Raman and ab initio study of the conformational isomerism in the 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid

The calculated and experimental Raman spectra of the (EMI⁺)TFSI⁻ ionic liquid, where EMI⁺ is the 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation and TFSI⁻ the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion, have been investigated for a better understanding of the EMI⁺ and TFSI⁻ conformational isomerism as a function of temperature. Characteristic Raman lines of the planar (p) and non‐planar (np) EMI⁺ conformers are identified using the reference (EMI⁺)Br⁻ salt. The anion conformer of C₂ symmetry is confirmed to be more stable than the cis (C₁) one by 4.5 ± 0.2 kJ mol⁻¹. At room temperature, the population of trans (C₂) anions and np cations is 75 ± 2% and 87 ± 4%, respectively. Fast cooling quenches a metastable glassy phase composed of mainly C₂ anion conformers and p cation conformers, whereas slow cooling gives a crystalline phase composed of C₁ anion conformers and of np cation conformers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopy of ionic liquids derived from 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride and niobium chloride or zinc chloride mixtures

Anionic species formed in mixtures of 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMICl) with different amounts of niobium pentachloride (NbCl₅) or zinc dichloride (ZnCl₂) were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. In the BMICl and NbCl₅ ionic mixtures the presence of the anion NbCl₆⁻ was detected for all compositions (molar fraction, X) and a mixture of this anion and the neutral Nb₂Cl₁₀ in acid ones. Two different anions were observed for basic mixtures of BMICl and ZnCl₂: ZnCl₄²⁻(0 < X < 0.35) and Zn₂Cl₆²⁻(X > 0.3), whereas for acidic ones three species were detected: Zn₂Cl₆²⁻(X < 0.7), Zn₃Cl₈²⁻(X > 0.7) and Zn₄Cl₁₀²⁻(X > 0.7). It has also been observed that in both cases, the formation of larger anions causes a shift of the C H stretching modes to higher wavenumbers as the result of a decrease in the hydrogen bond between Cl and the hydrogens from the cation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithium solvation in a PMMA membrane plasticized by a lithium‐conducting ionic liquid based on 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

The Raman and Infrared (IR) spectra of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) membranes plasticized by ionic liquids of the (1 − x)[1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMITFSI)],xLiTFSI type, where BMI⁺ is the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation and TFSI⁻ the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion, are analyzed for a lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiTFSI) mole fraction x = 0.23 and PMMA contents from 0 to 50 wt%. The lithium is found to have an average coordination of about three CO groups and less than one TFSI⁻ anion. It plays the role of a cross‐linker between the ester groups of PMMA and the nonvolatile ionic liquid. Addition of PMMA to the (1 − x)(BMITFSI),xLiTFSI ionic liquid lowers the conductivity but might improve the lithium transference number by transforming the [Li(TFSI)₂]⁻ anionic clusters present in the pure ionic liquid into a mixed coordination by ester groups and TFSI⁻ anions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 3 (or 4 or 6)‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐2‐pyridinethiones: FT‐IR,FT‐Raman and DFT quantum chemical calculations

IR and Raman spectra (RS) of polycrystalline 3‐(or 4 or 6)‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐2‐pyridinethione have been measured and analyzed by means of density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations. The B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) approach has been applied for both the thiol and thione tautomers due to the possibility of the formation of these two thiole forms. Molecular structures of these compounds have been optimized starting from different molecular geometries of the thiol group and thione group. Two conformations of the 2‐mercaptopyridine, trans and cis, have been taken into account. It was shown that the studied compounds appear in the solid state in the thione form. The effect of the hydrogen‐bond formation in the studied compounds has been considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithium solvation and diffusion in the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid

The Raman spectra of (1 − x)(BMITFSI), xLiTFSI ionic liquids, where 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation (BMI⁺) and bis(trifluoromethane‐sulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI⁻) are analyzed for LiTFSI mole fractions x < 0.4. As expected from previous studies on similar TFSI‐based systems, most lithium ions are shown to be coordinated within [Li(TFSI)₂]⁻ anionic clusters. The variation of the self‐diffusion coefficients of the ¹H, ¹⁹F, and ⁷Li nuclei, measured by pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo NMR (PGSE‐NMR) as a function of x, can be rationalized in terms of the weighted contribution of BMI⁺ cations, TFSI⁻ ‘free’ anions, and [Li(TFSI)₂]⁻ anionic clusters. This implies a negative transference number for lithium. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations of di‐amino acid peptides: α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu in the solid state

Experimental vibrational spectroscopic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the di‐amino acid peptide derivatives α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu have been undertaken. Raman and infrared spectra have been recorded for samples in the solid state. DFT simulations were conducted using the B3‐LYP correlation functional and the cc‐pVDZ basis set to determine energy minimized/geometry optimized structures (based on a single isolated molecule in the gaseous state). Normal coordinate calculations have provided vibrational assignments for fundamental modes, including their potential energy distributions. Significant differences are observed between α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu both in the computed structures and in the vibrational spectra. The combination of experimental and calculated spectra provide an insight into the structural and vibrational spectroscopic properties of di‐amino acid peptide derivatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exploring the reaction of iodine with α‐diazo esters

In this paper we describe the unprecedented reaction between α‐diazo esters 1 and iodine. The reaction, carried out in the presence of aqueous NaHCO₃, afforded the Z‐isomer of the corresponding unsaturated‐2‐iodo ester 8 . The configuration of compounds 8 was determined using the ³J_{C? H} coupling between carbonyl carbon atom and alkene proton. Mechanistic considerations accounting for the observed phenomena and including quantum chemical calculations are proposed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X‐ray spectroscopy for chemistry in the 2‐4 keV energy regime at the XMaS beamline: ionic liquids,Rh and Pd catalysts in gas and liquid environments,and Cl contamination in γ‐Al2O3

The 2–4 keV energy range provides a rich window into many facets of materials science and chemistry. Within this window, P, S, Cl, K and Ca K‐edges may be found along with the L‐edges of industrially important elements from Y through to Sn. Yet, compared with those that cater for energies above ca. 4–5 keV, there are relatively few resources available for X‐ray spectroscopy below these energies. In addition, in situ or operando studies become to varying degrees more challenging than at higher X‐ray energies due to restrictions imposed by the lower energies of the X‐rays upon the design and construction of appropriate sample environments. The XMaS beamline at the ESRF has recently made efforts to extend its operational energy range to include this softer end of the X‐ray spectrum. In this report the resulting performance of this resource for X‐ray spectroscopy is detailed with specific attention drawn to: understanding electrostatic and charge transfer effects at the S K‐edge in ionic liquids; quantification of dilution limits at the Cl K‐ and Rh L₃‐edges and structural equilibria in solution; in vacuum deposition and reduction of [Rh^I(CO)₂Cl]₂ to γ‐Al₂O₃; contamination of γ‐Al₂O₃ by Cl and its potential role in determining the chemical character of supported Rh catalysts; and the development of chlorinated Pd catalysts in `green' solvent systems. Sample environments thus far developed are also presented, characterized and their overall performance evaluated.     

Crystal → nematic phase transition in the liquid crystalline system 1‐isothiocyanato‐4‐(trans‐4‐propylcyclohexyl) benzene (3CHBT) probed by temperature‐dependent micro‐Raman study and DFT calculations

Raman spectra of 3CHBT in unoriented form were recorded at 14 different temperature measurements in the range 25–55 °C, which covers the crystal → nematic (N) phase transition, and the Raman signatures of the phase transition were identified. The wavenumber shifts and linewidth changes of Raman marker bands with varying temperature were determined. The assignments of important vibrational modes of 3CHBT were also made using the experimentally observed Raman and infrared spectra, calculated wavenumbers, and potential energy distribution. The DFT calculations using the B3LYP method employing 6‐31G functional were performed for geometry optimization and vibrational spectra of monomer and dimer of 3CHBT. The analysis of the vibrational bands, especially the variation of their peak position as a function of temperature in two different spectral regions, 1150–1275 cm⁻¹ and 1950–2300 cm⁻¹, is discussed in detail. Both the linewidth and peak position of the ( C H ) in‐plane bending and ν(NCS) modes, which give Raman signatures of the crystal → N phase transition, are discussed in detail. The molecular dynamics of this transition has also been discussed. We propose the co‐existence of two types of dimers, one in parallel and the other in antiparallel arrangement, while going to the nematic phase. The structure of the nematic phase in bulk has also been proposed in terms of these dimers. The red shift of the ν(NCS) band and blue shift of almost all other ring modes show increased intermolecular interaction between the aromatic rings and decreased intermolecular interaction between two  NCS groups in the nematic phase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.