光催化CO_2转化为碳氢燃料体系的综述

传统化石能源燃烧产生CO2引起的地球变暖和能源短缺已经成为一个严重的全球性问题.利用太阳光和光催化材料将CO2还原为碳氢燃料,不仅可以减少空气中CO2浓度,降低温室效应的影响,还可以提供碳氢燃料,缓解能源短缺问题,因此日益受到各国科学家的高度关注.本文综述了光催化还原CO2为碳氢燃料的研究进展,介绍了光催化还原CO2的反应机理,并对现阶段报道的光催化还原CO2材料体系进行了整理和分类,包括TiO2光催化材料,ABO3型钙钛矿光催化材料,尖晶石型光催化材料,掺杂型光催化材料,复合光催化材料,V、W、Ge、Ga基光催化材料及石墨烯基光催化材料.评述了各种材料体系的特点及光催化性能的一些影响因素.最后对光催化还原CO2的研究前景进行了展望.     

光催化CO2转化为碳氢燃料体系的综述

传统化石能源燃烧产生CO₂引起的地球变暖和能源短缺已经成为一个严重的全球性问题. 利用太阳光和光催化材料将CO₂还原为碳氢燃料, 不仅可以减少空气中CO₂浓度, 降低温室效应的影响, 还可以提供碳氢燃料, 缓解能源短缺问题, 因此日益受到各国科学家的高度关注. 本文综述了光催化还原CO₂为碳氢燃料的研究进展, 介绍了光催化还原CO₂的反应机理, 并对现阶段报道的光催化还原CO₂材料体系进行了整理和分类, 包括TiO₂光催化材料, ABO₃型钙钛矿光催化材料, 尖晶石型光催化材料, 掺杂型光催化材料, 复合光催化材料, V、W、Ge、Ga基光催化材料及石墨烯基光催化材料. 评述了各种材料体系的特点及光催化性能的一些影响因素. 最后对光催化还原CO₂的研究前景进行了展望.     

A short review on recent progress of Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts: The role of Bi metal

Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts have extensively been applied in the production of hydrogen, CO₂ reduction and environmental remediation in recent years. This short review summarizes the role of Bi metal as a plasma photocatalyst and cocatalyst. As a cocatalyst, Bi metal can be electron/hole trappers, charge transfer mediators, or oxygen vacancy coordinators. In addition, the preparation methods of the Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts are also reviewed. Challenges and future research directions related to Bi/semiconductor photocatalysts are discussed and summarized, including the use of advanced characterization techniques to refine the reaction mechanism, the difficulties of preparing Bi single atom catalyst, and the improvement of the reduction ability of Bi-based photocatalysts. This review helps understand the reaction mechanisms of the composite photocatalytic systems containing Bi metal and proposes new perspectives for designing the photocatalysts which can control air pollution via a reductive process.     

Graphene/inorganic nanocomposites: Evolving photocatalysts for solar energy conversion for environmental remediation

Current energy crisis and environmental issues, including depletion of fossil fuels, rapid industrialization, and undesired CO₂ emission resulting in global warming has created havoc for the global population and significantly affected the quality of life. In this scenario the environmental problems in the forefront of research priorities. Development of renewable energy resources particularly the efficient conversion of solar light to sustainable energy is crucial in addressing environmental problems. In this regard, the synthesis of semiconductors-based photocatalysts has emerged as an effective tool for different photocatalytic applications and environmental remediation. Among different photocatalyst options available, graphene and graphene derivatives such as, graphene oxide (GO), highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG), and doped graphene (N, S, P, B-HRG) have become rising stars on the horizon of semiconductors-based photocatalytic applications. Graphene is a single layer of graphite consisting of a unique planar structure, high conductivity, greater electron mobility, and significantly very high specific surface area. Besides, the recent advancements in synthetic approaches have led to the cost-effective production of graphene-based materials on a large-scale. Therefore, graphene-based materials have gained considerable recognition for the production of semiconducting photocatalysts involving other semiconducting materials. The graphene-based semiconductors photocatalysts surpasses electron-holes pairs recombination rate and lowers the energy band gap by tailoring the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) leading to the enhanced photocatalytic performance of hybrid photocatalysts. Herein, we have summarized the latest developments in designing and fabrication of graphene-based semiconducting photocatalysts using a variety of commonly applied methods such as, post-deposition methods, in-situ binding methods, hydrothermal and/or solvothermal approaches. In addition, we will discuss the photocatalytic properties of the resulting graphene-based hybrid materials for various environmental remediation processes such as; (i) clean H₂ fuel production, photocatalytic (ii) pollutants degradation, (iii) photo-redox organic transformation and (iv) photo-induced CO₂ reduction. On the whole, by the inclusion of more than 300 references, this review possibly covered in detail the aspects of graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts for environmental remediation processes. Finally, the review will conclude a short summary and discussion about future perspectives, challenges and new directions in these emerging areas of research.     

金属-有机框架材料在光电催化水分解领域的研究进展

光催化分解水是将太阳能转化为化学能的有效手段之一. 相比于粉末光催化, 采用H型电解池的光 电催化方法具有材料选择范围大、 载流子迁移和分离效率高、 电极易于回收等优点. 近年来, 金属有机框架 材料(MOFs)在光电催化水分解领域得到越来越多的应用. 相比于传统无机催化剂, MOFs光电极具有比表面积大、 结构易于调控等独特优势. 本文按照MOFs的应用形式分为纯MOFs、 MOFs与其它催化剂的复合结构和MOFs衍生物3类, 总结了近年来MOFs在光电催化水分解领域的研究现状和进展, 介绍了光催化/电催化领域的部分典型研究成果, 最后讨论了MOFs在光电催化水分解领域研究的重点和热点, 并对其未来发展做出了展望.     

半导体/石墨烯复合光催化剂的制备及应用

首先分析了石墨烯和半导体光催化剂的特点,以及二者复合后可能具有的优越性质,接着介绍了石墨烯和半导体复合光催化剂的制备方法,归纳了石墨烯增强半导体光催化的机理,然后阐述了复合光催化剂在降解有机污染物、光催化分解水产氢、光催化还原CO2制有机燃料和光催化灭菌四个典型的应用,最后对半导体/石墨烯复合光催化剂未来的发展趋势提出了展望.     

Nanostructured materials with localized surface plasmon resonance for photocatalysis

Localized surface plasmon resonance（LSPR） enhanced photocatalysis has fascinated much interest and considerable efforts have been devoted toward the development of plasmonic photocatalysts.In the past decades,noble metal nanoparticles（Au and Ag） with LSPR feature have found wide applications in solar energy conversion.Numerous metal-based photocatalysts have been proposed including metal/semiconductor heterostructures and plasmonic bimetallic or multimetallic nanostructures.However,high cost and...     

Recent advances in BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation

The efficient utilization of solar energy through photocatalysis is ideal for solving environmental issues and the development sustainable future. BiOBr-based semiconductors possess unique narrowed bandgaps and layered structures, thereby widely studied as photocatalysts for environmental remediation. However, a little has been focused on the comprehensive reviewing of BiOBr despite its extensive and promising applications. In this review, the state-of-the-art developments of BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation are summarized. Particular focus is paid to the synthetic strategies for the control of the resulting morphologies, as well as efficient modification strategies for improving the photocatalytic activities. These include boosting the bulk phase by charge separation, enhancing the spatial charge separation, and engineering the surface states. The environmental uses of BiOBr-based photocatalysts are also reviewed in terms of purification of pollutants and CO₂ reduction. Finally, future challenges and opportunities of BiOBr-based materials in photocatalysis are discussed. Overall, this review provides a good basis for future exploration of high-efficiency solar-driven photocatalysts for environmental sustainability.     

Metal-facilitated Photocatalytic Nanohybrids: Rational Design and Promising Environmental Applications

As a promising technique to potentially address the energy crisis and environmental issues, photocatalysis has been reported widely to exhibit various outstanding behaviors in production of new fuels/chemicals and treatment of contaminants. The photocatalytic performance is extremely dependent on the used photocatalysts, so that the design and preparation of efficient photocatalysts are critically important for significantly improving the photocatalytic activity. Among various strategies, the hybridization of metal with semiconductors has recently been attracting more and more research interest owing to their expended spectral absorption, promoted transferring rate of charge carriers and Plasmon-enhanced effect. In this minireview, the metal-facilitated hybrid photocatalysts are overviewed comprehensively to first reveal unique functions of metals in improvement of photoactivity and summarize the emerging metal-involved hybrid systems. Subsequently, the synthetic methods towards hybrid photocatalysts are introduced and their practical applications are emphasized in environmental remediation including degradation of organic pollutants, conversion of harmful gases, treatment of heavy metal ions and sterilization of bacteria. At the end, the challenges for industrializing these hybrid photocatalysts are discussed carefully and future development is suggested rationally.     

A Bi/BiOI/(BiO)2CO3 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic NO removal under visible light

Narrow-band BiOI photocatalysts usually suffer from low photocatalysis efficiency under visible light exposure because of rapid charge recombination. In this work, to overcome this deficiency of photosensitive BiOI, oxygen vacancies, Bi particles, and Bi₂O₂CO₃ were co-induced in BiOI via a facile in situ assembly method at room temperature using NaBH₄ as the reducing agent. In the synthesized ternary Bi/BiOI/(BiO)₂CO₃, the oxygen vacancies, dual heterojunctions (i.e., Bi/BiOI and BiOI/(BiO)₂CO₃), and surface plasmon resonance effect of the Bi particles contributed to efficient electron-hole separation and an increase in charge carrier concentration, thus boosting the overall visible light photocatalysis efficiency. The as-prepared catalysts were applied for the removal of NO in concentrations of parts per billion from air in continuous air flow under visible light illumination. Bi/BiOI/(BiO)₂CO₃ exhibited a highly enhanced NO removal ratio of 50.7%, much higher than that of the pristine BiOI (1.2%). Density functional theory calculations and experimental results revealed that the Bi/BiOI/(BiO)₂CO₃ composites promoted the production of reactive oxygen species for photocatalytic NO oxidation. Thus, this work provides a new strategy to modify narrow-band semiconductors and explore other bismuth-containing heterostructured visible-light-driven photocatalysts.     

Bi2WO6基光催化剂在环境和能源领域的最新研究进展

随着全球经济的快速发展与人口的日益膨胀,随之而来的能源消耗与环境污染也日益成为一个严峻的挑战.半导体光催化技术能够将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的化学能,此外它能够通过产生活性自由基来降解空气或水中的污染物,因此在解决上述问题中具有巨大潜力,被认为是有着广阔前景的绿色无污染的能源转化和环境修复手段.在过去几十年的研究中,一些光催化剂表现出了较好的光催化活性,如TiO2和ZnO等.然而,由于它们的宽带隙,仅仅在紫外光下具有活性,这极大地限制了其对太阳光的利用.为了尽可能地利用太阳能,研究者们开发了许多具有可见光活性的光催化剂.钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)作为一种典型的Aurivillius层状钙钛矿材料,因具有独特的层状结构、良好的可见光催化活性、高的热稳定性和光化学稳定性及环境友好性等特点而备受关注.然而,有限的光吸收和光生载流子的快速复合阻碍了Bi2WO6光催化性能的进一步提高.因此,研究者们进行了大量的研究,致力于进一步增强Bi2WO6光催化剂的活性.本文对Bi2WO6基光催化剂的最新研究进展进行了系统综述.首先介绍了Bi2WO6的晶体结构、光学性质和光催化基本原理.然后,基于Bi2WO6的改性策略,包括形貌控制、原子调控和复合材料制备,重点讨论了Bi2WO6在水分解、污染物处理、空气净化、杀菌消毒、二氧化碳还原、选择性有机合成等领域的光催化应用.最后,对Bi2WO6基光催化剂当前面临的挑战和未来的发展作了展望和总结,提出了Bi2WO6光催化剂未来的一些研究方向,包括(1)大规模、精确可控地合成Bi2WO6,特别是高活性晶面、多孔结构和量子点的设计;(2)精确调控原子位置,利用先进的技术手段进一步揭示活性位点上的光催化过程;(3)发展原位表征技术来观察复合光催化剂的界面电荷动力学以及开发新型Bi2WO6基复合体系.(4)通过机械应力、温度梯度以及电场等外场的耦合提高Bi2WO6的光催化性能;(5)进一步深入研究Bi2WO6在不同领域的光催化应用,特别是在肿瘤治疗和太阳能燃料制备方面,一些新的应用如固氮等也值得探索.期望本综述能够为Bi2WO6和其他高效光催化材料的设计提供一些指导和帮助.     

可用于环境修复的半导体光催化剂及其改性策略研究进展

多相光催化技术作为一种直接利用太阳光降解多种污染物的先进氧化工艺在环境修复领域的研究中引起了广泛关注.在多相光催化过程中,半导体材料在太阳光的激发下,其强大的氧化/还原能力可快速高效降解各种污染物.研究者通常根据环境中污染物的状态和种类选择合适的半导体材料及修饰策略,构建高效多相光催化体系,探究光催化材料在环境修复中的...     

太阳能光催化制氢研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展和传统能源的急剧消耗,能源紧缺和环境污染已经成为制约人类社会可持续发展的重要因素,构建清洁的环境友好的可再生新能源体系是当前各国高度关注的焦点和重大战略.在众多绿色环保、可持续新能源选项中,半导体光催化制氢因其可利用清洁可再生的太阳能制取高效清洁氢能,有望完全解决能源紧缺和环境污染问题,成为最有应用前景的技术之一. 本文通过概述半导体光催化制氢原理、半导体光电化学及光电稳定性、半导体光催化制氢效率,重点介绍半导体光催化剂、光生电荷分离及光催化制氢体系等方面若干新进展,并对太阳能光催化制氢技术的发展加以评述和展望.     

Emerging approach in semiconductor photocatalysis: Towards 3D architectures for efficient solar fuels generation in semi-artificial photosynthetic systems

Interest in the application of semiconductors toward the photocatalytic generation of solar fuels, including hydrogen from water-splitting and hydrocarbons from the reduction of carbon dioxide, remains strong due to concerns over the continued emission of greenhouse gases as well as other environmental impacts from the use of fossil fuels. While the efficiency and durability of such systems will depend heavily on the types of the semiconductors, co-catalysts, and mediators employed, the dimensionality of the semiconductors employed can also have a significant impact. Recognizing the broad nature of this field and the many recent advances in it, this review focuses on the emerging approaches from 0-dimensional (0D) to 3-dimensional (3D) semiconductor photocatalysts towards efficient solar fuels generation. We place particular emphasis on systems that are “semi-artificial”, that is, hybrid systems that integrate naturally occurring enzymes or whole cells with semiconductor components that harvest light energy. The semiconductors in these systems must have suitable interfacial properties for immobilization of enzymes to be effective photocatalysts. These requirements are particularly sensitive to surface structures and morphology, making the semiconductor dimensionality a critical factor. In addition to providing an overview of advances towards designing 3D architecture in semi-artificial photosynthetic field, we also present recent advances in fabrication strategies for 3D inorganic photocatalysts.     

镧系离子掺杂的近红外复合光催化剂的合成研究进展

近红外光能量占太阳能的44%,但是传统半导体光催化剂难以利用近红外光,因此制备近红外光催化剂是近几年来的研究热点。本文阐述了镧系离子掺杂的近红外光催化剂催化的基本原理,综述了镧系离子掺杂上转换纳米材料/半导体复合近红外光催化剂的合成方法及特点,重点介绍了外延生长法,静电纺丝法与化学组装法。并对这些近红外光催化材料在光降解污染物和光解水领域的应用进行了总结并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Multiphoton Upconversion Materials for Photocatalysis and Environmental Remediation

Solar-driven photocatalysis holds great potential for energy conversion, environmental remediation, and sustainable chemistry. However, practical applications of conventional photocatalytic systems have been constrained by their insufficient ability to harvest solar radiation in the infrared spectrum. Lanthanide-doped upconversion materials possess high photostability, tunable absorption, and the ability to convert low-energy infrared radiation into high-energy emission, making them attractive for infrared-driven photocatalysis. This review highlights essential principles for rational design of efficient photocatalysts. Particular emphasis is placed on current state-of-the-arts that offer enhanced upconversion luminescence efficiency. We also summarize recent advances in lanthanide-doped upconversion materials for photocatalysis. We conclude with new challenges and prospects for future developments of infrared-driven photocatalysts.     

镧系离子掺杂的近红外复合光催化剂的合成研究进展

近红外光能量占太阳能的44%,但是传统半导体光催化剂难以利用近红外光,因此制备近红外光催化剂是近几年来的研究热点。本文阐述了镧系离子掺杂的近红外光催化剂催化的基本原理,综述了镧系离子掺杂上转换纳米材料/半导体复合近红外光催化剂的合成方法及特点,重点介绍了外延生长法,静电纺丝法与化学组装法。并对这些近红外光催化材料在光降解污染物和光解水领域的应用进行了总结并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Bi–O–Si键作为热电子传输通道增强SiO2@Bi微球的等离子体光催化效率

具有等离子体效应的贵金属Au和Ag等常被用于修饰半导体光催化剂.非贵金属Bi成本低,来源丰富,最近被报道可以直接作为等离子体光催化剂应用于空气中NO净化.为了进一步提高Bi单质的光催化活性,需对其进行改性.SiO2的禁带宽度过大,不能单独作为光催化剂,但它的稳定性好,比表面积大,因而常作复合材料用于提高光催化剂的反应效率、稳定性及对反应物的吸附能力.目前,尚未见SiO2修饰Bi单质的相关报道.本文通过溶剂热法制备了SiO2@Bi微球,并对其微结构进行了表征,对光催化氧化NO的反应过程进行了原位漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)分析,揭示了Bi–O–Si键在提升SiO2@Bi光催化氧化NO性能中的作用机制.结果显示,用SiO2纳米颗粒修饰Bi球,形成的Bi–O–Si键作为热电子传输通道,能显著提高Bi单质光催化氧化去除NO的能力.扫描电镜、透射电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱等表征结果表明,SiO2纳米颗粒负载于Bi球上,且SiO2@Bi内形成了Bi–O–Si键.作为光生热电子的传输通道,Bi–O–Si键能促进光生电子的转移和载流子的分离,提高活性自由基?OH和?O2?的产量,增强SiO2@Bi在紫外光下等离子体光催化氧化NO的能力.自由基捕获测试(ESR)表明,SiO2@Bi在光催化反应中产生的?OH和?O2?数量均明显高于单质Bi在反应中形成自由基的数量.原位DRIFTS发现,Bi–O–Si键能快速转移光生电子,从而有利于NO→NO2→NO3?反应的进行.此外,SiO2@Bi的比表面积变大,因而对NO的吸附能力增强,同时促进了光催化反应.本文揭示了SiO2@Bi等离子体光催化性能增强的微观机制和光催化氧化NO的反应机理,为Bi基光催化剂的改性和应用提供了新的认识.     

大规模合成非贵金属磷化物/CdS复合光催化剂高效可见光催化产氢（英文）

目前,在可见光照射下光催化产氢是一条解决能源短缺的理想途径.该途径实现工业化的两个关键因素是得到低成本的光催化剂和高的产氢效率.非贵金属助催化剂代替贵金属可大大降低光催化剂的成本.通过简单的方法大规模合成并组装半导体和非贵金属助催化剂以形成复合光催化剂可进一步降低成本.本文采用大规模和低成本的共沉淀法合成了磷化物/CdS光催化剂,实现了光催化产氢.当负载CoP和Mo P助催化剂后,光催化产氢活性得到大幅度提高.其中CoP/CdS和Mo P/CdS的最佳产氢量分别为140和78μmol/h,并分别为CdS的7.0倍和4.0倍,分别为Pt/CdS的2.0倍和1.1倍.这说明磷化物CoP和Mo P是具有优良催化活性的低成本非贵金属助催化剂,可以代替贵金属助催化剂应用在光催化产H_2中.在制备磷化物/CdS时,先将两种磷化物反应原料分别在水热反应釜和马弗炉中煅烧合成前驱体,再分别在管式炉氮气和氢气氛围中进行磷化得到磷化物Mo P和CoP.然后,将得到的Mo P和CoP分别溶解在Cd(NO_3)_2·4H_2O溶液中,在搅拌状态下逐滴加入Na_2S溶液形成沉淀,即可得到复合物磷化物/CdS.CoP/CdS和Mo P/CdS的HRTEM观察显示,磷化物助催化剂与CdS半导体紧密结合,证明了共沉淀法制备助催化剂/半导体复合光催化剂的有效性.磷化物与CdS的紧密结合促进了光激发电子从CdS向磷化物转移,从而大大提高了光催化产氢活性.这项工作为低成本大规模制备光催化剂和光催化产H_2实现工业化提供了一条可行性思路.     

设计和制备能量转换和环境净化的高效异质结光催化剂

在过去的几十年中,光催化由于具有将太阳能转化为清洁氢化学能和降解各种污染物的广泛应用前景,因而引起了人们广泛关注.近期,很多研究表明,两个具有相匹配电子能级结构的半导体形成接触良好的异质结,可以有效地促进电荷转移和抑制光生电子(e–)和空穴(h+)的复合,从而显著提高光催化剂的活性和稳定性.本文主要讨论了异质结对半导体光催化剂的促进作用;分析了异质结对一些典型光催化剂如TiO2,ZnO和Ag基半导体等光催化性能的影响;讨论了异质结光催化剂的制备方法和对光催化过程影响的基本机理;最后,提出了设计和理解异质结促进光催化反应机理所面临的挑战.