The innovative method of high accuracy interferometric calibration of the Precision Laser Inclinometer

In this report a high accuracy method for an interferometric calibration of the Precision Laser Inclinometer (PLI) is proposed. The method is based on the simultaneous measurement of: (a) the PLI base calibration slope (angle), set by a piezoelectric positioner, via laser interferometry and (b) the PLI response signal. A calibration coefficient of 322.5 ± 1.9 μrad/V has been determined experimentally in an interval [4 × 10^–7, 4 × 10^–6] rad in which there is a linear dependence between the PLI-signal and the calibration angle.     

像素偏振片阵列制备及其在偏振图像增强中的应用

像素偏振片阵列在实时测量光的斯托克斯参量方面具有重要的应用.本文设计和制作了基于金属铝纳米光栅的像素偏振片阵列,制作工艺基于电子束曝光技术.偏振片阵列单元尺寸为7.4μm,每相邻2×2单元的透偏振方向分别为0,7π/4,π/2和3π/4.光栅周期为140 nm,占空比为0.5,深度100 nm,光栅面型为矩形.像素偏振片阵列的扫描电子显微镜照片显示,制备的偏振片阵列的金属纳米光栅栅线无断线、无交叉、无杂物污染,光栅栅线结构平直,厚度均匀,满足理想矩形面型.采用偏振光作为照明光的光学显微镜拍摄图片显示,像素偏振片阵列整体形状规则,具有很好的偏振特性,最大偏振透射率可达到79.3%,消光比可达到454.将像素偏振片阵列与CCD(charge coupled device)集成在一起,采集单帧图像即可计算图像的斯托克斯参量,从而得到拍摄物体线偏振度图像和线偏振角图像,实现了偏振增强,可应用于目标反隐和识别.     

Absolute small-angle measurement based on optical feedback interferometry

We present a simple but effective method for small-angle measurement based on optical feedback interferometry （or laser self-mixing interferometry）. The absolute zero angle can be defined at the biggest fringe amplitude point, so this method can also achieve absolute angle measurement. In order to verify the method, we construct an angle measurement system. The Fourier-transform method is used to analysis the interference signal. Rotation angles are experimentally measured with a resolution of 10^-6 rad and a measurement range of approximately from -0.0007 to ＋0.0007 rad.     

A broadband cross-polarization conversion anisotropic metasurface based on multiple plasmon resonances

A compact broadband cross-polarization conversion metasurface functioning in the microwave regime is realized and experimentally demonstrated. The metasurface consists of a two-dimensional periodic arrangement of anisotropic doubleslit split-ring-resonator-based unit cells printed on top of a dielectric substrate, backed by metallic cladding. The proposed metasurface converts an x- or y- polarized wave into its orthogonal polarization over a fractional bandwidth of 100% from 5-15 GHz, both for normal as well as oblique incidence. Moreover, the sub-wavelength unit-cell size, thin dielectric substrate,and unique unit-cell design collectively make the response of the metasurface same for both polarizations and insensitive to the incidence angle. The designed structure is fabricated and tested. The measurement and simulation results are found to be consistent with each other.     

衍射型长程大型非球面轮廓测量仪

分析了基于衍射准直技术的f-θ系统的特点，在此基础上提出了一种新型长程面形仪用以实现对大型非球面光学表面，特别是同步辐射中掠入射光学元件的高精度轮廓测量。成功地研制了样机，目前新型长程面形仪样机的纵向扫描范围可达370mm，分辨率优于0．25μrad，单点稳定性小于0．7μrad/200s，全程测量精度可达1．14μrad，全长扫描的重复精度为0．09μrad。样机测试结果表明，新型长程面形仪轮廓测量方案能够胜任对第三代及后继同步辐射光源中各种非球面光学元件的轮廓测量任务。     

Full Manipulation of the Power Intensity Pattern in a Large Space-Time Digital Metasurface: From Arbitrary Multibeam Generation to Harmonic Beam Steering Scheme

Beyond the scope of space-coding metasurfaces, space-time digital metasurfaces can substantially expand the application scope of digital metamaterials. In this paper, by adopting a superposition operation of terms with unequal coefficients, Huygens' principle, and a proper time-varying biasing mechanism, some useful closed-form formulas in the class of large digital metasurfaces are presented for predicting the absolute directivity of scatted beams. Moreover, in the harmonic beam steering scheme, by applying several suitable assumptions, two separate expressions are derived for calculating the exact total radiated power at harmonic frequencies and total radiated power for scattered beams located at the end-fire direction. Despite the simplifying assumptions applied, it is proved that the provided formulas can still be a good and fast estimate for developing a large digital metasurface with a predetermined power intensity pattern. The effect of quantization level and metasurface dimensions as well as the limitation on the maximum scan angle in harmonic beam steering are addressed. Several demonstrative examples numerically demonstrated through MATLAB software and the good agreement between simulations and theoretical predictions are observed. The author believes that the proposed straightforward approach discloses a new opportunity for various applications such as multiple-target radar systems and communication.     

基于可调石墨烯超表面的宽角度动态波束控制

可调控超表面可用于动态控制空间波束的方向,具有很高的应用价值.石墨烯是一种可调的二维材料,它的电导率可以通过外加电压控制,利用这一特性可设计基于石墨烯的可调控超表面.超表面控制反射波束时的理论依据是广义的斯涅耳反射定律.反射角度可通过沿超表面的相位梯度进行控制.但是这种方法有局限性,当超表面单元固定时,反射角度只能取有限个离散的值.本文设计了基于石墨烯的可调超表面,并采用一种基于卷积运算定理的波束控制方法,实现了反射波角度的大范围动态控制.在1.75 THz垂直入射平面波激励下,反射角度可以从5?变化到70?,间隔小于10?.数值模拟结果与理论计算结果一致.     

大气湍流对空间激光通信跟踪系统的影响

基于大气信道内的空间激光通信演示验证实验,对系统光斑跟踪精度的影响因素进行了分析,研究了大气湍流对光斑跟踪精度的影响,建立了光斑质心检测模型,设计了一套信标光光斑粗精复合跟踪系统.搭建了室内测试实验系统,完成了大气湍流对光斑跟踪精度影响的测量,结果表明在中弱湍流时,跟踪精度随湍流增大有近似线性关系,系统整体跟踪精度在5~15μrad之间,可较好地完成光斑跟踪功能.在野外环境开展的飞机-飞机激光通信演示实验中,对伺服系统的跟踪性能及跟踪精度进行实际测量,整体跟踪精度不大于15μrad,与室内实验测试系统基本一致.     

一种针对高速小目标的偏航角测算方法

射弹偏航角是影响电磁轨道发射装置发射精度的关键参数,为实时、高精度测量射弹偏航角,提升电磁轨道发射装置发射精度,基于双目视觉原理提出一种无需目标速度的射弹偏航角测算方法。利用高速射弹轨迹图像,通过构建像机线性成像模型解算高速射弹图像坐标,实现目标偏航角的测量。分析了光学系统参数对测量精度的影响,理论误差约为14.5 μrad。偏航角测量实验结果表明该方法能够实时、准确测算射弹偏航角,测算量偏差平均值为0.58 mrad。     

Manipulating Spin-Dependent Wavefronts of Vortex Beams via Plasmonic Metasurfaces

Conventional metasurfaces based on geometric phase are constrained to spin-locked phase profile, resulting in mirrored functionalities for different spins. A single flat device that enables independent manipulation of wavefronts in two orthogonal circularly polarized channels is of paramount importance in wireless and optical communications. In this work, by tuning the dimension and rotation angle of H-shaped meta-atoms to synthesize propagating phase and geometric phase, spin-dependent plasmonic metasurfaces are presented to manipulate circularly polarized waves in the visible band. To verify the capability of spin-dependent wavefront manipulation, three metasurfaces are implemented. The first metasurface generates vortex beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) l = 1 under left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) incidence and l = 2 under right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) incidence. By introducing convolution operation, the second metasurface is capable of producing vortex beams with different OAMs and different directions for two spins. The third metasurface produces dual-beam and quad-beam with different OAMs for different circular polarizations. This scheme can provide a new pathway in ultracompact nanophotonic devices and systems.     

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed. An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA) composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior. It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance. Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms. The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding. The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35°. The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts. The measured figure of merit(i.e., low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness) of the sample is 40.572, which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques. This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.     

Design of broadband achromatic metasurface device based on phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5

Based on the phase-change material Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST), achromatic metasurface optical device in the longer-infrared wavelength is designed. With the combination of the linear phase gradient GST nanopillar and the adjustment of the crystalline fraction m value of GST, the polarization insensitive achromic metalenses and beam deflector metasurface within the longer-infrared wavelength 9.5 μm to 13 μm are realized. The design results show that the achromatic metalenses can be focused on the same focal plane within the working waveband. The simulation calculation results show that the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the focusing spot reaches the diffraction limit at each wavelength. In addition, the same method is also used to design a broadband achromatic beam deflector metasurface with the same deflection angle of 19°. The method proposed in this article not only provides new ideas for the design of achromatic metasurfaces, but also provides new possibilities for the integration of optical imaging, optical coding and other related optical systems.     

宽入射角度偏振不敏感高效异常反射梯度超表面

偏振不敏感超表面在实际应用中具有重要意义, 本文提出了一种光通信波段的、对偏振不敏感的异常反射式梯度超表面, 这种超表面对于x-偏振和y-偏振入射光都能够实现高效率的异常反射, 表现出偏振不敏感特性, 为解决传统反射式超表面的偏振敏感性问题提供了一种新途径. 它采用金属(Au)-绝缘层(SiO₂)-金属(Au)结构, 超表面的超晶胞由五个各向同性的、尺寸不同的十字形基本结构单元组成. 仿真结果表明, 这种超表面结构对不同线偏振入射平面光波有几乎相同的相位和振幅响应; 合理的选取五个基本结构单元的尺寸, 在一个超晶胞内实现了2πup 相位的覆盖, 反射光波阵面畸变小, 而且反射光都集中到异常反射级次, 在工作波长1480 nm处具有较高的异常反射率(～ 70%). 此外, 这种结构的超表面在-30°–0°的宽入射角度范围内都具有偏振不敏感的异常反射特性. 在光通信、光信号处理、显示成像等领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

星间激光通信光束微弧度跟瞄性能检测装置的设计原理

基于矢量折射定理,研究了透射光束通过双棱镜实现微弧度量级偏转的设计原理,解决了星间激光通信精跟瞄检测的难题。推导了正交双棱镜实现光束偏转的精确公式,提出以水平张角和垂直张角表达光束视场,并说明了单棱镜实现光束偏转的一般情况。根据设计指标和计算结果确定了棱镜的主要参量,进而对光束的偏转结果进行了数值模拟。最后的实验结果与模拟结果基本一致。结果表明:取棱镜棱角α为4°时,棱镜每旋转1′,透射光束变化约1μrad;分别控制双棱镜在其最小偏向角一侧小角度偏转,可以实现光束在水平方向和垂直方向500μrad范围内的精确扫描,装置的扫描精度可以达到0.2μrad。     

差动式光纤微小角度传感器

采用双面反射调制技术,设计了双光纤差动式光纤微小角度传感器.动态范图±10’,分辨率1",精度可达3".可用于各种非接触微小角度的测量场合.     

基于有源超表面的导电板雷达截面增强捷变设计

提出了一种使用散射方向图的动态可重构以实现雷达散射截面增强的捷变设计方法。结合变容二极管加载,使用具有嵌入式偏置回路的物理单元,所提出的有源超表面可以在具有梯度电压的外加直流偏置下,对平面电磁波的正入射或斜入射产生可电调的反射系数相位分布,以达到对反射波角度的灵活重定向,进而有助于单站或双站雷达散射截面增强的捷变效果。以导电平板为例,对三种不同的入射反射场景进行了计算与全波仿真,在设计频率10 GHz处,所提出的设计产生了可重构的散射方向图,表明了该设计对反射波角度的实时控制,并结合实验测量验证了单站与双站雷达散射截面的有效增强结果。     

Multiple bottle beams based on metasurface optical field modulation and their capture of multiple atoms

Compared to conventional devices, metasurfaces offer the advantages of being lightweight, with planarization and tuning flexibility. This provides a new way to integrate and miniaturize optical systems. In this paper, a metasurface capable of generating multiple bottle beams was designed. Based on the Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase principle, the metasurface lens can accurately control the wavefront by adjusting the aspect ratio of the titanium dioxide nanopillars and the rotation angle. When irradiated by left-handed circularly polarized light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, the optical system can produce multiple micron bottle beams. Taking two bottle beams as examples, the longitudinal full widths at half-maximum of the optical tweezers can reach 0.85 μ and 1.12 μ, respectively, and the transverse full widths at half-maximum can reach 0.46 μ and 0.6 μ. Also, the number of generated bottle beams can be varied by controlling the size of the annular obstacle. By changing the x-component of the unit rotation angle, the metasurface can also change the shape of the bottle beam — the beam cross-section can be changed from circular to elliptical. This paper also analyzes the trapping of ytterbium atoms by the multi bottle beam acting as optical tweezers. It is found that the multi bottle beam can cool and trap multiple ytterbium atoms.     

基于开口椭圆环的高效超宽带极化旋转超表面

电磁波的极化态在信号传输和灵敏度测量中有非常重要的应用价值. 本文设计、仿真并实验验证了微波频段基于开口椭圆环谐振器的极化旋转超表面. 理论上, 将多阶表面等离子谐振和高阻抗表面相结合, 解释了多谐振点、高效率极化旋转的物理机理. 数值上, 通过对结构参数的仿真分析, 给出了运用开口椭圆环结构设计多频段、超宽带高效极化旋转超表面的方法. 所设计和制作的超表面能够在相对带宽104.5%的频率范围内实现大于85%的极化旋转效率. 这些工作将为极化操控超表面的设计和应用提供重要帮助.     

大倾斜角度下基于冷原子重力仪的绝对重力测量

冷原子重力仪的倾斜角会对绝对重力测量产生显著的影响.高精度的绝对重力测量需要对重力仪的倾斜角进行精确的测量、控制及校正.本文从理论上分析了四种不同情况下倾斜对绝对重力测量的影响规律,并在实验上对得到的理论进行了实验验证.基于此,设计了一种基于双倾斜计的绝对重力测量方案,主要是为了解决恶劣测量环境下的冷原子重力仪倾斜漂移问题.此方案利用高精度倾斜计记录放置在被动隔振平台上的拉曼反射镜的倾斜角度,并使用另外一个倾斜计监控真空系统的倾斜,以实现振动噪声的抑制和倾斜的高精度测量.基于自研的小型化冷原子重力仪,对该方案进行了实验验证,并最终实现了车间复杂环境下的高精度绝对重力测量.由于倾斜得到精确测量和补偿,冷原子重力仪的测量精度达到了12.3μGal.本文为复杂环境下的高精度绝对重力测量提供了一种可行的方案,为冷原子重力仪的实用化提供了参考数据.