大气压Ar/NH_3同轴介质阻挡放电发射光谱诊断（英文）

采用光谱在线技术(OES)检测了大气压Ar/NH_3 DBD等离子体中的主要粒子为NH,N,N~+,N_2,Ar,H_α,OH。NH是NH_3分解的产物,激发态Ar~*和NH_3分子的潘宁碰撞生成激发态中性粒子NH(c~1Ⅱ)和NH(A~3Ⅱ)。674.5 nm处N原子谱线表明等离子体中产生了N活性原子,为大气压Ar/NH_3同轴介质阻挡放电等离子体合成ε-Fe_3N磁性颗粒提供了可能。研究了各主要粒子谱线强度随NH_3流量和外加电压峰峰值的变化规律,研究结果表明:NH_3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,各粒子谱线强度均逐渐增强;外加电压峰峰值相同时,各谱线强度随NH_3流量增加先增强后减弱。外加电压峰峰值相同时,随NH_3流量增加,N活性原子谱线强度先增强后减弱,NH_3流量为20 mL·min~(-1)时,N活性原子谱线强度最强。NH_3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,N活性原子谱线强度逐渐减小,主要是由于大气压Ar/NH_3DBD放电模式由多脉冲大气压辉光放电转变为丝状放电造成。多脉冲大气压辉光放电的微放电通道之间相互重叠,各个微放电之间相互影响,导致随外加电压峰峰值升高各谱线强度的增加速率较快。当外加电压峰峰值从4 600 V升高到6 400 V时,大气压Ar/NH_3 DBD的放电模式由单脉冲APGD转变为二脉冲APGD,属于均匀大气压介质阻挡放电,随外加电压峰峰值升高谱线强度的增加速率较快,利于合成e-Fe_3N磁性颗粒。     

Ar/CH4等离子体射流发射光谱诊断研究

为了更加深入的研究大气压条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的放电机理和其内部电子的状态,通过自主设计的针-环式介质阻挡放电结构,在放电频率10 kHz、一个大气压条件下产生了稳定的Ar/CH₄等离子体射流,并利用发射光谱法对其进行了诊断研究。对大气条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的放电现象及内部活性粒子种类进行诊断分析,重点研究了不同氩气甲烷体积流量比、不同峰值电压对大气压Ar/CH₄等离子体射流电子激发温度、电子密度以及CH基团活性粒子浓度的影响规律。结果表明,大气压条件下Ar/CH₄等离子体射流呈淡蓝色,在射流边缘可观察到丝状毛刺并伴有刺耳的电离声同时发现射流尖端的形态波动较大;通过发射光谱可以发现Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中的主要活性粒子为CH基团,C,CⅡ,CⅢ,CⅣ,ArⅠ和ArⅡ,其中含碳粒子的谱线主要集中在400~600 nm之间,ArⅠ和ArⅡ的谱线分布在680~800 nm之间;可以发现CH基团的浓度随峰值电压的增大而增大,但CH基团浓度随Ar/CH₄体积流量比的增大而减小,同时Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中C原子的浓度随之增加,这表明氩气甲烷体积流量比的增大加速了Ar/CH₄等离子体射流中C-H的断裂,因此可以发现增大峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比均可明显的加快甲烷分子的脱氢效率,但增大氩气甲烷体积流量比的脱氢效果更加明显。通过多谱线斜率法选取4条ArⅠ谱线计算了不同工况下的电子激发温度,求得大气压Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的电子激发温度在6 000~12 000 K之间,且随峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比的增大均呈现上升的趋势;依据Stark展宽机理对Ar/CH₄等离子体射流的电子密度进行了计算,电子密度的数量级可达1017 cm-3,且增大峰值电压与氩气甲烷体积流量比均可有效的提高射流中的电子密度。这些参数的探索对大气压等离子体射流的研讨具有重大意义。     

大直径射流的放电特性及其等离子体参数和活性粒子分布的光谱诊断

大气压等离子体射流因其产生的等离子体羽富含活性粒子而在废水净化、元素探测、材料处理等方面具有良好的应用前景。通常等离子体羽的直径较小,限制了其工作效率。针对于此,利用交流电压激励大气压氩气等离子体射流,产生了直径约为14 mm的大尺度均匀等离子体羽。采用发射光谱法对电子密度和氧原子浓度随不同实验参数的变化关系进行了研究。光电测量结果表明,当外加电压峰值或氩气流量增加时,等离子体羽发光亮度增加。当电压峰值较低时,等离子体羽的上下游在电压的每个周期均有两个光脉冲信号,且上游光信号强度比下游的大。随着电压峰值增大,上下游等离子体羽的光信号强度都增大。当电压峰值较高时,上下游等离子体羽的光信号在每个电压周期呈现三个放电脉冲。不论每个电压周期放电脉冲数目多少,上下游等离子体羽的发光信号均具有同步性。利用光谱仪采集了300～800 nm范围内上下游等离子体羽的发射光谱,发现它们中均含有OH和N₂的谱线及ArⅠ和OⅠ谱线。其中,上游等离子体羽的ArⅠ谱线强度比下游的大,但OH和N₂的谱线强度比下游的小。利用谱线强度比对上、下游等离子体羽的电子密度进行了研究。结果表明,上游等离子体羽的电子密度在1014 cm-3量级,高于下游羽的电子密度（1013～1014 cm-3量级）。并且,上游和下游等离子体羽的电子密度均随外加电压峰值的升高而增加,随氩气流量的增加而增加。利用光化线强度法,研究了下游羽中氧原子浓度随实验参数的变化规律。结果表明,氧原子浓度沿气流方向降低;对于一个等离子体羽,平均而言氧原子浓度随外加电压峰值升高而增加,随氩气流量增加而增加。对于以上实验现象,利用气体放电的基本理论进行了定性解释。     

同轴介质阻挡放电中活性粒子的光谱检测

同轴介质阻挡放电具有广泛的应用前景。采用光学方法,利用水电极介质阻挡放电装置,对空气同轴介质阻挡放电特性及活性粒子光谱强度进行了研究。光谱测量结果发现放电发射谱中存在777.5和844.6nm的氧原子谱线,表明等离子体中产生了高化学活性的氧原子。测量了放电中氧原子谱线强度随物理参数(外加电压、流量和含量)的变化关系。结果发现氧原子谱线强度随着外加电压的增加而增强;随着流量或氩气含量(空气中混入少量氩气)的增加,谱线强度先增大后减小,当流量为30L.min-1或者氩气含量为16.7%时氧原子谱线强度达到最大值。     

大气压低温氦等离子体射流的诊断研究

为了加快低温氦气等离子体射流的工程化进程,通过自主设计的同轴式介质阻挡放电等离子体射流发生器,在放电频率10 kHz,一个大气压条件下产生了稳定的氦气等离子体射流。通过分析不同工况下的电压电流波形可以发现单纯增加氦气体积流量只能小幅的增加电流脉冲幅值,而对放电时间、电流脉冲数的影响不大。增加放电峰值电压时电流脉冲幅值会得到较大幅度增加。通过发射光谱法对大气压氦气等离子射流的活性粒子种类、电子激发温度、电子密度进行了诊断。结果表明,大气压氦气等离子体射流中的主要活性粒子为He Ⅰ原子、N₂第二正带系、N+₂的第一负带系、羟基（OH）,H原子的巴尔末线系（H_α和H_β）与O原子,这表明虽然该试验中使用的氦气纯度已达99.99%,但其中仍残留有少量的空气,同时放电时大气中的空气会被卷吸到放电空间发生电离。还可以发现,主要活性粒子的相对光谱强度随氦气体积流量的增加及放电峰值电压的增大均呈现上涨的趋势。选用He Ⅰ原子的四条谱线对不同试验工况下的电子激发温度进行了计算,得到大气压氦气等离子体射流的电子激发温度在3 500~6 300 K之间,电子激发温度随放电峰值电压与氦气体积流量的增大总体上呈现上升的趋势。但由于反向电场的存在,某些峰值电压可能会出现电子激发温度下降的情况;根据Stark展宽原理对大气压氦气等离子体射流的电子密度进行了计算,发现电子密度的数量级可达1015 cm-3,同时增大峰值电压与氦气体积流量均可有效的提高射流中的电子密度。这些参数的研究对氦气等离子体射流在工程实际中的应用具有重要意义。     

锯齿波激励氩气介质阻挡放电的发光特性

采用平行平板结构的微间隙介质阻挡放电装置,在锯齿波电压激励下产生了电流波形具有平台状的阶梯模式放电。研究发现,随锯齿波电压峰值的增大,放电平台的持续时间和幅值随之增加。采用光学方法对单个放电平台的时间演化进行研究,发现其放电机制属于大气压汤森放电。通过对放电的发射光谱进行采集,发现包含氮分子的第二正带系(C~3Π_u→B~3Π_u)、OH(A~2∑~+→X~2Π)和ArⅠ的特征谱线。随锯齿波电压峰值的增大,OH(308.8 nm)谱线强度和分子振动温度增加,但电子激发温度减小。通过对ArⅠ(750.4 nm)强度进行比较,发现相同峰值电压下锯齿波激励介质阻挡放电比正弦激励介质阻挡放电产生的谱线强度更大。利用气体放电理论,对上述物理现象进行了定性解释。     

大气环境下氩气空心针-板放电中OH和O的空间分布

研究了大气环境下氩气空心针-板放电等离子体中OH和O的空间分布。利用空心针-板放电装置,得到了3cm长的等离子体炬。首先采集了300～800nm范围内的光发射谱,发现除了ArⅠ谱线、N2第二正带系谱线C3Πu(ν′=0)→B3Πg(ν″=0)外,还出现了OH自由基的谱带、OⅠ谱线和较弱的H谱线。由于含氧活性粒子在材料表面改性中具有重要作用,实验选取了OH发射的309nm附近的谱带和激发态O发射的777.4nm谱线,分析了它们的相对强度,得到了粒子的空间分布。结果表明:沿等离子体从弧根到弧梢位置,OH自由基数量迅速减少,O原子数量呈现先增多后减少的规律。     

大气压Ar／NH3介质阻挡辉光放电的仿真研究

为了研究火气压下氩气（Ar）中掺杂氨气（NH3）的Ar／NH3介质阻挡辉光放电的放电机理,通过建立一‘个多粒子的自洽耦合流体模型,采用有限元方法进行数值计算,得到了气体间隙压降、介质表面电荷密度、放电电流密度随时间的周期变化波形,以及带电粒子、中性粒子与空间电场强度的时空分布．仿真计算结果表明：气体间隙的周期击穿过程主要由气隙电压控制,并受气隙两侧介质极板上积聚的表面电荷的影响．气隙间带电粒子密度和电场强度的时空分布表明本文的放电过程存在阴极位降区、负辉区、法拉第暗区、等离子体正柱区等辉光放电的典型区域,放电模式为大气压辉光放电．在Ar/NH3等离子体中,主要的正离子为NH＋,其次为Ar2＋,主要的负离子为NHi：NH3分解产生的主要的激发态分子为NH,NH2和N2H3,而最终的稳态产物主要是N2和H2．     

大气压氩气刷形等离子体羽的特性研究

大气压非平衡低温等离子体在生物医学和表面处理等方面具有广泛的应用前景,引起研究者的关注.等离子体射流是产生大气压非平衡等离子体的重要方式,但通常产生的等离子体羽尺度较小.针对于此,本文采用一个具有三电极的介质阻挡放电装置,在交流电压与负偏置电压的共同作用下,在流动氩气的下游产生了大尺度刷状等离子体羽(50.0 mm × 40.0 mm).结果表明,随着交流电压峰值的增加,等离子体羽的亮度增大.通过快速影像,研究发现视觉均匀的等离子体羽是由分叉流光的时间叠加构成的.电压和发光信号波形表明交流电压的每个周期放电一次,且放电出现于外加电压的正半周期.随着交流电压峰值的增加,分叉流光的分叉数量增多,导致放电脉冲的持续时间增加且脉冲强度增强.利用光谱仪测量了 300—850 nm的发射光谱,发现谱线包括308.0 nm处的OH (A~2E~+—X~2Π),N_2 (C~3Π_u—B~3Π_g)的第二正带系,Ar I (4p—4s)以及844.6 nm处的O I (3p~3 P—3s~3 S).基于发射光谱,研究了分子振动温度及谱线强度比随实验参数的变化关系.结果表明,电子温度、分子振动温度和电子密度具有相似的变化趋势.利用光化线强度比的方法,研究了等离子体羽中氧原子浓度随实验参数的变化.结果表明氧原子浓度沿气流方向先增加后降低,随工作气体中氧气含量的增加先增加后降低.此外,氧原子浓度随交流电压峰值的增大而增加,并对氧原子浓度的变化进行了定性的解释.     

介质阻挡放电六边形斑图稳定过程的光谱研究

采用发射光谱法,首次研究了等离子体参数及激发状态对介质阻挡放电六边形斑图稳定性的影响。在氩气/空气混合气体的介质阻挡放电中,随着电压的升高,放电丝直径增大,六边形斑图逐渐稳定,同时放电颜色由紫色逐渐变为灰白色,说明其等离子体状态及参数可能发生了变化。测量了六边形斑图放电过程中氮分子谱线和氩原子谱线相对于氩原子763.51 nm的相对强度、分子振动温度和电子激发温度随外加电压的变化。结果发现：氮分子谱线相对强度随电压增加而降低,氩原子谱线相对强度却升高;分子振动温度与电子激发温度均随电压增加而增大。这些现象表明：随着电压增大,电子能量增加。由此,氩原子激发增多,放电丝直径增大,介质表面上沉积的壁电荷面积增大,放电丝之间的相互作用增强,六边形斑图趋于稳定。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.