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1.
Raman spectra of 3CHBT in unoriented form were recorded at 14 different temperature measurements in the range 25–55 °C, which covers the crystal → nematic (N) phase transition, and the Raman signatures of the phase transition were identified. The wavenumber shifts and linewidth changes of Raman marker bands with varying temperature were determined. The assignments of important vibrational modes of 3CHBT were also made using the experimentally observed Raman and infrared spectra, calculated wavenumbers, and potential energy distribution. The DFT calculations using the B3LYP method employing 6‐31G functional were performed for geometry optimization and vibrational spectra of monomer and dimer of 3CHBT. The analysis of the vibrational bands, especially the variation of their peak position as a function of temperature in two different spectral regions, 1150–1275 cm−1 and 1950–2300 cm−1, is discussed in detail. Both the linewidth and peak position of the ( C H ) in‐plane bending and ν(NCS) modes, which give Raman signatures of the crystal → N phase transition, are discussed in detail. The molecular dynamics of this transition has also been discussed. We propose the co‐existence of two types of dimers, one in parallel and the other in antiparallel arrangement, while going to the nematic phase. The structure of the nematic phase in bulk has also been proposed in terms of these dimers. The red shift of the ν(NCS) band and blue shift of almost all other ring modes show increased intermolecular interaction between the aromatic rings and decreased intermolecular interaction between two  NCS groups in the nematic phase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
A concentration‐dependent Raman study of the ν(C Br) stretching and trigonal bending modes of 2‐ and 3‐Br‐pyridine (2Br‐p and 3Br‐p) in CH3OH was performed at different mole fractions of the reference molecule, 2Br‐p/3Br‐p, from 0.1 to 0.9 in order to understand the origin of blue/red wavenumber shifts of the vibrational modes due to hydrogen‐bond formation. The appearance of additional Raman bands in these binary systems at ∼617 cm−1in the case of 2Br‐p and at ∼618 cm−1 in the case of 3Br‐p compared to neat bromopyridine derivatives were attributed to specific hydrogen‐bonded complexes formed in the mixtures. The interpretation of experimental results is supported by density functional calculations on optimized geometries and vibrational wavenumbers of 2Br‐p and 3Br‐p and a series of hydrogen‐bonded complexes with methanol. The parameters obtained from these calculations were used for a qualitative explanation of the blue/red shifts. The wavenumber shifts and linewidth changes for the ν(C Br) stretching and trigonal bending modes as a function of concentration reveal that the caging effects leading to motional narrowing and diffusion‐causing line broadening are simultaneously operative, in addition to the blue shift caused due to hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of benzoic acid (BA) and 3,5‐dichloro salicylic acid (SA) have been recorded in the regions of 4000–400 and 4000–50 cm−1 respectively. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following the full structure optimizations and force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP6‐31G** method and basis set combinations. The DFT force field transformed to natural internal coordinates was corrected by a well‐established set of scale factors that were found to be transferable to the title compounds. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
The Fourier transform infrared (4000–400 cm−1) and Fourier transform Raman (3500–500 cm−1) spectra of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(3‐oxo‐1‐phenylbutyl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (Warfarin) have been measured and calculated. The structure optimization has been made using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Complete vibrational assignments of the observed spectra have been compared with theoretical wavenumbers. The wavenumber increasing in the methyl group shows the electronic hyperconjugation effect. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis reveals the hyperconjugation interaction and the intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The first‐order hyperpolarizability has been calculated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
The Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) (4000–50 cm−1) and Raman spectra (3500–100 cm−1) of 1,4,5‐triazanaphthalene in polycrystalline state were measured. Comparison between the spectra by two techniques, a series of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the spectral behaviour upon deuteration were used for the assignment of the vibrational spectra of the title compound. The calculated vibrational wavenumbers by the B3LYP density functionals are generally consistent with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
FTIR and FT Raman spectra of 2‐bromo‐4‐chloro phenol (BCP) and 2‐chloro‐4‐nitro phenol (CNP) were recorded in the region 4000–400 and 4000–50 cm−1, respectively. The molecular structure, geometry optimization, and vibrational wavenumbers were investigated. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) using the standard B3LYP/6‐31G** method and basis set combination and was scaled using multiple scale factors, which yield good agreement between the observed and calculated wavenumbers. The results of the calculations are applied to simulate the infrared and Raman spectra of the title compounds, which showed excellent agreement with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
The influence of a static external electric field on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering is investigated by calculating the Raman spectra and excited state properties of pyridine–Au20 complex with the density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory method. The external electric field with orientation parallel (positive) or antiparallel (negative) to the permanent dipole moment is respectively applied on the complex. This field slightly changes the equilibrium geometry and polarizabilities, which results in shifted vibration frequencies and selectively enhanced Raman intensities. The changes of charge transfer (CT) excited states in response to the electric field are visualized by employing the charge difference densities. Further, the energy of charge transfer transition is tuned by electric field to be resonant or not with the incident light, leading to the Raman intensities are enhanced or not enhanced. At the same time, the intensities of vibration modes are sensitive to the orientation of the field. The positive electric field enhances the totally symmetric ring breathing mode (~1009 cm−1) but suppresses the trigonal ring breathing mode (~1051 cm−1). On the contrary, the mode at 1051 cm−1 is more enhanced than the mode at 1009 cm−1 when the negative electric field is applied on the complex. The Raman spectra could be modulated by tuning the strength and direction of the electric field. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
Local pH environment has been considered to be a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis because solid tumors contain highly acidic environments. A pH‐sensing nanoprobe based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using nanostars under near‐infrared excitation has been developed for potential biomedical applications. To theoretically investigate the effect of protonation state on SERS spectra of p‐mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA), we used the density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional to calculate Raman vibrational spectra of pMBA‐Au/Ag complex in both protonated and deprotonated states. Vibrational spectral bands were assigned with DFT calculation and used to investigate SERS spectral changes observed from experiment when varying pH value between five and nine. The SERS peak position of pMBA at ~1580 cm−1 was identified to be a novel pH‐sensing index, which has small but noticeable downshift with pH increase. This phenomenon is confirmed and well‐explained with theoretical simulation. The study demonstrates that SERS is a sensitive tool to monitor minor structural changes due to local pH environment, and DFT calculations can be used to investigate Raman spectra changes associated with minor differences in molecular structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, experimental and theoretical vibrational spectral results of the molecular structures of 6,8‐dichloroflavone (6,8‐dcf) and 6,8‐dibromoflavone (6,8‐dbf) are presented. The FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of the compounds have been recorded together between 4000 and 400 cm−1 and 3500–5 cm−1 regions, respectively. The molecular geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of 6,8‐dcf and 6,8‐dbf in their ground state have been calculated by using DFT/B3LYP functional, with 6‐31 + + G(d,p) basis set used in calculations. All calculations were performed with Gaussian03 software. The obtained vibrational wavenumbers and optimized geometric parameters were seen to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Scale factors have been used in order to compare how the calculated and experimental data are in agreement. Theoretical infrared intensities are also reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
In this work, the Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of 2‐bromonicotinic acid and 6‐bromonicotinic acid (abbreviated as 2‐BrNA and 6‐BrNA, C6H4BrNO2) have been recorded in the region 4000–400 and 3500–50 cm−1. The optimum molecular geometry, normal mode wavenumbers, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities, corresponding vibrational assignments and intermolecular hydrogen bonds were investigated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) method using 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. Reliable vibrational assignments were made on the basis of total energy distribution (TED) calculated with scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method. From the calculations, the molecules are predicted to exist predominantly as the C1 conformer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Solid‐state protonated and N,O‐deuterated Fourier transform infrared (IR) and Raman scattering spectra together with the protonated and deuterated Raman spectra in aqueous solution of the cyclic di‐amino acid peptide cyclo(L ‐Asp‐L ‐Asp) are reported. Vibrational band assignments have been made on the basis of comparisons with previously cited literature values for diketopiperazine (DKP) derivatives and normal coordinate analyses for both the protonated and deuterated species based upon DFT calculations at the B3‐LYP/cc‐pVDZ level of the isolated molecule in the gas phase. The calculated minimum energy structure for cyclo(L ‐Asp‐L ‐Asp), assuming C2 symmetry, predicts a boat conformation for the DKP ring with both the two L ‐aspartyl side chains being folded slightly above the ring. The CO stretching vibrations have been assigned for the side‐chain carboxylic acid group (e.g. at 1693 and 1670 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum) and the cis amide I bands (e.g. at 1660 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum). The presence of two bands for the carboxylic acid CO stretching modes in the solid‐state Raman spectrum can be accounted for by factor group splitting of the two nonequivalent molecules in a crystallographic unit cell. The cis amide II band is observed at 1489 cm−1 in the solid‐state Raman spectrum, which is in agreement with results for cyclic di‐amino acid peptide molecules examined previously in the solid state, where the DKP ring adopts a boat conformation. Additionally, it also appears that as the molecular mass of the substituent on the Cα atom is increased, the amide II band wavenumber decreases to below 1500 cm−1; this may be a consequence of increased strain on the DKP ring. The cis amide II Raman band is characterized by its relatively small deuterium shift (29 cm−1), which indicates that this band has a smaller N H bending contribution than the trans amide II vibrational band observed for linear peptides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
In this paper we investigate the solvation of silver bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salt (AgTFSI) in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium TFSI [EMI][TFSI] ionic liquid by combining Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopies with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The IR and Raman spectra were measured in the 200–4000 cm−1 spectral region for AgTFSI/[EMI][TFSI] solutions with different concentrations ([AgTFSI] <0.2 mole fraction). The analysis of the spectra shows that the spectral features observed by dissolution of AgTFSI in [EMI][TFSI] solution originate from interactions between the Ag+ cation and the first neighboring TFSI anions to form relatively stable Ag complexes. The ‘gas phase’ interaction energy of a type [Ag(TFSI)3]2− complex was evaluated by DFT calculations and compared with other interionic interaction energy contributions. The predicted spectral signatures because of the [Ag(TFSI)3]2− complex were assessed in order to interpret the main IR and Raman spectral features observed. The formation of such complexes leads to the appearance of new interaction‐induced bands situated at 753 cm−1 in Raman and at 1015 and 1371 cm−1 in IR, respectively. These specific spectral signatures are associated with the ‘breathing’ mode and the S–N–S and S–O stretching modes of the TFSI anions engaged in the complex. Finally, all these findings are discussed in terms of interaction mechanisms enabling the electrodeposition characteristics of silver from AgTFSI/[EMI][TFSI] IL‐based electrolytic solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
The experimental and theoretical study on the structures and vibrations of 5‐fluoro‐salicylic acid and 5‐chloro‐salicylic acid (5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA, C7H5FO3 and C7H5ClO3) is presented. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (4000–400 cm−1) and the Fourier transform Raman spectra (4000–50 cm−1) of the title molecules in the solid phase were recorded. The molecular structures, vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, Raman intensities and Raman scattering activities were calculated for a pair of molecules linked by the intermolecular O H···O hydrogen bond. The geometrical parameters and energies of 5‐FSA and 5ClSA were obtained for all eight conformers/isomers from density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set calculations. The computational results identified the most stable conformer of 5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA as the C1 form. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The spectroscopic and theoretical results were compared with the corresponding properties for 5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA monomers and dimer of C1 conformer. The optimized bond lengths, bond angles and calculated wavenumbers showed the best agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
B3‐LYP/cc‐pVDZ calculations of the gas‐phase structure and vibrational spectra of the isolated molecule cyclo(L ‐Ser‐L ‐Ser), a cyclic di‐amino acid peptide (CDAP), were carried out by assuming C2 symmetry. It is predicted that the minimum‐energy structure is a boat conformation for the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring with both L ‐seryl side chains being folded slightly above the ring. An additional structure of higher energy (15.16 kJ mol−1) has been calculated for a DKP ring with a planar geometry, although in this case two fundamental vibrations have been calculated with imaginary wavenumbers. The reported X‐ray crystallographic structure of cyclo(L ‐Ser‐L ‐Ser), shows that the DKP ring displays a near‐planar conformation, with both the two L ‐seryl side chains being folded above the ring. It is hypothesized that the crystal packing forces constrain the DKP ring in a planar conformation and it is probable that the lower energy boat conformation may prevail in the aqueous environment. Raman scattering and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of solid state and aqueous solution samples of cyclo(L ‐Ser‐L ‐Ser) are reported and discussed. Vibrational band assignments have been made on the basis of comparisons with the calculated vibrational spectra and band wavenumber shifts upon deuteration of labile protons. The experimental Raman and IR results for solid‐state samples show characteristic amide I vibrations which are split (Raman: 1661 and 1687 cm−1, IR: 1666 and 1680 cm−1), possibly due to interactions between molecules in a crystallographic unit cell. The cis amide I band is differentiated by its deuterium shift of ∼30 cm−1, which is larger than that previously reported for trans amide I deuterium shifts. A cis amide II mode has been assigned to a Raman band located at 1520 cm−1. The occurrence of this cis amide II mode at a wavenumber above 1500 cm−1 concurs with results of previously examined CDAP molecules with low molecular weight substituents on the Cα atoms, and is also indicative of a relatively unstrained DKP ring. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
The structure and Franck–Condon region of protochlorophyllide a, a precursor in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and substrate of the light‐regulated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), were investigated by Raman and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results are compared to the spectra of the structurally closely related porphyrin model compound magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP), and interpreted on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is shown that the electronic properties of the two porphyrin macrocycles are affected by different vibrational coupling modes, resulting in a higher absorption cross section of protochlorophyllide a in the visible spectral region. Furthermore, a comparison of the Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman and RR spectra of protochlorophyllide a indicates the modes that are resonantly enhanced upon excitation. Based on vibrational normal mode calculations, these modes include C C ring‐breathing and CC stretching vibrations of the porphyrin macrocycle. In particular, the strong band at 1703 cm−1 can be attributed to the CO carbonyl vibration of the cyclopentanone ring, which is attached in conjugation to the π‐electron path of the porphyrin ring system. The enhancement of that mode upon electronically resonant excitation is discussed in the light of the reaction model suggested for the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide a in the POR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
As an infrared Raman probe, the molecule 3,3′‐diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) has received much attention in the past decades due to its potential applications in Raman imaging, single‐cell detection, cancer diagnosis, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this work, ordinary Raman, SERS, and theoretical Raman spectra were investigated to estimate the DTTC suspension. More specifically, the original gold nanospheres (60 nm diameter) and gold nanorods were encoded with DTTC and stabilized with a layer of thiol–polyethylene glycol as Raman reporter; SERS data were also obtained from the samples. Hartree–Fock theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculation were applied to calculate the optimized Raman spectra of DTTC in water on the B3LYP/6‐31G level. Subsequently, the obtained experimental spectra from DTTC were carefully compared with the theoretically calculated spectra, and good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results.The bands between 500 and 3100 cm−1 in the ordinary Raman and SERS spectra were assigned as well. This work will facilitate the development of ultrasensitive SERS probes for advanced biomedical imaging applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of methyl(2‐methyl‐4,6–dinitrophenylsulfanyl)ethanoate (MDIE) were recorded and analyzed. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra were recorded in silver colloid and silver electrode. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF/6‐31G* and B3LYP/6‐31G* basis. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as in SERS of the studied molecule. The first hyperpolarizability and infrared intensities are reported. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported similar derivatives. The presence of new bands at 1045 and 948 cm−1 in the SERS spectrum in silver electrode is related to the change in orientation of the molecule with respect to the metal surface. In silver colloid SERS spectrum, the methyl group attached to the methoxy carbonyl group is close to the metal surface, whereas on silver electrode the methyl group attached to the phenyl ring is close to the metal surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Experimental Raman and FT‐IR spectra of solid‐state non‐deuterated and N‐deuterated samples of cyclo(L ‐Met‐L ‐Met) are reported and discussed. The Raman and FT‐IR results show characteristic amide I vibrations (Raman: 1649 cm−1, infrared: 1675 cm−1) for molecules exhibiting a cis amide conformation. A Raman band, assigned to the cis amide II vibrational mode, is observed at ∼1493 cm−1 but no IR band is observed in this region. Cyclo(L ‐Met‐L ‐Met) crystallises in the triclinic space group P1 with one molecule per unit cell. The overall shape of the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring displays a (slightly distorted) boat conformation. The crystal packing employs two strong hydrogen bonds, which traverse the entire crystal via translational repeats. B3‐LYP/cc‐pVDZ calculations of the structure of the molecule predict a boat conformation for the DKP ring, in agreement with the experimentally determined X‐ray structure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
The highly fluorescent natural dye berberine can be easily identified in microscopic textile samples by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy employing citrate‐reduced Ag colloid. The ordinary Raman (OR) and SERS spectra of berberine are presented and discussed in the light of a DFT calculation. Using FT‐Raman and FT‐SERS we could reliably compare relative intensity shifts and investigate the adsorption geometry of berberine on Ag nanoparticles. The significant enhancement in the FT‐SERS spectrum of the out‐of‐plane ring system bending deformation mode at 729 cm−1 relative to a group of in‐plane vibrations at around 1500 cm−1 was interpreted as evidence of a ‘flat‐on’ adsorption geometry. SERS was successfully used to identify berberine in silk fiber samples coated with colloidal Ag following a pretreatment with HCl vapor. The SERS method allowed us to detect berberine in a microscopic sample of a single silk fiber from a severely degraded and soiled 17th Century Chinese textile fragment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
The Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid hydrazide (3H2NAH) was recorded in the region 4000–400 cm−1. The Fourier‐transform Raman spectrum of 3H2NAH was also recorded in the region 3500–10 cm−1. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 3H2NAH were carried out by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6‐31G(d,p) as basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the electric dipole moment (µ) and the first‐order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated molecule were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The UV spectrum was measured in ethanol solution. The calculation results also show that the 3H2NAH molecule might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non‐zero values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of 3H2NAH is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The theoretical FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra for the title molecule have also been constructed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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