Characterization of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate oligo/polymerization in media with different pH by resonance Raman spectroscopy at 413.1 and 1064 nm excitation wavelengths

The pH–structure correlation of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate reaction was mainly investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The reactions of aniline and ammonium peroxydisulfate were carried out in aqueous solutions of initial pH ranging from 4.9 to 13.2 and monomer/oxidant molar ratio of 4/1. For an initial pH of 4.9, the spectroscopic techniques showed that the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI–ES) is the main product, corroborating that the usual head‐to‐tail coupling mechanism is taking place. The resonance Raman spectra at 1064 nm exciting wavelength were useful to detect the emeraldine salt as a minor product for reactions at an initial pH of 5.3–11.5. The Raman spectra of the main product of the reaction at initial pH of 13.2 excited at 1064 and 413.1 nm showed new spectral features consistent with 1,4‐Michael‐type adducts of aniline monomers and 1,4‐benzoquinone‐monoimine unit. These compounds and their products of hydrolysis/oxidation are the predominant species for the reaction media of initial pH from 5.3 to 13.2. In order to get PANI with different nanoscale morphologies, a pH value of more than 0 or 1 was used in the aniline polymerization. The spectroscopic data obtained in this work reveal that head‐to‐tail coupling does not occur when aniline reacts at media pH higher than about 5. It is suggested that chemical structures of the products of aniline oxidation by an unusual mechanism are the driving force for the development of assorted morphologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in detection of water quality

Water pollution is hazardous to the health of humans and other organisms, and detection of pollutants in aquatic environments is of primary importance for water quality monitoring. Raman spectroscopy offers an effective tool for qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of contaminants in a water environment. This article focuses on applications of Raman spectroscopy for detection of water quality. In this article, various Raman spectroscopy techniques employed for water quality detection are presented based on the types of pollutants: organics, inorganics, and biological contaminants. Additionally, the relevant detection parameters are reviewed, such as detection materials, limit of detection, detection range, peak positions, and selectivity. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various Raman spectroscopy techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development of Raman spectroscopy for detection of water quality is discussed.     

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in herbal medicine

Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. They are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative. With complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becoming increasingly popular, more people are consuming natural herbal medicines. Thus, chemical fingerprints of herbal medicines are investigated to determine the content of these products. In this study, I review the different types of Raman spectroscopic techniques used in fingerprinting herbal medicines, including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FT)–Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, and confocal/microscopic Raman spectroscopy. Lab-grade Raman spectroscopy instruments help detect the chemical components of herbal medicines effectively and accurately without the need for complicated separation and extraction procedures. In addition, portable Raman spectroscopy instruments could be used to monitor the health and safety compliance of herbal products in the consumer market.     

The use of Raman spectroscopy in food processes: A review

Raman spectroscopy is a novel method of food analysis and inspection. It is highly accurate, quick, and noninvasive. The investigation and monitoring of food processing is important because most of the foods humans eat today are processed in various ways. In this article, the use of Raman spectroscopy in food processes, such as fermentation, cooking, processed food manufacturing, and so on, are explored. The characteristics and difficulties of the Raman inspection of these processes are also discussed. According to the various research reports, Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for monitoring these food processes in lab environments and is likely to see usage in situ in the future.     

Resonant Raman spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry characterization of carbon nanotubes/polyaniline thin film obtained through interfacial polymerization

Thin, transparent, and self‐assembled films of neat polyaniline and polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanocomposites were deposited over glass substrates by interfacial polymerization. The effect of the carbon nanotubes on the structure and conformation of the polyaniline, and the type of interaction between the polymer and the nanotubes, have been studied by resonant Raman spectroscopy and UV–Vis and Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The results indicate clearly that the carbon nanotubes induce important changes in the electronic structure of the polymer, resulting in a more polaronic organization. Additionally, an effective interaction between the polymer and the nanotube, based on a polyaniline‐to‐nanotube charge transfer, is proposed in this work. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent Advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy I

Raman spectroscopy has advanced considerably in the last several years due to rapid developments in instrumentation and the availability of theoretical methods for accurate calculation of Raman spectra, thus enormously facilitating the interpretation of Raman data. This review is restricted to cover papers mainly published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, which serve to give a fast overview of recent advances in this research field as well as to provide readers of this journal a quick introduction to the various subfields of Raman spectroscopy. It also reflects the current research interests of the Raman community. Similar reviews of highly active areas of Raman spectroscopy will appear in future issues of this journal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy II

Following the first review on recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, the present review summarizes papers mainly published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy during 2007. This serves to give a fast overview of recent advances in this research field as well as to provide readers of this journal a quick introduction to the various subfields of Raman spectroscopy. It also reflects the current research interests of the Raman community. Similar reviews of highly active areas of Raman spectroscopy will appear in future issues of this journal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of portable Raman spectroscopy and benchtop spatially offset Raman spectroscopy to interrogate concealed biomaterials

In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of portable Raman spectroscopy and benchtop spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) techniques to rapidly identify real and fake ivory samples. Both techniques were able to identify exposed genuine from fake ivory samples. In contrast to conventional Raman spectroscopy, SORS was, in addition, able to identify ivory concealed by plastics, paints, varnishes and cloth. Application of the SORS technique allows the interrogation of biomaterial samples through materials in which conventional Raman spectroscopic instrumentation cannot penetrate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VII

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in articles published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across related journals publishing in this research area. The context for this review is derived from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations featuring Raman spectroscopy presented at the International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy in Kobe Japan in August 2013 and at SCIX 2013 sponsored by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, October 2013. Papers published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy in 2012 are highlighted in this review and reflect topics and advances at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy, a field that is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level in an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part V

The purpose of the review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in JRS as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for this review is derived from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations featuring Raman spectroscopy presented at the meetings of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies 2011 and the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy 2011. Papers published in JRS in 2010, as reviewed here, reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy, which is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever‐widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part IV

The purpose of the review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (JRS) as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for the review is provided by considering statistical data on citations for the Thompson Reuters ISI Web of Science by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional statistics of number of papers and posters presented by category at the XXII International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS 2010) is also provided. Papers published in JRS in 2009, as reviewed here, reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy which is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VI

The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for this review is derived from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations featuring Raman spectroscopy presented at the XXIII International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy in Bangalore, India, in August 2012 and at Scientific Exchange 2012 sponsored by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, October 2012. Papers published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy in 2011 are highlighted in this review and reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy, a field that is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对学生拉曼光谱实验结果的模糊评价

介绍了拉曼光谱实验的原理和实验方法,并应用模糊数学方法对实验结果进行了综合评价,得到了更为准确客观的评价结果,尽量避免了教师直接评价所带来的主观性.     

Passive signal enhancement in spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrate experimentally, for the first time, the feasibility of enhancing signals in Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) using a dielectric bandpass filter, building on our earlier experimental work on the enhancement of transmission Raman signals. The method is shown to lead to the enhancement of both the surface and subsurface Raman layer signal improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio of Raman spectra from the deep areas of samples, thus enhancing the technique's sensitivity and penetration depth. The filter is placed over the laser illumination zone, on the sample surface acting as a ‘unidirectional’ mirror transmitting the collimated laser beam on one side and reflecting photons escaping from the sample back into it. This enhances the degree of coupling of laser radiation into the medium and associated generated Raman signal. The feasibility study was performed on a two‐layer sample with the second layer located at the limit of the penetration depth of the method for this sample. The sample consisted of a 2.2‐mm over‐layer of a thinned paracetamol tablet followed by a 2‐mm layer of trans‐stilbene powder. The Raman signal was collected from a spatially offset region through a hole fabricated within the filter. The experiments demonstrate the presence of an enhancement of the Raman signal from both the layers by a factor of 4.4–4.5 and the improved signal‐to‐noise ratio of sublayer signal by a factor of 2.2, in agreement with photon shot noise dominated signal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

凝聚态物质中的光声喇曼效应理论

用热弹性理论系统地分析了凝聚态物质的光声喇曼效应,分别导出了连续和脉冲激光泵浦下的光声喇曼信号表达式,并做了数值估算.     

Raman spectroscopy of conducting poly (methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate blends

Polyaniline soluble in organic solvents was prepared using dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (DBSA) as functional dopant. The solubility parameter was calculated and the most suitable solvent chloroform was checked for the solubility and the most compatible polymer PMMA was selected for blending. Miscibility was maximized with 1% by weight of hydroquinone. Blending of doped polyaniline with dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (PAni.DBSA) in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was explained by a change in the conformation of the polymeric chains leading to an increase in the conductivity. The electrical conductivity increased as the weight percent of PAni.DBSA increased, showing a percolation threshold as low as 3.0% by weight and the highest conductivity was achieved at 20% by wt of PAni.DBSA. Scanning electron micrographs showed lowest level of phase separation. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the blending process of two polymers aiming to understand the transformations in different types of charged segments. Raman results give complementary data about the blending process showing that together with the structural change of the polymeric chains, there is also a chemical transformation of these polymers. Analysis of Raman spectra was done investigating the relative intensities of the bands at 574 cm⁻¹ and 607 cm⁻¹. A relationship between conductivity and Raman was also proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy evidence for oxidation-induced decomposition of graphite

It has been proposed that reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide could be a potential method for producing large quantities of graphene. Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are used to show that oxidation of graphite and exfoliated graphite significantly increases the defect structure of both materials. This would likely lead to a heavily defected graphene structure when oxygen is removed. To insure the observed decomposition is not due to the laser light, the effect of laser intensity on the materials was investigated. It was found that at the highest laser intensity (1.4 × 10⁸ W/M²) there was a significant increase in defects. However, lower laser intensity was found which did not produce defects and was used in the studies of the effect of oxidation on the spectra.     

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part III

Following the first two reviews on recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy, the present review summarises papers mainly published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy during 2008. This again serves to give a brief overview of recent advances in this research field and to provide readers of this journal a quick introduction to the various sub‐fields of Raman spectroscopy. It also reflects the current research interests and trends in the Raman community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in linear and non‐linear Raman spectroscopy. Part IX

This annual review is published to provide an overview of advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in papers published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (JRS) as well as in trends across related journals that have published papers in the broad field of Raman spectroscopy. The content is obtained from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science Core Collection by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations at the VIII International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy (ICAVS‐8) in Vienna, Austria in July 2015 and those featuring Raman scattering at SCIX 2015 organized by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, in September/October 2015. Coverage is also provided for topics from the conference ECONOS 2015 held in April in Leuven, Belgium. Finally, papers published in JRS in 2014 are highlighted and arranged by topics at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. Taken from these various viewpoints, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy continues to be a rapidly expanding field that provides sensitive photonic information of matter at the molecular level in an ever‐widening arena of novel applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subtracted shifted Raman spectroscopy of organic dyes and lakes

Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to identify vegetal and animal dyes and lakes. These compounds have been used by artists since antiquity, and their identification has important implications in art history and conservation. The resonance condition is useful when working with real ancient objects so as to enhance the Raman scattering of chromophores with respect to the strong signal of the matrix, such as the textile or parchment over which the colorant is supported. The strong fluorescence that generally characterizes the resonance Raman spectra was eliminated by using subtracted shifted Raman spectroscopy (SSRS). A systematic study on reference organic dyes was primarily carried out to evaluate the suitability of the method and to estimate the strengths and limitations of the spectrum reconstruction process. The method was then applied to the noninvasive identification of madder on ancient dyed silk textiles such as an altar table cloth and a manutergium attributed to the Egyptian artistic textile production of the 10th–11th Century A.D. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.