基于大气红外探空仪和中分辨率成像光谱仪观测的冰云大气红外辐射特性研究

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)二级云产品、大气红外探空仪(AIRS)二级大气产品和AIRS L1B红外高光谱数据,采用通用大气辐射传输(CART)模式,选择9μm(带宽为1070~1135cm-1)、11.03μm(带宽为886~928cm-1)和12.02μm(带宽为815~850cm-1)波段对冰云大气顶的亮温进行了模拟与分析。对反演冰云参数和MODIS云产品下的模拟亮温分别与AIRS观测亮温间关系进行了分析与比较,并对反演冰云参数下的模拟亮温和AIRS观测亮温的亮温差的概率分布进行了研究。结果表明:基于反演的冰云光学厚度和云顶高度的三波段模拟亮温和AIRS实际观测亮温分布一致,模拟计算和AIRS实际观测亮温间相关系数达0.98以上。11.03μm和12.02μm波段模拟计算和AIRS实际观测亮温间亮温差主要分布在0~5K,9μm波段亮温差主要分布在0~±0.5K。建立在反演冰云参数基础上的实际大气条件下的大气辐射特性模拟研究具有准确性和可靠性。     

卷云短波反射特性的模拟计算研究

利用通用大气辐射传输(CART)软件模拟计算了0.4～2.5μm波段卷云大气反射率,分析了卷云大气的反射率随波长、光学厚度、有效尺度、卷云高度和地表类型变化情况,并模拟计算了0.55,1.38,2.75μm波段卷云大气反射率间关系。结果表明,可见光到近红外波段,卷云大气反射率随卷云光学厚度的增大而增大。可见光波段,卷云大气反射率随卷云粒子有效尺度变化很小;近红外波段,卷云大气的反射率随卷云粒子有效尺度增大而减小;近红外大气强吸收波段,卷云大气的反射率随卷云高度的增大而增大。大气窗口区卷云大气的反射率随地表类型的变化有显著的变化。通过0.55μm和2.75μm波段,1.38μm和2.75μm波段的卷云大气反射率间关系可以反演卷云光学厚度和有效尺度。     

卷云大气条件下目标与背景对比度模拟分析EI北大核心CSCD

使用通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算了卷云大气条件下强吸收波段的反射率,分析了卷云粒子形状和有效尺度、光学厚度和卷云高度对大气顶反射率和背景辐射的影响。建立了高温气体目标的辐射强度计算模型,并通过模拟获取了目标辐射在卷云大气中传输至大气顶的光谱辐射特性。计算了大气顶的目标背景对比度,并讨论了卷云特性参数和目标高度对目标背景对比度的影响。结果表明:在水汽强吸收波段,卷云大气反射率随卷云高度和光学厚度的增加而增大、随卷云粒子有效尺度的增大而减小;目标背景对比度受卷云参数的影响较大,尤其当目标高度在7km以下时卷云对目标观测的干扰很大。     

卷云大气条件下目标与背景对比度模拟分析

使用通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算了卷云大气条件下强吸收波段的反射率,分析了卷云粒子形状和有效尺度、光学厚度和卷云高度对大气顶反射率和背景辐射的影响。建立了高温气体目标的辐射强度计算模型,并通过模拟获取了目标辐射在卷云大气中传输至大气顶的光谱辐射特性。计算了大气顶的目标背景对比度,并讨论了卷云特性参数和目标高度对目标背景对比度的影响。结果表明:在水汽强吸收波段,卷云大气反射率随卷云高度和光学厚度的增加而增大、随卷云粒子有效尺度的增大而减小;目标背景对比度受卷云参数的影响较大,尤其当目标高度在7km以下时卷云对目标观测的干扰很大。     

卷云多角度偏振特性研究

由各种形状冰晶粒子组成的卷云,对全球辐射平衡和气候变化有重要的影响,其影响程度取决于卷云本身的微物理特性和光学特性,如冰晶粒子形状、卷云光学厚度和云顶压强等.在对0.865μm波长处卷云光学特性研究的基础上,采用矢量辐射传输方程模拟分析了含卷云层的总反射率和偏振反射率,并利用卫星观测数据验证了模拟结果.分析研究了卷云微物理特征、光学特征和地表反照率对总反射率和偏振反射率的影响.分析表明,可以综合利用多角度偏振遥感信息反演各种卷云参数.这为利用多角度偏振遥感数据反演卷云各参数提供了理论基础. 关键词： 卷云微物理特征 卷云光学特性 多角度偏振辐射 矢量辐射传输方程     

利用MODIS资料模拟计算水云大气红外辐射特性

利用MODIS二级云产品和大气产品资料,采用通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算了水云存在的情况下8.55μm、11.03μm和12.02μm波段水云大气顶亮温,并对三波段的MODIS云顶观测亮温和模拟计算的亮温进行了对比分析.结果表明:利用MODIS卫星观测云参量、大气参量和空间几何参量,结合通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算的亮温和MODIS云顶亮温分布基本一致,亮温差较小,主要分布在-10K~10K附近.模拟计算的三个通道亮温差BTD(8.55~11.03μm)和BTD(11.03~12.02μm)的变化符合水云的情况.     

卷云短波红外辐射特性

 采用离散纵标法耦合大气分子吸收，模拟计算了卷云大气的反射特性。研究了在短波波段卷云辐射性质随波长、卷云光学厚度、卷云有效尺度、云高和卷云中冰晶粒子形状等的变化关系，分析了卷云对大气红外背景辐射的影响。结果表明：在2.7 μm的水汽强吸收带上，卷云的出现明显增强了该波段的大气背景辐射，反射率随光学厚度和云高增大而增大。     

基于神经网络反演中国南海海域透明卷云参数

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪/云和气溶胶探测激光雷达（MODIS/CALIOP）的匹配数据集,提出一个分类神经网络进行透明卷云的识别,利用两个回归神经网络对透明卷云的光学厚度和云顶高度进行反演。结果表明,分类网络的精确度可达到84%,检测率达到79%。对成功识别的透明卷云参数进行了反演,得到透明卷云光学厚度的平均绝对误差为0.2,均方根误差为0.25,相关系数为0.79。对云顶高度进行了反演,得到云顶高度的平均绝对误差为0.61 km,均方根误差为0.74 km,相关系数达到0.87。本研究利用MODIS/CALIOP匹配数据集以及神经网络算法,可得到透明卷云的分布以及其参数特性,为其在南海海域上空的分布情况提供了数据支撑,有助于相关研究人员了解该地区透明卷云的分布情况,提高辐射计算的精度。     

基于MODIS数据的卷云反射率的反演实现

多光谱的MODIS（中分辨率成像光谱仪）数据为深入研究全球卷云提供了可能性。基于卷云辐射系统模型,利用MODIS的1．38μm波段（26通道）和0．66μm波段（1通道）探测数据的相关性,反演计算可见光波段卷云的反射率。反演计算中,使用1km分辨率的MODIS1B数据,对M（）DIS典型图幅进行不同等分的划分,分别给出反演结果并进行对比分析,结果表明等分份数越多,其反演结果的精度越高,最后给出了反演结果的实际应用。     

耦合京津冀气溶胶模式的HJ-1卫星CCD数据大气校正

针对目前HJ-1 CCD大气校正没有考虑中国地区气溶胶模式的问题,提出一种耦合中国地区局部气溶胶模式的大气校正方法。以京津冀地区作为研究区域,该方法对地基北京城区和香河站点反演的气溶胶模式参数进行聚类,得到京津冀地区具有代表性的四类气溶胶模式,并根据四类气溶胶模式来建立查找表进行气溶胶光学厚度的反演。HJ-1 CCD数据没有短波红外波段(2.12 μm),无法采用MODIS的气溶胶算法中获得地表反射率的方法来计算蓝红波段的反射率,本文在气溶胶光学厚度的反演中采用HJ-1卫星的蓝色(0.43~0.52 μm)和红色(0.63~0.69 μm)波段的反射率比值作为误差方程的依据,不需要输入地表目标的反射率。基于反演后的光学厚度对HJ-1 CCD数据进行大气校正,并与ASD光谱辐射计测量数据以及MODIS地表产品数据(MOD09)进行对比。结果表明,该方法得到的大气校正结果与ASD测量结果接近,并与MOD09有较强的相关性,红色波段的平均相关系数达到了0.8以上,受气溶胶影响最大的蓝色波段平均的相关系数也达到了0.75左右。     

Validation of the community radiative transfer model

To validate the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) developed by the U.S. Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA), the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) model and the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) are combined in order to provide a reference benchmark. Compared with the benchmark, the CRTM appears quite accurate for both clear sky and ice cloud radiance simulations with RMS errors below 0.2 K, except for clouds with small ice particles. In a computer CPU run time comparison, the CRTM is faster than DISORT by approximately two orders of magnitude. Using the operational MODIS cloud products and the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) atmospheric profiles as an input, the CRTM is employed to simulate the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances. The CRTM simulations are shown to be in reasonably close agreement with the AIRS measurements (the discrepancies are within 2 K in terms of brightness temperature difference). Furthermore, the impact of uncertainties in the input cloud properties and atmospheric profiles on the CRTM simulations has been assessed. The CRTM-based brightness temperatures (BTs) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), for both thin (τ<5) and thick (τ>30) clouds, are highly sensitive to uncertainties in atmospheric temperature and cloud top pressure. However, for an optically thick cloud, the CRTM-based BTs are not sensitive to the uncertainties of cloud optical thickness, effective particle size, and atmospheric humidity profiles. On the contrary, the uncertainties of the CRTM-based TOA BTs resulting from effective particle size and optical thickness are not negligible in an optically thin cloud.     

基于激光雷达和毫米波云雷达的卷云特性分析

使用美国ARM计划安徽省寿县站2008年的微脉冲激光雷达和毫米波雷达的观测数据对寿县上空卷云的宏观物理特性进行了分析,联合两种雷达观测卷云扩大了卷云的边界轮廓,得到更为全面的卷云信息,结果表明了联合激光雷达和毫米波雷达观测卷云的必要性。在此基础上,对观测期间寿县上空的卷云个例进行统计分析,结果显示:卷云过程的平均云底高度分布在5~10km,其中6~7km范围所占的频率最大;平均云厚的分布范围为0.25~5km,其中90.8%分布在0.5~2.5km;卷云过程持续时间总体上随着持续时间的增大呈减少的趋势,持续时间最长为35.5h,平均为3.6h,持续时间小于5h的卷云过程占82.5%。     

Retrieval of tropospheric NO2 columns from satellite measurements in presence of cirrus: A theoretical sensitivity study using SCIATRAN and prospect application for the A-Train

A theoretical sensitivity study of the influence of cirrus cloud properties on tropospheric NO₂ columns retrieved from the spaceborne Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements is performed. It is conducted within the framework of the synergetic use of A-Train sensors to derive more representative trace gas products. We aim to study the potential effects of cirrus clouds on tropospheric NO₂ retrievals using a retrieval algorithm that, unlike the OMI Standard and DOMINO algorithms, does not correct for the effects of clouds. The sensitivity study is based on the radiative transfer code SCIATRAN that performs both simulations of top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectances as measured by an OMI-like band and tropospheric NO₂ column retrievals based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The results of the sensitivity study show that if a correction for cirrus clouds is not included in our simple retrieval that does not account for clouds in the first place, the tropospheric column can be underestimated by 55%. This underestimation depends strongly on cirrus parameters as, in order of importance, cloud fraction, cloud optical depth, asymmetry factor of cirrus cloud phase function and cloud top height. The perspective of the synergy between OMI and cloud information obtained from cloud-derived products of the A-Train is evaluated in two parts by applying a simple cloud correction scheme based on the independent pixel approximation (IPA). Firstly, we evaluated the tropospheric NO₂ column retrievals error caused by uncertainties in cirrus cloud properties. Secondly we studied the influence of subpixel cloud optical depth variability on NO₂ retrievals. From our simulations, it is demonstrated that the error will be reduced significantly if the cloud fraction is lower or equal to 0.5. In this case, the cloud fraction and the cloud optical depth must be known within accuracy less than 0.05% and 50%, respectively. The cloud top height and the asymmetry factor must be known within uncertainty of at least 1 km and less than 0.05, respectively. The latter result shows that the uncertainty of the asymmetry factor is a major source of error in the cloud correction for tropospheric NO₂ retrieval in the presence of cirrus.     

应用单波段亮度变化率获取无云干扰的卫星数据

在卫星遥感检测中,云对数据的反演带来了严重的干扰。精确地确定云区及减弱云的干扰是具有挑战性的问题。根据云的大气辐射特性给出了卫星图像亮度变化率计算公式、图像反射率的变化率计算公式和热红外波段图像亮度温度变化率的计算方法。利用单波段亮度变化率检测卫星数据中云干扰相对强度的新方法,快速、精确地获取云区位置,得到云区以外无云干扰的数据。根据各光谱波段具有不同的透射云层能力的特点,文章还给出了卫星各红外波段对云层透射能力的客观评价以及影响透射效果的因素。在此基础上利用红外波段对伪卷云透射图像数据完成了多波段数据融合。很好地恢复了可见光波段云区下面的真实数据。统计数据表明,融合后的云区图像数据与可见光波段相关性保持一致。     

利用地基红外高光谱发射率数据进行云参数反演(2): 云滴有效半径和云水路径反演

云滴有效半径和云水路径等微物理参数是了解云的形成过程、辐射效应以及云、气溶胶和降水相互作用等问题的重要数据。利用地基红外高光谱辐射数据开展了云微物理参数反演方法研究。针对光谱数据的特点,进行了基于云层发射率光谱和辐射光谱的敏感性分析,在此基础上建立了云微物理参数与云发射率光谱差值和斜率等特征参数有关的查找表关系。具体特征参数包括：热红外波段862.1和934.9 cm-1的云层发射率之差、中红外波段1 900.1和2 170.1 cm-1的云层发射率之差、热红外波段900～1 000 cm-1区间的发射率光谱斜率和辐射值光谱斜率、1 100～1 200 cm-1区间的发射率光谱斜率和辐射值光谱斜率等。研究了臭氧波段云层透过率的计算方法及对查找关系的约束性,选择了1 050～1 060 cm-1区间的云层透过率平均值作为约束特征参数。实现了基于逐步搜索法的多重查找反演云滴有效半径和光学厚度,并可通过经验关系计算云水路径。研究表明,该算法得到的水云的云滴有效半径与ARM计划中的MICROBASE产品基本相当,冰云的云滴有效半径相对偏小,两者的云水路径反演结果差异较大。该反演算法较适合于光学厚度小于6的薄云。     

A fast infrared radiative transfer model for overlapping clouds

A fast infrared radiative transfer model (FIRTM2) appropriate for application to both single-layered and overlapping cloud situations is developed for simulating the outgoing infrared spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In FIRTM2 a pre-computed library of cloud reflectance and transmittance values is employed to account for one or two cloud layers, whereas the background atmospheric optical thickness due to gaseous absorption can be computed from a clear-sky radiative transfer model. FIRTM2 is applicable to three atmospheric conditions: (1) clear-sky, (2) single-layered ice or water cloud, and (3) two simultaneous cloud layers in a column (e.g., ice cloud overlying water cloud). Moreover, FIRTM2 outputs the derivatives (i.e., Jacobians) of the TOA brightness temperature with respect to cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out to assess the performance of FIRTM2 for two spectral regions, namely the longwave (LW) band (587.3-1179.5 cm⁻¹) and the short-to-medium wave (SMW) band (1180.1-2228.9 cm⁻¹). The assessment is carried out in terms of brightness temperature differences (BTD) between FIRTM2 and the well-known discrete ordinates radiative transfer model (DISORT), henceforth referred to as BTD (F−D). The BTD (F−D) values for single-layered clouds are generally less than 0.8 K. For the case of two cloud layers (specifically ice cloud over water cloud), the BTD (F−D) values are also generally less than 0.8 K except for the SMW band for the case of a very high altitude (>15 km) cloud comprised of small ice particles. Note that for clear-sky atmospheres, FIRTM2 reduces to the clear-sky radiative transfer model that is incorporated into FIRTM2, and the errors in this case are essentially those of the clear-sky radiative transfer model.     

Aerosol influence on polarization and intensity in near-infrared O2 and CO2 absorption bands observed from space

We study the intensity and degree of linear polarization of reflected solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere within two carbon dioxide bands and one oxygen absorption band in the near-infrared. In particular, we are interested in the sensitivity of the degree of linear polarization and intensity to changes of aerosol and cirrus cloud layer heights, microphysical properties, and surface albedo. For the simulations we use spectral response functions representative of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). Inside the O₂A band at 760 nm and strong CO₂ band at 2060 nm we find a strong influence of the aerosol and cirrus cloud layer height on the degree of linear polarization. An increase of the aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height can lead either to a decrease or increase of the polarization within the band, depending on the microphysical and optical properties of the scatterers, surface albedo, and absorption strength in the bands. The results for the O₂A band also indicate that even over land OCO enables an estimation of the height of an aerosol or cirrus cloud layer. Inside the weak CO₂ band at 1610 nm the influence of aerosol or cirrus cloud layer heights is lower as compared to the O₂A band and CO₂ band at 2060 nm, due to the relatively stronger surface influence. Here an increase of aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height leads to an increase of the degree of linear polarization even in case of low surface albedo and for weakly polarizing scatterers. For the weak CO₂ band at 1610 nm we also study the influence of the aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height on the column CO₂ estimate and the errors resulting from ignoring polarization in simulations of backscatter measurements by space-based instruments such as OCO. Depending on the surface albedo, misinterpretations of the height of atmospheric scatterers might strongly affect the column CO₂ estimates.