of 10 ns, fractoluminescence as well as electromagnetic emission and surface deformation observed in a solid during its destruction under the effect of a shock wave. Using this device, time dependences of deformation and destruction of the granite plate caused by an electric breakdown with an energy of 0.2 J in air near its surface are investigated. It is found that the breakdown causes the appearance of a shock wave in granite, the velocity of which is ～5 km/s. The shock wave stimulates emission of a plasma consisting of atoms and ions, which enter into the graphite composition, from the granite surface. It is assumed that the appearance of the plasma is caused by cumulation of the shock wave energy in micropores contained in graphite.     

Structural changes in a heterogeneous solid (granite) under shock wave action

The structure of two granite types (plagiogranite and alaskite) before and after shock wave action has been studied by infrared, Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopy methods. It has been found that the shock wave caused transformation of quartz and feldspar crystals composing these granites into diaplectic glasses.     

Dynamics of microcracks and time dependences of surface deformation of a heterogeneous body (granite) under an impact

The dynamics of fractoluminescence flashes and the time dependences of surface deformation of granite with different sizes of feldspar grains under an impact on samples by a metal pin have been studied with a 10 ns resolution. A band at ??1.9 eV has been observed in the fractoluminescence spectra, which means that, under the influence of mechanical stresses, Si-O-Si bonds are broken and ?? SiO^?? free radicals are formed. The fractoluminescence has the form of flashes with a duration of ??10 ns. It has been assumed that each of them corresponds to the nucleation of a microcrack. From the flash intensities and the elastic wave velocity, the linear size of microcracks has been estimated to be from ??8 to 30 ??m. Microcracks are mainly generated during passage of a deformation wave through feldspar grains. An impact causes the appearance of eigenvibrations of the entire sample, and cracking of grains gives rise to eigenvibrations of grains.     

Nanosecond dynamics of destruction of an inhomogeneous solid (granite) induced by an impact on its surface

Dynamics of microcrack formation and deformation of a granite-sample surface after a striker impact have been studied with a time resolution of 2 ns. The impact excites the sample’s natural vibrations that lead to formation of clusters of microcracks with linear dimensions of ~2 to 10 μm in feldspar grains. The formation of microcracks, in turn, excites natural vibrations of the grains.     

Degenerate plasma in a half-space under an external alternating electric field near resonance

The behavior of the electric field near the surface of a half-space filled with a degenerate electron gas in an external ac electric field is studied. The resonance case is considered in which the frequency of the external field is close to that of plasma oscillations. The special features of the behavior of the screened field are analyzed for diffuse reflection of electrons from the boundary. It is shown that there are two layers adjoining the surface in which the behavior of the screened field differs significantly.     

Stages of an electric discharge gliding on a water surface

Three stages of a pulse electric discharge were revealed. The discharge occurred in the atmosphere along a free water surface between a tip placed at some distance from the water surface and a distant electrode immersed in the water. Original Russian Text ? A.F. Aleksandrov, D.N. Vaulin, A.P. Ershov, V.A. Chernikov, 2009, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Fizika, 2009, No. 1, pp. 95–97.     

Nanosecond dynamics of destruction of the surface layer of a heterogeneous nanocrystalline solid (sandstone) under the friction

It has been found that the friction of a heterogeneous material, namely, sandstone, leads to the appearance of triboluminescence. The phenomenon of triboluminescence corresponds to luminescence of ≡Si–O free radicals and Fe³⁺ ions. These radicals and ions are formed as a result of the breaking of Si–O–Si bonds in nanocrystals of quartz and feldspar entering into the composition of the sandstone. The time dependence of the triboluminescence intensity represents a set of flashes, each having the duration of a few nanoseconds. It has been assumed that triboluminescence flashes correspond to the appearances of cracks in the material. Сrack opening is found to be approximately 180 nm. The size distribution of the cracks is exponential.     

Emission properties of an atmospheric-pressure helium plasma jet generated by a barrier discharge

The emission properties of an atmospheric-pressure helium plasma jet generated by a barrier discharge in a capillary blown with helium are studied. The spectral composition of the radiation of the studied plasma jet and the spatial-spectral distribution of its intensity are investigated in detail. It is shown that the emission spectrum of the generated plasma jet outside the capillary consists mainly of electronic-vibrational transitions of the first negative system of ionized nitrogen molecules N ₂ ⁺ (B ²Σ _u ⁺ → X ²Σ _g ⁺ ) and the second positive system of neutral nitrogen molecules N₂(C ³Π _u → B ³Π _g ).     

Populations of argon metastable states in an argon-silane plasma of a high-frequency electric discharge

We have determined the absolute populations of argon metastable states in the plasma of a high-frequency discharge in a pure argon atmosphere and in a mixture of argon and silane. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 733–736, September–October, 2008.     

Method for determining local radiative characteristics of an electric discharge plasma

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 199–204, February, 1989.     

Variation in the structure of the surface layer of a heterogeneous solid (gneiss) on a shear

The structure of surface layers with a thickness of ~1 μm formed at destruction of gneiss is studied by means of photoluminescent and infrared spectroscopy. It is found that, in this layer, feldspar (plagioclase and microcline) crystals are completely destroyed and replaced by montmorillonite.     

Photodetachment microscopy of a hydrogen negative ion in an electric field near a metal surface

According to the semi-classical theory, we study the photodetachment microscopy of H- in the electric field near a metal surface. During the photodetachment, the electron is photo-detached by a laser and the electron is drawn toward a position-sensitive detector. The electron flux distribution is measured as a function of position. Two classical paths lead the ion to any point in the classically allowed region on the detector, and waves traveling along these paths produce an interference pattern. If the metal surface perpendicular to the electric field is added, we find that the interference pattern is related not only to the electron energy and the electric-field strength, but also to the ion-surface distance. In addition, the laser polarization also has a great influence on the electron flux distribution. We present calculations predicting the interference pattern that may be seen in experiment. We hope that our study can provide a new understanding of the electron flux distribution of negative ions in an external field and surface, and can guide future experimental research on negative ion photo-detachment microscopy.     

Calculating plasma composition for electric breakdown of a solid

The composition and the effective adiabatic exponent of the plasma of the breakdown channel for the elements making up rocks and minerals are calculated under conditions of technological electroexplosion. It is shown that the effective adiabatic exponent can be increased by introducing into the breakdown channel metals of the first group via electric explosion of a conductor.High-Voltage Institute, Tomsk Polytechnic University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 106–109, July, 1994.     

Time-resolved photodetached spectroscopy of H in electric field near an elastic surface

The advances in femtosecond laser techniques facilitate the investigation of ultrafast electron dynamics on surfaces directly in time domain. The time-resolved spectroscopy of negative hydrogen ion in electric field near an elastic surface is investigated in the framework of semiclassical theory. We analyze the autocorrelation function and its dependence on the laser pulse width and external field strength. When the applied pulse width is very narrow, the reviving peaks in the time-resolved spectrum can be attributed to the closed orbits of electrons. With the increase of pulse width, the adjacent peaks interference mutually and finally merge. Furthermore, the number and amplitude of peaks in the time-resolved spectrum increases obviously with the increasing field strength.     

Stability of negative ions near the surface of a solid

Stationary states of molecular negative ions (anions) near the surface of a solid are investigated. The lone electron is assumed to interact with a diatomic molecule and the surface of the solid. The energies of electron levels are determined by solving the 2D Schrödinger equation. It is shown that its stable solutions exist at distances from the surface greater than some critical distance, otherwise the electron is detached from the anion. In the case of attraction between the electron and the solid, the interaction potential between the anion and the solid appears to have the Lennard-Jones form and the ion is separated from the surface by some equilibrium distance.     

Behavior of a wetting phase near a solid boundary: vapor near a weakly attractive surface

Density profiles of a LJ vapor near a weakly attractive surface with long-range fluid wall potential was studied along the pore coexistence curve. There are two localized density maxima near the pore wall: the first one is caused by localization of the molecules in the minimum of the fluid-wall potential, and the second one reflects adsorption of molecules at the first layer at higher densities. In addition, a third, weak density maximum is observed close to the critical temperature due to the competition between the long-range attractive tail of the fluid-wall potential and the effect of missing neighbors. This maximum separates the region of a gradual density depletion toward the surface due to the missing neighbor effect and the adsorption region further from the surface, where the density gradually increases toward the surface due to the attractive fluid-wall potential. When approaching the bulk critical temperature, this maximum moves away from the surface due to the divergence of the bulk correlation length. Applicability of various equations to describe the vapor density profiles is examined. Excess adsorption of vapor at low temperatures turns into excess depletion at higher temperatures. The crossover temperature increases with increasing pore size and strengthening fluid-wall interaction. The problems of the theory of the surface critical behavior of Ising models in a case of a non vanishing surface field and its mapping on a fluid is discussed.     

Simulation of the influence high-frequency (2 MHz) capacitive gas discharge and magnetic field on the plasma sheath near a surface in hypersonic gas flow

The plasma sheath near the surface of a hypersonic aircraft formed under associative ionization behind the shock front shields the transmission and reception of radio signals. Using two-dimensional kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we consider the change in plasma-sheath parameters near a flat surface in a hypersonic flow under the action of electrical and magnetic fields. The combined action of a high-frequency 2-MHz capacitive discharge, a constant voltage, and a magnetic field on the plasma sheath allows the local electron density to be reduced manyfold.