Positively charged carbon electrocatalyst for enhanced power performance of L-ascorbic acid fuel cells

Carbon surface with large oxygen and carbon ratio(O/C) indicated an outstanding electro-catalytic activity toward L-ascorbic acid oxidation, compared to platinum group metals. However, interrelation of surface functional groups and its electro-catalytic activity is still unclear. In this paper, we prepared different levels of oxidized carbons by a simple acid treatment and investigated the correlation between the surface oxygen functional groups of acid-treated carbon and electro-catalytic activity in an electrooxidation of L-ascorbic acid. Positively charged carbon was demonstrated by lone pair electron of oxygen from valence band spectra study. It was revealed that the positively charged carbon, especially involved in carbonyl, showed enhanced the electro-catalytic activity through both better adsorption of negatively charged reactants and lowered LUMO by electronegativity of oxygen.     

α-硫辛酸的化学合成

自从α-硫辛酸的结构确定以后,有关α-硫辛酸的各种合成方法先后被报道。其合成分成三类:己二酸合成法,环己酮合成法,生物合成法。其中Baeyer-villiger是生成R型的α-硫辛酸的关键步骤。文章以常用的起始原料分类对α-硫辛酸的合成进行综述。     

Electrosynthesis of adipic acid by undivided cell electrolysis

A preparative method for synthesis of adipic acid in 47% yield was developed. The method is based on cyclohexanol oxidation in an undivided cell on the NiOOH electrode in aqueous alkali. A possibility of the step-by-step process was studied: oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone (75% yield) and subsequent oxidation of cyclohexanone to adipic acid (52% yield). The electrosynthesis of adipic acid is accompanied by the formation of minor amounts (up to 10%) of glutaric and succinic acids.     

无溶剂体系中非均相催化剂催化环己烷氧化反应研究

本文合成了苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)桥联N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)和Co/ZSM-5两种非均相催化剂, 用FT-IR、 XRD进行了结构表征. 考察了这两种非均相催化剂在无溶剂体系中对环己烷的催化氧化行为, 并对各反应因素的影响进行了研究. 结果表明: 在最佳反应条件下, 环己烷的转化率可达26.8%, 此时KA油、己二酸和环己基过氧化氢的选择性分别为71.6%、 10.9% 和2.6%. 在测试温度范围内, 反应速率常数Ka 和反应温度之间存在Arrhenius关系, 相关系数是0.9878, 数学表达式为lnKa = -3012/ T+ 1.279. 催化剂的稳定性研究显示两种非均相催化剂都具有很高的热力学稳定性, 可以重复使用五次.     

Adsorbent-adsorbate interactions in the adsorption of organic and?inorganic species on ozonized activated carbons: a?short?review

This objective of this work was to summarize the main results obtained in previous papers related to the adsorbent-adsorbate interactions involved in the adsorption of naphthalenesulphonic acids and heavy metals (Cd(II) or Hg(II)) by modified activated carbons. The adsorption of organic compounds (1-naphthalenesulphonic acid, 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonic acid and 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulphonic acid) and inorganic species (Cd(II) and Hg(II)) was studied on a series of ozonized activated carbon in aqueous phase. Commercial activated carbon (Filtrasorb 400) was treated with different ozone doses to study the effect of ozone treatment on its surface properties and investigate the behavior of the treated carbon samples in the above adsorption processes. After ozonation, carbonyl- and carboxyl-type groups were generated on the carbon surface. The action of ozone also affected the textural characteristics of the carbon; thus, the surface area diminished due both to the ozone attack and to the increase in oxygenated groups, which prevented the diffusion of nitrogen by obstructing micropore entrances. The capacity of activated carbon to adsorb naphthalenesulphonic acids sharply decreased with a greater number of sulphonic groups in the aromatic rings of these acids. As the concentration of oxygenated electron-withdrawing groups on the carbon surface increased, a significant reduction in adsorption capacity was observed. In all cases, the adsorption uptake decreased with higher solution pH. The adsorption of metallic ions, Cd(II) and Hg(II), by this series of ozonized activated carbons was also studied. In the case of Cd(II), the adsorption capacity and affinity of the adsorbents increased with a higher concentration of acid oxygenated groups on the activated carbon surface. In the case of Hg(II), the adsorption diminished with an increase in the degree of oxidation of the activated carbon. The adsorption of 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulphonic acid on the ozonized carbons was also studied in the presence of Cd(II) and Hg(II). The presence of Cd(II)) in the medium enhanced the sulphonic acid uptake, mainly for the most ozonized activated carbon sample, whereas the presence of Hg(II) had no significant effect on the adsorption.     

钛硅分子筛催化气相环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应

 对比研究了具有MFI结构的TS－1，silicalite－1，Al－ZSM－5和B－ZSM－5分子筛对气相环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应的催化性能．结果显示，TS－1适宜用作重排反应的催化剂，而含骨架B或Al的ZSM－5分子筛的催化性能较差，表明将Ti引入至sili－calite－1有利于改善其对环己酮肟重排反应的催化性能．反应氛围（溶剂、载气和原料添加物）对TS－1催化性能的影响规律说明，弱酸性气体的存在有利于TS－1对环己酮肟的活化与己内酰胺的选择性生成．优化的反应氛围包括以甲醇或乙醇为溶剂，二氧化碳为载气，以及醋酸为原料添加物．     

Catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles deposited on N-doped carbon-based supports in oxidation of glucose and arabinose mixtures

Oxidation of a mixture of glucose and arabinose over Au particles deposited on porous carbons, N-doped carbons and carbon nitrides was investigated at 70 °C, under constant pH of 8, and oxygen partial pressure 0.125 atm. In particular, Au deposited on nitrogen-containing carbon-based mesoporous structures demonstrated activity in the oxidation of the sugars to the corresponding aldonic acids higher than gold deposited on undoped carbon supports (conversion of glucose up to ca. 60%, arabinose–ca. 30% after 200 min). The results can be explained by the basic nature of the supports leading to an increase in the polarity of the carbon surface and the oxygen activation. Glucuronic acid (with selectivity ca. 10–93.5%) together with gluconic acid was formed as a result of glucose oxidation, while arabinose was selectively oxidized to arabinonic acid.

     

Storage stability of ketones on carbon adsorbents

Activated coconut carbon constitutes the more widely used sorbent for preconcentration of volatile organic compounds in sampling workplace air. Water vapour is always present in the air and its adsorption on the activated carbon surface is a serious drawback, mainly when sampling polar organic compounds, such as ketones. In this case, the recovery of the compounds diminishes; moreover, ketones can be decomposed during storage. Synthetic carbons contain less inorganic impurities and have a lower capacity for water adsorption than coconut charcoal. The aim of this work was to evaluate the storage stability of various ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and cyclohexanone) on different activated carbons and to study the effect of adsorbed water vapour under different storage conditions. The effect of storage temperature on extraction efficiencies was significant for each ketone in all the studied sorbents. Recovery was higher when samples were stored at 4 degrees C. The results obtained for storage stability of the studied ketones showed that the performance of synthetic carbons was better than for the coconut charcoals. The water adsorption and the ash content of the carbons can be a measure of the reactive sites that may chemisorb ketones or catalize their decomposition. Anasorb 747 showed good ketone stability at least for 7 days, except for cyclohexanone. After 30-days storage, the stability of the studied ketones was excellent on Carboxen 564. This sorbent had a nearly negligible ash content and the adsorbed water was much lower than for the other sorbents tested.     

Modification of Carbon Electrodes by Anodic Oxidation of Organic Anions

Functionalization of carbon surfaces was first carried out in electrode pre-treatments under drastic electrolysis conditions. As a result of these treatments, the electrode carbon surfaces were modified without selectivity with a wide variety of oxygenated functional groups. However, this lack of selectivity was partially overshot with some electrochemical strategies of covalent immobilization, such as the reduction of aryldiazonium, arylsulfonium and iodonium salts, the oxidation of amines, alkynes and arylacetates. In a variant of these direct methods, the oxidation of the carbon surfaces in presence of alcohols and alkyltrimethylsilanes has also been developed. This sort of derivatization has opened the possibility to incorporate a wide variety of functional groups according to the desired applications. In the majority of these methods, reactive intermediates such as organic free radicals and carbocations are generated, which react with the sp² carbon atoms of the surface to produce covalently modified electrodes. In the particular case of the oxidation process of carboxylates, the loss of carbon dioxide is accompanied with the formation of free radicals and by analogy, it is proposed in this work that other organic anions are also susceptible to be oxidized to yield free radicals that could be covalently attached to carbon electrodes.     

环己酮绿色氧化合成己二酸质谱分析

己二酸是合成尼龙-66的主要原料,同时在低温润滑油、合成纤维、油漆、聚亚胺酯树脂及食品添加剂的制备等方面也有重要用途,目前己二酸的世界年产量估计已达220万吨。工业上已二酸的生产是以环己烷经两步氧化合成,第一步为环己烷在金属离子催化下用氧气氧化为环己醇、环己酮,第二步用浓HNO3氧化环己醇、环己酮制得己二酸。在第二步氧化时由于用了浓HNO3故产生大量的CO、NOx、N2O等有毒气体,其中N2O是比CO2还强310倍的温室气体。在当今普遍提倡绿色化学的时代,如何减少化工生产对环境的污染是当前化学工作者首要解决的任务。过氧化氢是一种理想的清洁氧化剂,其反应的唯一预期副产物是水,反应后处理容易,同时过氧化氢的价格相对低廉,氧化成本低。为此,许多化学工作者对环己酮绿色氧化制剂己二酸已有研究。但环己酮氧化为己二酸的反应产物的研究未见报道,本文报道环己酮氧化为己二酸的12种产物。     

NaY分子筛固载席夫碱钴配合物的制备、表征及其催化性能研究

利用“瓶中造船”（ship-in-a-bottle） 技术将双水杨醛缩乙二胺合钴（Cosalen）配合物封装于Y型沸石分子筛的超笼中，制备出固载型席夫碱钴金属配合物Cosalen/Y（SB）。同时采用浸渍方法将Cosalen负载于Y型分子筛的表面，制备了浸渍型的负载物Cosalen/Y（IM）。采用原子吸收、红外光谱、紫外光谱、X射线衍射、热重 差热和电镜扫描等方法对两者进行了表征。 结果表明 ，固载物Cosalen/Y（SB）中Cosalen已成功地进入了分子筛的孔道内。以分子氧为氧源，考察了Cosalen/Y（SB）对环己烷的催化氧化性能以及催化剂用量、溶剂、氧气压力对反应的影响。结果表明，Cosalen/Y（SB）具有较高的催化氧化活性和对环己醇、环己酮以及己二酸的选择性，有一步氧化环己烷生成己二酸的潜力。重复实验表明，催化剂稳定性较好，没有明显的活性组分流失。     

Characterization and analysis of new catalysts for a direct ethanol fuel cell

A direct ethanol fuel cell offers an attractive, fairly high density, energy source, if an electrochemical system can be developed that efficiently carries out the 12-electron oxidation of ethanol to carbon dioxide and water. To that end, new catalyst systems must be developed along with fuel cell operating conditions that encourage the complete oxidation of ethanol, as opposed to the presently available platinum on carbon systems that tend to produce acetaldehyde (two-electron oxidation) or acetic acid (four-electron oxidation) products. It is found that a composite nanoparticulate catalyst containing platinum and tin oxide or platinum indium tin oxide allows the partial conversion of ethanol to its 12-electron oxidation products. Catalysts of this type can be formed using a modified polyol process. Elevation of the operating temperature of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using the indicated catalysts to 130 degrees C facilitates the production of carbon dioxide and provides an improved current-voltage response.     

回收灯用钨丝在H2O2催化氧化环己酮合成己二酸中的应用

以回收灯用钨丝为催化剂前驱物,30％H2O2为氧源,催化氧化环己酮合成了己二酸,反应体系中无须使用有机溶剂、酸性助剂和相转移剂。 IR和TG分析表明,钨丝与H2O2反应生成的新生态过氧钨酸是催化活性成分,合成己二酸后转化为钨酸。 钨丝为催化剂前驱物合成己二酸适宜反应条件为：100 mmol环己酮,50 mL 30%H2O2,钨丝的摩尔用量为环己酮摩尔数的1.5%,回流反应6 h,己二酸收率63.7%。 比相同反应条件下用钨酸和WO3为催化剂的收率高10%~18%。     

用双氧水绿色氧化环己酮合成己二酸的研究

以30%的双氧水为氧化剂, 钨酸钠与含N或O的双齿有机配体(草酸)形成的络合物为催化剂, 在无有机溶剂、无相转移剂的条件下, 研究了环己酮氧化制己二酸的反应. 研究结果表明, 用廉价的草酸为配体, 最佳反应条件为钨酸钠∶草酸∶环己酮∶30%的双氧水的物质的量比为2.0∶3.3∶100∶350, 在92 ℃下反应12 h, 可制得80.6%的己二酸; 用GC-MS跟踪了氧化过程中三种主要物质环己酮、己内酯及己二酸含量随反应时间的变化关系, 提出了其主要氧化机理为环己酮首先经Beayer-Villiger氧化反应生成己内酯, 己内酯进一步氧化成己二酸.     

Steric modifications tune the regioselectivity of the alkane oxidation catalyzed by non-heme iron complexes

Iron complexes with the tetradentate N-donor ligand N,N'-di(phenylmethyl)-N,N'-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (bbpc) are reported. Despite the benzyl groups present on the amines, the iron compounds catalyze the oxygenation of cyclohexane to an extent similar to those employing less sterically encumbered ligands. The catalytic activity is strongly dependent on the counterion, with the highest activity and the strongest preference for alkane hydroxylation correlating to the most weakly coordinating anion, SbF(6)(-). The selectivity for the alcohol product over the ketone is amplified when acetic acid is present as an additive. When hydrocarbon substrates with both secondary and tertiary carbons are oxidized by H(2)O(2), the catalyst directs oxidation toward the secondary carbons to a greater degree than other previously reported iron-containing homogeneous catalysts.     

Heterogeneous oxidation of cyclohexanone catalyzed by TS-1:Combined experimental and DFT studies

The reaction mechanism of the oxidation of cyclohexanone catalyzed by titanium silicate zeolite TS-1 using aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant was investigated by combining density function theory (DFT) calculations with experimental studies. DFT calculations showed that H2O2 was adsorbed and activated at the tetrahedral Ti sites. By taking into account the adsorption energy, molecular size, steric hindrance and structural information, a reaction mechanism of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation catalyzed by TS-1 that involves the activation of H2O2 was proposed. Experimental studies showed that the major products of cyclohexanone oxidation by H2O2 catalyzed by a hollow TS-1 zeolite wereε-carprolactone, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, and adipic acid. These products were analyzed by GC-MS and were in good agreement with the proposed mechanism. Our studies showed that the reaction mechanism on TS-1 zeolite was different from that on Sn-beta zeolite.     

The Analysis of Pore Development and Formation of Surface Functional Groups in Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon during CO2 Activation

Pore development and the formation of oxygen functional groups were studied for activated carbon prepared from bamboo (Bambusa bambos) using a two-step activation with CO₂, as functions of carbonization temperature and activation conditions (time and temperature). Results show that activated carbon produced from bamboo contains mostly micropores in the pore size range of 0.65 to 1.4 nm. All porous properties of activated carbons increased with the increase in the activation temperature over the range from 850 to 950 °C, but decreased in the temperature range of 950 to 1000 °C, due principally to the merging of neighboring pores. The increase in the activation time also increased the porous properties linearly from 60 to 90 min, which then dropped from 90 to 120 min. It was found that the carbonization temperature played an important role in determining the number and distribution of active sites for CO₂ gasification during the activation process. Empirical equations were proposed to conveniently predict all important porous properties of the prepared activated carbons in terms of carbonization temperature and activation conditions. Oxygen functional groups formed during the carbonization and activation steps of activated carbon synthesis and their contents were dependent on the preparation conditions employed. Using Boehm’s titration technique, only phenolic and carboxylic groups were detected for the acid functional groups in both the chars and activated carbons in varying amounts. Empirical correlations were also developed to estimate the total contents of the acid and basic groups in activated carbons in terms of the carbonization temperature, activation time and temperature.     

Selective Oxidation of Propane by Lattice Oxygen of Vanadium-Phosphorous Oxide in a Pulse Reactor

Selective oxidation of propane by lattice oxygen of vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts was investigated with a pulse reactor in which the oxidation of propane and the re-oxidation of catalyst were implemented alternately in the presence of water vapor. The principal products are acrylic acid (AA),acetic acid (HAc), and carbon oxides. In addition, small amounts of C1 and C2 hydrocarbons were also found, molar ratio of AA to HAc is 1.4-2.2. The active oxygen species are those adsorbed on catalyst surface firmly and/or bound to catalyst lattice, i.e. lattice oxygen; the selective oxidation of propane on VPO catalysts can be carried out in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser reactor. For propane oxidation over VPO catalysts, the effects of reaction temperature in a pulse reactor were found almost the same as in a steady-state flow reactor. That is, as the reaction temperature increases, propane conversion and the amount of C1 C2 hydrocarbons in the product increase steadily, while selectivity to acrylic acid and to acetic acid increase prior to 350℃ then begin to drop at temperatures higher than 350℃, and yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid attained maximum at about 400℃. The maximum yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid for a single-pass are 7.50% and 4.59% respectively, with 38.2% propane conversion. When theamount of propane pulsed decreases or the amount of catalyst loaded increases, the conversion increases but the selectivity decreases. Increasing the flow rate of carrier gases causes the conversion pass through a minimum but selectivity and yields pass through a maximum. In a fixed bed reactor, it is hard to obtainhigh selectivity at a high reaction conversion due to the further degradation of acrylic acid and acetic acid even though propane was oxidized by the lattice oxygen. The catalytic performance can be improved inthe presence of excess propane. Propylene can be oxidized by lattice oxygen of VPO catalyst at 250℃, nevertheless, selectivity to AA and to HAc are even lower, much more acetic acid was produced (molar ratio of AA to HAc is 0.19:1-0.83:1) though the oxidation products are the same as from propane.     

Photo‐Electrochemical C−H Bond Activation of Cyclohexane Using a WO3 Photoanode and Visible Light

The photo‐electrochemical C?H bond activation of cyclohexane to produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (KA oil) with high partial oxidation selectivity (99 %) and high current utilization ratio (76 %) was achieved in air at room temperature at atmospheric pressure. The production rate of KA oil was accelerated by applying a bias. The incident photon to current efficiencies at 365 and 420 nm were 57 % and 24 %, respectively.     

Use of Adsorbents for Recovery of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solutions Part II—Factors Governing Selectivity

Measurements have been made of uptake of acetic acid and water from low-pH aqueous solution onto polymeric adsorbents and activated carbons. In additon to composite isotherms, isotherms were obtained for acetic acid and water individually by use of gas-chromatographic and Karl Fisher techniques for analyses of both bulk solution and the material taken up by the adsorbent. While capacities for acetic acid are determined by the surface area and the chemical nature of the adsorbent, selectivity is governed by the pore volume and the wetting and swelling tendencies of the sorbent, with the latter being particularly important for polymers. Activated carbons and pyrolyzed polymers give better selectivity than do common polymeric adsorbents.

Measurements of pore volume by immersion in various liquids were compared with pore volumes computed from nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements and from mercury-intrusion porosimetry. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption results were interpreted to obtain micropore and mesopore volumes. The results from the different methods agree well, if allowance is made for lack of full wetting and for swelling tendencies. Higher selectivity for acetic acid over water is obtained for adsorbents having a large percentage of the pore volume as micropores.

Measurements of competitive adsorption of acetic acid and methyl ethyl ketone from aqueous solution onto different carbons and pyrolyzed polymers showed that a higher surface density of active hydrogen sites, as measured by reaction with LiAlH₄, leads to an improved selectivity for the carboxylic acid.