中药组方指纹图谱研究方法和思路

中药组方就是将单味中药按照一定的规律配伍成方,因剂量配伍差异会导致组方理化性质的改变,从而导致组方功效强弱、性质方面发生变化,甚至产生新的化学成分。中药组方鉴别与质量控制一直是困扰中药工作者的一个难题。指纹图谱技术具有宏观、准确、稳定等优点,已被广泛用于中药领域。中药组方指纹图谱是解决中药合理组方配伍的最有效手段,其对中药质量控制已经得到普遍关注和重视。由于指纹图谱具有整体定量功能和特征性鉴别作用,对于成分复杂的中药组方能够全面地定性与定量评价。本文就中药组方指纹图谱的研究意义与目的进行了综述,并详细阐述了组方指纹图谱的研究方法与思路,以此为中药及其组方指纹图谱研究提供参考。     

蟾酥急性毒性的代谢组学研究

本文中,我们运用代谢组学方法结合心电图分析对蟾酥导致的大鼠急性毒性进行了研究,通过超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱建立了大鼠血清的代谢指纹谱,采用主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析法分析了对照组和各给药组之间的代谢物谱差异,通过变量重要性投影和T检验选取潜在的生物标志物,结合质谱同位素分析、数据库检索以及标准品对潜在生物标志物进行了鉴定。结果表明,蟾酥可导致心脏心率减慢、心律失常、甚至出现心肌梗塞现象,其导致心脏损伤的原因可能是通过阻碍自由脂肪酸再酰化或激活蛋白激酶通路干扰了脂质代谢,这对于阐述蟾酥毒性作用机理提供了新思路。     

柠檬酸镧诱导HeLa细胞凋亡差异蛋白组学研究

稀土具有多种多样的生物效应,研究表明稀土具有促细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡的双重作用．作用效应与稀土的种类,物种、浓度以及细胞的种类有关,表现出类似Hormesis效应的“低促高抑”现象．如陈兴安等学者曾报道稀土化合物既能促进正常细胞的生长又能抑制癌细胞．最近,一种化合物（Gd（III）-texaphyrinl已经进入三期临床实验,用于非小细胞肺癌脑转移的治疗．稀土促进细胞凋亡可能与以下机制有关：通过与肿瘤细胞DNA特异性结合,影响DNA的合成或复制、影响细胞周期促进凋亡、增加细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平,通过线粒体凋亡通路诱导细胞凋亡,调节机体免疫机能等．我们前期研究表明,柠檬酸镧对各种癌细胞生长的影响存在浓度依赖性,低浓度无明显作用特征,高浓度抑制癌细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡;不同肿瘤细胞对稀土的响应不同,宫颈癌HeLa细胞株相对敏感．本文进一步利用差异蛋白质组学方法探讨柠檬酸镧诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的作用机制．双向凝胶电泳（2DE）与基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间串联质谱（MALDI—TOF／TOF—MS）检测结果显示有14种表达差异明显的蛋白．包括与凋亡和细胞增殖相关蛋白：核仁磷酸化蛋白（NMP）和S100钙结合蛋白（S100－A11）表达上调,线粒体prohibitin蛋白下调;应激和氧化应激相关蛋白：包括热休克蛋白（heat shock 70－kDa protein 9 precursor,HspB8）和超氧化物歧化酶1（SOD1）下调,而NAD依耐的亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶（MTHFD2L）上调;翻译和蛋白降解相关蛋白：包括真核翻译延伸因子2（eFF2）、核糖体蛋白（RPLPO）和钙网蛋白前体变体（calreticulin precursor variant and far upstream element（FUSE）binding protein 1,isoform CRA_b）下调,蛋白酶体proteasome beta 3 subunit上调．蛋白组学的结果提示,[La（cit）2]^3-可能通过线粒体凋亡通路以及调节细胞内氧化应激水平诱导Hela细胞凋亡．进一步用免疫印迹（western blotting）进行验证和检测相关凋亡蛋白,结果显示SOD1、eFF2和Nm23蛋白下调,凋亡相关蛋白caspase-9和PARP激活,促凋亡蛋白Bax表达上升和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达下降．另外,柠檬酸镧作用细胞后,细胞线粒体膜电位（△ψM）下降,细胞色素c（cyt-c）释放和H2O2产生增加．线粒体膜通透性改变、膜电位的变化、ROS的生成和促凋亡蛋白的释放是细胞凋亡过程的关键事件．这些结果表明柠檬酸镧通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导HeLa细胞凋亡,这一结论与既往研究相一致,为柠檬酸稀土配合物的抗癌作用机制提供了基础信息．Ca^2＋超载是引起线粒体损伤的重要因素之一,Ca^2＋也能调节电压依赖阴离子通道活性（VDAC）从而调节线粒体通透性转变孔的开放与关闭．柠檬酸镧能解离出镧离子（La^3＋）,La^3＋具有类钙的性质,这可能是镧作用于线粒体引起凋亡的原因之一．当然,有研究表明这种作用具有两面性,低剂量能促进线粒体PTP孔的开放,高浓度表现为拮抗作用或没有影响．另外,VDAC位于线粒体外膜,对线粒体及细胞功能调节非常重要．本研究结果显示,与对照相比,VADC1的表达没有变化,而VADC2没有检测到,说明VADC的表达在柠檬酸镧诱导的细胞凋亡中可能不是一个关键因素．     

RT-PCR和RNA干扰方法用于检测卵巢癌iASPP基因的研究

用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测56对人卵巢癌组织及对应的癌旁组织中iASPP(Inhibitor of ASPP fami-ly)mRNA表达水平,应用受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)分析癌组织与癌旁组织中iASPP mRNA表达水平,探索iASPP在卵巢癌发生中的作用。从细胞水平进一步研究其作用机制,用siRNA干扰的方法使iASPP表达降低后用Hoechst 33342和CCK-8分别检测iASPP沉默后对人类卵巢癌细胞株OVCA420的影响。结果显示,卵巢癌组织中iASPP表达较癌旁组织明显增高;iASPP沉默后,细胞凋亡增多,细胞增殖水平降低。据此推断,iASPP mRNA水平对卵巢癌的临床诊断具有一定价值,可作为卵巢癌治疗的一个重要靶点。     

硒化壳聚糖对NB4细胞作用的实验研究

应用MTT法、AO/EB荧光染色法和NBT还原法观察硒化壳聚糖对NB4肿瘤细胞株生长的影响。结果发现,硒化壳聚糖可有效地抑制NB4细胞生长,并呈量效、时效关系。经100 mg/L及以上剂量硒化壳聚糖作用后的细胞可明显出现核固缩、碎裂等凋亡形态改变。而经100 mg/L以下剂量硒化壳聚糖作用后,细胞可出现诱导分化成熟的表现。     

伊马替尼与金匮金肾气丸在人工胃/肠液中的相互作用研究

伊马替尼为TKI制剂,在白血病及多种肿瘤治疗中具有显著疗效,但是男性患者长期服用后可引起生殖毒性。本课题组前期实验表明金匮金肾气丸可以降低雄性小鼠长期服用伊马替尼引起的生殖毒性。为了便于指导临床合理用药,本实验以高效液相色谱-紫外法(HPLC-UV)测定10.00 mg伊马替尼与不同剂量金匮肾气丸联合使用,在人工胃/肠液中孵育不同时间后,伊马替尼与金匮金肾气丸中三个主要成分含量,进一步研究伊马替尼与金匮金肾气丸的药物相互作用。结果发现:金匮金肾气丸中丹皮酚不受药物间相互作用影响;金匮金肾气丸为3.6 g时伊马替尼含量显著降低(P0.01),低剂量时不受影响;低于1.2 g剂量时金匮金肾气丸中莫诺苷与伊马替尼不产生相互影响,高于2.4 g时,伊马替尼影响莫诺苷的含量;马钱苷受伊马替尼影响较大,不同剂量联合药物中马钱苷含量均较金匮金肾气丸中含量显著降低(P0.05),这可能是伊马替尼与金匮金肾气丸相互作用抑制了其溶出。因此伊马替尼和金匮金肾气丸同时服用可能会引起药物间相互作用而降低疗效,推荐间隔2 h以上服用可以达到存效减毒目的。     

注射用血栓通冻干粉对氧化应激导致的RGC-5细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的观察注射用血栓通冻干粉是否对氧化应激导致的RGC-5细胞凋亡有保护作用。方法采用过氧化氢制备氧化应激损伤模型。分为4个组,分别为空白对照组、0.5 mg血栓通观察组,2 mg血栓通观察组,10 mg血栓通观察组,利用上述浓度培育RGC-5细胞24 h后利用400μm浓度的过氧化氢制备氧化应激模型。随后MTT法观察细胞凋亡情况。结果经过不同浓度注射用血栓通培育后的细胞,凋亡率明显下降,各组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论注射用血栓通对氧化应激损伤导致的RGC-5细胞凋亡有保护作用。     

稀土对人正常肝细胞株7701和人宫颈癌Hela细胞生长的影响及其诱导细胞凋亡的作用

采用MTT法考察了16种稀土元素在9×10-8~2×10-4mol.L-1浓度范围内对体外培养的人正常肝细胞株7701细胞和宫颈癌Hela细胞的生长的影响。结果表明,稀土对细胞生长的影响存在浓度依赖性;低浓度促进细胞增殖,高浓度抑制细胞生长;不同稀土离子对细胞作用强弱不同,稀土间存在轻重分组效应;不同细胞对稀土的响应不同,表现出稀土对正常细胞和癌细胞作用的某种选择性。Hoechst 33258标记细胞DNA,用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪对稀土处理的肝细胞株7701进行形态学观察和DNA含量分析。结果表明,较高浓度的稀土作用后的肝细胞株7701出现了明显的凋亡特征,稀土表现出的细胞毒性作用,其本质是诱导细胞发生凋亡。     

氯化镧对烧伤大鼠胸腺iNOS表达及细胞凋亡的影响

用原位末端标记术、免疫组织化学术和体视学形态记量法观察稀土化合物氯化镧（LaCl3）对严重烧伤大鼠胸腺诱导性一氧化氮合酶（iN-OS）表达及胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示,LaCl3能减轻烧伤后大鼠胸腺应激性萎缩的程度,降低病理性胸腺细胞凋亡率,其行为主要是通过部分抑制iNOS在烧伤后大鼠胸腺组织中的表达,表明LaCl3对严重烧伤后机体免疫功能具有一定的保护作用,可作为一种有效的烧伤后免疫功能调节和保护剂。     

FITC标记重组灵芝免疫调节蛋白(rLz-8)在NB4细胞中的动态定位

实验发现, 重组灵芝免疫调节蛋白(rLz-8)可直接杀伤人急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞株NB4. 利用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记rLz-8, 其相关的活性实验结果和晶体结构分析都表明, FITC没有影响rLz-8已知生物学功能. 通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察FITC-rLz-8在NB4细胞内的动态过程发现, FITC-rLz-8可识别细胞膜上的受体, 并可进入细胞质, 并最终富集在细胞核区域内. Annexin V-FITC双染检测结果显示, rLz-8对NB4细胞杀伤作用的可能机制是对NB4细胞凋亡的诱导作用, 在一定浓度范围内, 剂量与凋亡诱导率成正相关. 因此rLz-8能够诱导肿瘤细胞NB4发生凋亡的亚细胞学机制可定位在细胞核上.     

Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single marker and quality evaluation of Venenum Bufonis from different geographical origins

Bufadienolides are the main bioactive components of Venenum Bufonis (VB) and have been widely used to treat different types of human cancers for decades. The bufadienolide content in VB varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this work, a new strategy for the quality assessment of VB was developed through quantitative analysis of multi‐components by single marker (QAMS). Cinobufagin was selected as the internal reference substance; seven bufadienolides were separated and simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The correlation coefficient value (r ≥ 0.9936) between QAMS and the normal external standard method proved the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 30 batches of VB samples, the contents of the seven bufadienolides were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of VB from various geographical origins were divided into three categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis and radar plot, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on VB. This study showed that QAMS combined with chemometristry could be used to comprehensively evaluate and effectively control the quality of VB from different geographical origins.     

Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of cinobufagin on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and its molecular mechanism

Cinobufagin (CBF) is an active ingredient isolated from Venenum Bufonis extracted and dried from the secretory glands of Bufo gargarizans Cantor. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of CBF on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. Our results showed that CBF exhibited obvious cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as indicated by CCK-8 assays. Also, Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry assays showed that CBF strongly induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis and G1 phase arrest. In addition, further molecular mechanistic investigation demonstrated that cinobufagin significantly increased Bax expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression level and up-regulated the ratio of the pro-apoptosis/anti-apoptosis protein Bax/Bcl-2, which were demonstrated by RT-qPCR and western blot assays. Taken together, our data confirm that CBF inhibits growth and triggers apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by affecting the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in vitro.     

基因芯片用于组分中药新双龙方的配伍机制研究

采用基因芯片技术研究了中药新双龙方及其有效组分人参总皂苷和丹参总酚酸治疗急性心肌梗塞(AMI)大鼠的作用机制. 以结扎大鼠冠脉左前降支的方法制备急性心梗模型, 采用大鼠全基因组表达谱芯片分别筛选出AMI大鼠给药前及新双龙方与组分给药后的差异表达基因(Ratio>2或<0.5), 通过对4组差异基因的综合分析, 比较了新双龙方与组分作用方式的异同, 从分子调控水平上探讨复方配伍后的增效作用, 同时对与药效作用机理直接相关的钙离子转运相关的Cacna1d基因和血管修复相关的Flnb基因进行了实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)定量. 结果表明, 新双龙方与2种有效组分对心梗大鼠基因表达的影响不同. 对差异基因的聚类分析以及药物的调控作用比较结果均表明复方比组分的疗效更好; 通路分析结果表明, 新双龙方与组分均主要通过调控钙信号转导通路、 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路(MAPK)信号等通路发挥药效作用, 且复方涉及更多通路; 筛选出了复方与组分共同调控的靶点基因, 其在3组中具有不完全相同的表达趋势, 但复方具有更积极的调控作用. 本研究结果从分子调控角度证实了复方新双龙方的配伍优势.     

Investigation of the hybrid molecular probe for intracellular studies

Monitoring gene expression in vivo is essential to the advancement of biological studies, medical diagnostics, and drug discovery. Adding to major efforts in developing molecular probes for mRNA monitoring, we have recently developed an alternative tool, the hybrid molecular probe (HMP). To optimize the probe, a series of experiments were performed to study the properties of HMP hybridization kinetics and stability. The results demonstrated the potential of the HMP as a prospective tool for use in both hybridization studies and in vitro and in vivo analyses. The HMP has shown no tendency to produce false positive signals, which is a major concern for living cell studies. Moreover, HMP has shown the ability to detect the mRNA expression of different genes inside single cells from both basal and stimulated genes. As an effective alternative to conventional molecular probes, the proven sensitivity, simplicity, and stability of HMPs show promise for their use in monitoring mRNA expression in living cells. Figure Hybrid molecular probe (HMP). HMPs consist of two single strands of DNA (green) and a polyethylene glycol (PEG, purple) linker that is used to tether these two sequences together. When a target (orange strand) containing the complementary sequences to both probes at adjacent positions is added, each strand binds to its corresponding target sequence, thus bringing the two fluorophores into close proximity, which allows energy transfer to occur     

Flocculation Performance and Mechanism of Removing Pectin by N-hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan

The cationic organic flocculant N-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC) was used for flocculation of pectin, which was an impurity widespread in Chinese medicine water extractions, and the effects of the flocculant dosage, the pectin concentration, pH value, and the solution temperature on the flocculation efficiency were studied. FTIR spectra of pectin and its flocs were analyzed to determine the flocculation mechanism. The results showed that HTCC effectively flocculated the high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl pectin (LMP). The removal rate of HMP and LMP were above 85% and 90%, respectively. The flocculant dosage and pH value were the key influential factors. The pectin flocculation mechanism was mainly adsorption bridging and charge neutralization by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption, and hydrophobic interaction. The optimal flocculation conditions of HMP and LMP by HTCC were achieved.     

Insights regarding novel biomarkers and the pathogenesis of primary colorectal carcinoma based on bioinformatic analysis

BackgroundBiomarkers are important in the study of tumor processes for early detection and precise treatment. The biomarkers that have been previously detected are not useful for clinical application for primary colorectal carcinoma (PCRC). The aim of this study was to explore clinically valuable biomarkers of PCRC based on integrated bioinformatic analysis.Material and methodsGene expression data were acquired from the GSE41258 dataset, and the differentially expressed genes were determined between PCRC and normal colorectal samples. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were implemented via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The significant modules and hub genes were screened and identified in the PPI network.ResultsA total of 202 DEGs were identified, including 58 upregulated and 144 downregulated genes in PCRC samples compared to those in normal colorectal samples. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that the gene sets enriched in PCRC were significantly related to bicarbonate transport, regulation of sodium ion transport, potassium ion homeostasis, regulation of telomere maintenance, and other processes. A total of 10 hub genes was identified by cytoHubba: PYY, CXCL3, CXCL11, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL20, MMP3, P2RY14, NPY1R, and CXCL1.ConclusionThe hub genes, such as NPY1R, P2RY14, and CXCL12, and the electrolyte disequilibrium resulting from the differential expression of genes, especially bicarbonate imbalance, may provide novel insights and evidence for the future diagnosis and targeted therapy of PCRC.     

维拉帕米作用下急性心梗大鼠比较蛋白质组学研究

以急性心梗大鼠为研究对象, 应用双向凝胶电泳法(2-DE)分析比较了维拉帕米作用下急性心梗大鼠心肌蛋白表达的差异, 从蛋白质水平探讨了维拉帕米心肌保护作用的发生机制. 结果表明, 与假手术组及模型组相比, 维拉帕米给药组心肌组织中有8个蛋白点表达显著上调, 7个蛋白点表达显著下调. 采用质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析结合数据库检索, 共鉴定了其中的15种蛋白质, 可按功能分为如下4类: (1) 能量代谢及线粒体功能相关蛋白; (2) 氧化应激相关蛋白; (3) 细胞骨架蛋白; (4) 其它蛋白. 研究结果表明, 维拉帕米的心肌保护作用与恢复心肌损伤过程中的能量供应及对抗氧化应激等作用有关.     

利用代谢组学技术研究全氟辛酸的人肝脏毒性机制

采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用系统研究暴露于不同浓度全氟辛酸(PFOA)72 h的正常人L-02肝细胞内代谢谱的变化。将主成分分析法用于数据分析和生物标志物的初步筛选。在正离子和负离子扫描模式下,对照组和暴露组均可得到较好区分并呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系,筛选鉴定了18种与全氟辛酸毒性密切相关的潜在生物标志物,包括肉碱和酰肉碱、核苷及其同源物、氨基酸及其同源物等。在暴露组中,在脂肪酸代谢中起关键作用的肉碱类代谢物的含量变化显著,其中肉碱含量随剂量的升高呈现明显的下降趋势,而酰肉碱则呈现相反的变化趋势,表明全氟辛酸可通过诱导胆固醇等脂类物质代谢相关基因的异常表达从而扰乱胆碱类物质的正常合成和代谢。除了变化最显著的胆碱代谢通路之外,全氟辛酸的肝脏毒性还与三羧酸循环、嘌呤代谢、氨基酸代谢和核酸代谢等多个通路相关。这些结果表明,PFOA在体内经过长时间累积可通过干扰众多的代谢通路从而破坏人体的正常生理机能,造成潜在的健康危害。     

Effects of chemical constituents on crystalline properties of ethylene ionomers

The effect of % methacrylic acid (%MAA), % neutralization (%N) and ion type (Na⁺ or Zn⁺⁺) on the crystalline properties of neutralized ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers (ionomers) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two endothermic melting peaks were observed for all the nine ionomers studied, the lower melting point (LMP) due to ordered ionic clusters and the higher melting point (HMP) due to polyethylene crystallites. Effects of %MAA, %N and ion type on LMP and HMP for as-received, aged and annealed samples are compared. Effect of types of pretreatments on LMP and HMP of ionomers at high and low %MAA contents for both ion types are discussed. Most of these results are explained from the point of view of crystalline morphology of ionomers.The author offers special thanks and appreciation to Dr. George W. Prejean of Sabine Research Laboratory, DuPont Co., Orange, Texas, for supplying the Surlyn^® ionomcrs and product nformation. Special thanks are due to Cary Evans, a senior student in the Chemical Engineering Department, for running the DSC experiments.