Synthesis method-dependent photothermal effects of colloidal solutions of platinum nanoparticles used in photothermal anticancer therapy

One of the most common anticancer therapies is photothermal therapy (PTT). The effectiveness of PTT depends on the photosensitizer being a molecule which is toxic for the cancer cells after electromagnetic wave irradiation. Therefore, a simulation of PTT was performed in this work on two colon cancer cells (SW480 and SW620) using platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). Interestingly, in the literature the dependence between the synthesis method and the photothermal properties of Pt NPs was not discussed. Consequently, in this paper, we evaluated the photothermal properties of Pt NPs synthesized by two different methods: polyol (PtI NPs) and green chemistry (PtII NPs). Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that the size of both Pt NPs obtained was 2 nm, the NPs were not agglomerated, and that the PtII NPs were distributed on green tea supports. The selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystallinity of both types of Pt NPs. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the PtII NPs showed interactions between the NPs and stretching modes for C=O groups from flavonoids and polyphenols. Therefore, these chemical compounds could be responsible for reducing Pt⁴⁺ ions to Pt⁰. Moreover, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay showed that the PtII NPs exhibited 10% and 20% better cytotoxicity effect on SW480 and SW620 cells, than PtI NPs. The viability of cancer cells decreased when Pt NPs were used in PTT. The highest percentage of dead cells (82%) was observed for PtII NPs and 650-nm laser irradiation. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy showed structural changes induced by both Pt NPs and laser irradiation of cells in the range corresponding to levels of DNA, phospholipids, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, the calculated photothermal conversion efficiency showed that the value of this parameter is around 35%, regardless of the synthesis method and used wavelengths.     

一种用于肿瘤治疗的高光热转换效率和高稳定性的光热剂

基于香豆素荧光团设计合成了一种光热剂(ECEI),其光热转换效率可达 85.78%。此外,冷热循环的实验结果表明,ECEI 具有良好的光稳定性。即使在线粒体膜电位受损的情况下,ECEI 也能有效靶向线粒体,在激光照射下诱导癌细胞死亡。这使 ECEI能够最大程度地破坏线粒体,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的繁殖。对小鼠肿瘤照射 1次后,小鼠肿瘤在 10 d内逐渐消失,这表明ECEI具有良好的肿瘤抑制效果。     

一种用于肿瘤治疗的高光热转换效率和高稳定性的光热剂

基于香豆素荧光团设计合成了一种光热剂(ECEI),其光热转换效率可达 85.78%。此外,冷热循环的实验结果表明,ECEI 具有良好的光稳定性。即使在线粒体膜电位受损的情况下,ECEI 也能有效靶向线粒体,在激光照射下诱导癌细胞死亡。这使 ECEI能够最大程度地破坏线粒体,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的繁殖。对小鼠肿瘤照射 1次后,小鼠肿瘤在 10 d内逐渐消失,这表明ECEI具有良好的肿瘤抑制效果。     

Fe掺杂CuS纳米颗粒的合成及其在光热/化学动力学联合治疗中的应用

以乙酰丙酮铜和硫粉为铜源和硫源,在油酸(OA)-油胺(OM)-十八烯(ODE)体系中合成了近红外吸收的硫化铜(CuS)纳米颗粒,并通过改变硫元素活化状态的方式调节其吸收峰到适合光热治疗的1064 nm附近。通过阳离子交换法进一步制备了Fe、Mn等元素掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒,并保持其吸收峰位置几乎不变。使用微乳法进行聚乙二醇(PEG)化修饰后,这些纳米颗粒在水溶液中表现出良好的分散性和稳定性。分别测试了CuS纳米颗粒在Fe³⁺掺杂前后的光热性能及羟基自由基(·OH)生成能力。结果表明,PEG修饰后Fe³⁺掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒(CuS∶Fe-PEG)在1064 nm处的质量消光系数为37.5 L·g^-1·cm-1,光热转换效率可达43.7%。虽然光热性能略低于未掺杂的CuS-PEG,但其·OH生成能力有大幅提升。细胞实验也表明,在弱酸性条件下,CuS∶Fe-PEG具有更好的肿瘤细胞抑制能力,在1064 nm激光照射下能够有效杀死肿瘤细胞,可用于光热/化学动力学联合治疗。     

Fe掺杂CuS纳米颗粒的合成及其在光热/化学动力学联合治疗中的应用

以乙酰丙酮铜和硫粉为铜源和硫源,在油酸(OA)-油胺(OM)-十八烯(ODE)体系中合成了近红外吸收的硫化铜(CuS)纳米颗粒,并通过改变硫元素活化状态的方式调节其吸收峰到适合光热治疗的1 064 nm附近。通过阳离子交换法进一步制备了Fe、Mn等元素掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒,并保持其吸收峰位置几乎不变。使用微乳法进行聚乙二醇(PEG)化修饰后,这些纳米颗粒在水溶液中表现出良好的分散性和稳定性。分别测试了CuS纳米颗粒在Fe³⁺掺杂前后的光热性能及羟基自由基(·OH)生成能力。结果表明,PEG修饰后Fe³⁺掺杂的CuS纳米颗粒(CuS∶Fe-PEG)在1 064 nm处的质量消光系数为37.5 L·g^-1·cm^-1,光热转换效率可达43.7%。虽然光热性能略低于未掺杂的CuS-PEG,但其·OH生成能力有大幅提升。细胞实验也表明,在弱酸性条件下,CuS∶Fe-PEG具有更好的肿瘤细胞抑制能力,在1 064 nm激光照射下能够有效杀死肿瘤细胞,可用于光热/化学动力学联合治疗。     

PAA-derived gold nanorods for cellular targeting and photothermal therapy

A single-step LbL procedure to functionalize CTAB-capped GNRs via electrostatic self-assembly is reported. This approach allows for consistent biomolecule/GNR coupling using standard carboxyl-amine conjugation chemistry. The focus is on cancer-targeting biomolecule/GNR conjugates and selective photothermal destruction of cancer cells by GNR-mediated hyperthermia and NIR light. GNRs were conjugated to a single-chain antibody selective for colorectal carcinoma cells and used as probes to demonstrate photothermal therapy. Selective targeting and GNR uptake in antigen-expressing SW 1222 cells were observed using fluorescence microscopy. Selective photothermal therapy is demonstrated using SW 1222 cells, where >62% cell death was observed after cells are treated with targeted A33scFv-GNRs.     

Chitosan coated molybdenum sulphide nanosheet incorporated with tantalum oxide nanomaterials for improving cancer photothermal therapy

In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D) prominent for site specific photothermal treatment (PTT), which are one of the most interesting strategy due to their maximizing cancer cell killing efficiency without the normal cells. Several robust methods are established for 2D material synthesis and improving the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), biocompatibility, and photostability in cancer PTT. Such preferred mechanism like nanomaterial decoration on to their surface would enable access to tunable 2D nanomaterial properties to improve cancer PTT. Here, we first time report a robust route for deposition of tantalum (TaO₂) on to chitosan (CS) coated molybdenum sulphite (MoS₂) nanosheet surface via electrostatic interaction, which assists to improve cancer PTT efficiency. Detailed studies prove that prepared TaO₂-CS-MoS₂ nanomaterial shows lack of toxicity, photostability and PCE was calculated from 26 °C to 47.2 °C under the 808 nm irradiation/5 min. Therefore, the TaO₂ deposition particularly interest to promote the photostability, biocompatibility and PCE of bare MoS₂ nanosheets. Therefore, the possible mechanism is highly expected to improve biological features in cancer PTT.     

Recent advances in photothermal and RNA interfering synergistic therapy

As a new treatment technique,photothermal therapy(PTT) has aroused worldwide attention in cancer treatment,mainly due to its excellent absorption ability,easy regulation,and biodegradability.Photothermal conversion materials with enhanced permeability and retention effect can be targeted easily to tumor tissue.They can accumulate efficiently to tumor tissues and allow normal tissues and organs not to be affected by temperature,thus significantly helping to reduce the systemic toxicity and improve the antitumor effect.However,PTT alo ne often suffers from the rapeutic resistance and reduced therapeutic efficacy,due to photothermal nanomaterial-mediated fundamental cellular defense mechanism of heat shock response,which could be inhibited by small interfering RNA(siRNA).Nevertheless,photothermal conversion materials as an excellent siRNA delivery carrier may conside rably enhance the delivery efficiency of siRNA.Therefore,photothermal and RNA interfering(RNAi) synergistic therapy has recently aroused extensive attention in tumor treatment.In this review,we mainly summarize the recent advances of photothermal and RNAi synergistic therapy,including some synergistic therapeutic nanoplatforms of inorganic and organic photothermal materials and other combined therapies such as combining with small molecular antitumor agents or PDT/imaging.The combination of various treatment techniques may considerably improve the synergistic therapeutic effect of PTT and RNAi in the treatment of cancers.     

聚合物纳米光诊疗剂的制备与应用新进展

共轭聚合物纳米颗粒是由π-共轭有机聚合物组成的尺寸在1~100nm范围内的新型有机纳米材料。与传统的有机小分子、半导体量子点和无机纳米材料相比,聚合物纳米颗粒具有光学性质特殊、结构多样、表面易修饰和生物相容性好等优点,因而被广泛应用于生物成像、传感与检测、载药和治疗等领域。本文主要围绕聚合物纳米颗粒的制备方法、性质结构和生物相容性等方面,重点介绍了聚合物纳米颗粒作为光诊疗剂在荧光成像、光声成像,以及光动力和光热治疗领域的研究进展,并对聚合物纳米颗粒的发展前景和未来面临的挑战进行了探讨。     

Soft template synthesis of donor–acceptor conjugated polymer nanoparticles: Structural effects,stability, and photothermal studies

Donor–acceptor conjugated polymer nanoparticles and nanofibers, based on Poly[4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b']dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt?2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole‐4,7‐diyl] (PCPDTBSe), were synthesized using Pluronic F127 as a template. The nanomaterials were compared to previously reported PCPDTBSe nanoparticles, which were synthesized without the use of a template. Our goal was to improve on the aqueous stability and photothermal heating efficiency of the previously synthesized PCPDTBSe nanoparticles by decreasing their size and coating them with a biocompatible surfactant. The pluronic wrapped PCPDTBSe (PW‐PCPDTBSe) nanoparticles (40–60 nm) showed excellent aqueous stability compared to the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers (d = 20–60 nm, l = 200–1000 nm) and previously synthesized PCPDTBSe nanoparticles (150 nm). Under stimulation from 800 nm near infrared light (3 W, 1 min), the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles showed greater heat generation (ΔT = 47 °C) compared to bare PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers (ΔT = 35 °C for both). Cytotoxicity studies determined that both the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers displayed no significant toxicity toward either noncancerous small intestinal cells (FHs 74 Int) or colorectal cancer cells (CT26). Photothermal ablation studies confirmed that both the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanoparticles and the PW‐PCPDTBSe nanofibers can be used as localized photothermal agents to eradicate colorectal cancer cells due to their excellent ablation efficiency (>95% cell death at 15 µg/mL concentration). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1622–1632     

Highly biocompatible BSA-MnO2 nanoparticles as an efficient near-infrared photothermal agent for cancer therapy

In this work, we reported a facile, one-pot method to synthesis of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-reduced and stabilized MnO₂ nanoparticles (BSA-MnO₂ NPs) with good aqueous dispersibility and high biocompatibility. And we also showed for the first time that BSA-MnO₂ NPs displayed superior near infrared (NIR) photothermal efficiency and photostability which demonstrated as a novel class of photothermal antitumor agent.     

光热材料在太阳能海水脱盐中应用的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。     

Polypyrrole nanoparticles for high-performance in vivo near-infrared photothermal cancer therapy

Polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) exhibit strong absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region. With an excellent photothermal efficiency of ～45% at 808 nm, sub-100 nm PPy NPs are demonstrated to be a promising photothermal agent for in vivo cancer therapy using NIR irradiation.     

太阳能海水脱盐中光热材料与蒸发装置的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。     

有机纳米材料在肿瘤光热治疗中的应用

光热治疗是利用在近红外具有较强光吸收的材料将光能转化为热能从而杀死癌细胞,与传统的化疗、放疗相比具有副作用小、治疗特异性好的优点。近年来各种不同的纳米材料被用于肿瘤光热治疗,并在动物肿瘤模型实验中取得了令人鼓舞的治疗效果。本文重点介绍几种典型的有机纳米材料在光热治疗中的应用,并讨论这一新兴领域的发展趋势。     

聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料在光热治疗领域的应用

光热治疗是近年来兴起的一种治疗方法,具有靶向性强、适应性广的特点。在光热治疗中,通过光热剂对光的吸收将光能转化为热能,从而实现治疗作用,因而光热剂的光热转化性能直接决定了光热治疗的效果。光热剂的种类丰富,涵盖由无机到有机等组成和性能各异的多种材料。其中,聚吡咯具备良好的生物相容性、优异的光稳定性以及光热转化性能,在光热治疗领域受到广泛关注,是一种拥有巨大应用潜力的光热剂,然而其在光热治疗领域的发展趋势及前景却鲜有报道。本文综述了聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料的制备方法,详述了聚吡咯及其纳米复合材料在光热治疗领域中的应用情况,包括聚吡咯基纳米材料的自身性能和实际光热治疗的效果,指出以聚吡咯为基体或修饰材料来制备具有CT、磁共振、光声显影及光热治疗性能的聚吡咯基复合材料已成为发展趋势。在此基础上,本文还总结了聚吡咯基纳米复合材料在制备和应用中存在的问题,并分析了其在发展过程中遇到的挑战以及在生物医学应用中的前景。