Correction to: Frequency domain approach for probabilistic flutter analysis using stochastic finite elements

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随机有限元分析的二级区域分解并行求解算法

采用蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)和加权积分法对二维问题进行随机有限元分析。尽管MCS方法对任何有确定解的问题都具有求解精度高的优点,但由于求解所需的计算量巨大使其应用受到限制。利用并行求解技术可有效地处理这种密集型计算问题。基于有限元分裂对接法(FETI)的并行特性并利用预处理共轭梯度法(PCG)的求解高效性,结合整体子区域实现(GSI-PCG)和FETI法,提出二级求解算法,并在工作站机群上实现了数值算例。算例计算结果表明本文GSI(PCG)-FETI算法具有较高的并行加速比和并行效率,具有良好的性能,可有效地进行二维问题的随机有限元分析。     

Turbulent boundary-layer analysis using finite elements

The use of finite element methods for turbulent boundary-layer flow is relatively recent and of limited extent.¹ In the present study, we extend the group variable approach of Fletcher and Fleer^2,3 to treat turbulent boundary layer flows with heat transfer using a two-equation turbulence model. The main concepts in the formulations include a Dorodnitsyn-type transformation which uses a velocity component as the transverse variable, a ‘variational’ formulation for the transformed equations using special test functions and development of a two-equation turbulence model in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate as additional field variables. Several numerical test cases have been examined comparing the results with finite difference calculations and comparing the two-equation turbulence model with an algebraic turbulence model.     

Limit analysis of anisotropic soils using finite elements and linear programming

The main purpose of this paper is to present a finite element formulation of the bound theorems which allows for the variation of soil strength with direction. To achieve this objective, the conventional isotropic Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is generalised to include the effect of strength anisotropy. The finite element limit analysis formulation using the modified anisotropic yield criterion is then developed. Several examples are given in the paper to illustrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed numerical procedure for computing rigorous bounds for anisotropic soils.     

Potential flow analysis by finite elements

Summary A finite element formulation is developed for the analysis of a general discontinuous potential field (with multiply connected regions) and leads to the solution of the Dirichlet, Neumann and Mixed Boundary Value Problems. Subcritical compressibility effects are included. The finite element model is presented in detail for the two-dimensional and axisymmetric case, but may readily be extended to the general three-dimensional case. For the representation of general boundary conditions (linear interdependencies between the unknown variables) two alternative methods are formulated. Several typical examples including compressibility, circulatory (lifting) flow and the analysis of infinite cascades demonstrate the wide applicability and accuracy of the method.

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Übersicht Für die Berechnung von allgemeinen diskontinuierlichen Potentialfeldern mit mehrfach zusammenhängenden Bereichen wird eine Formulierung für die Methode der finiten Elemente entwickelt. Dies führt zur einfachen Lösung von Randwertproblemen erster, zweiter und dritter Art, wobei auch Kompressibilitätseffekte im unterkritischen Bereich berücksichtigt werden können. Ein Finite-Element-Typ wird im Detail für den zweidimensionalen und rotationssymmetrischen Fall abgeleitet, jedoch kann die Darstellung leicht auf den allgemeinen dreidimensionalen Fall ausgedehnt werden. Für die Verwirklichung allgemeiner Randbedingungen (d. h. Berücksichtigung von linear abhängigen unbekannten Variablen) werden zwei Methoden formuliert.Mehrere typische Beispiele, welche Kompressibilität, Auftrieb und die Berechnung unendlicher Kaskadenströmung behandeln, zeigen dic Vielfalt der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und die Genauigkeit der Methode.

     

Hybrid stress analysis of vibrating plates using holographic interferometry and finite elements

The work reported herein is concerned with an investigation of the potential of mating time-average holography and static-finite-element analysis (a ‘hybrid’ stress-analysis technique) in solving dynamic problems. The model studied is a vibrating thin rectangular cantilever plate. Realtime holography was used to locate natural vibrating modes of the plate. Experimental data were smoothed to remove scatter using a spline-like procedure in one or two dimensions, as applicable. Two methods of smoothing the experimental displacement data used in the hybrid procedure were considered. The first involved preprocessing (smoothing) the data before they were incorporated into the numerical model, while the second involved smoothing the data as part of the solution process. In both instances the amount of smoothing was specified by the user. The first and fourth vibrational modes were investigated. The results were compared to a NASTRAN dynamic solution and to a Ritz method series solution with very good results.     

Crack insertion,meshing and fracture analysis of structures using tetrahedral finite elements

In this study, a method and corresponding tools are presented to insert a three-dimensional crack of a given size and location into a finite element model without any cracks using fully unstructured finite elements. For research purposes, publicly available two and three-dimensional meshing software, Triangle^© and Tetgen^©, are utilized and integrated with an in-house developed program to compatibly select and re-mesh the three-dimensional crack region of the original input model. Within the procedure, the boundary conditions and loads existing on the original model are also book kept and transferred to the new model containing the crack. Next, the new finite element model, which now contains the crack geometry, the loads and boundary conditions, is solved in a general-purpose finite element program employing enriched elements. The above procedure is demonstrated on a series of surface crack problems in finite-thickness plates including mixed-mode fracture conditions. The obtained results are compared to well-known solutions available in the literature. These comparisons showed good agreement for all cases analyzed. It is, therefore, concluded that the procedure developed is valid, efficient and yields accurate three-dimensional fracture solutions.     

Transient analysis of a tennis racket using PC-based finite elements and experimental techniques

A method has been developed to facilitate the fully stressed design optimization of a tennis racket. The method consists of a PC-based finite-element model with experimental verification, and transient analysis using experimentally determined dynamic loading data. Results are obtained and discussed. Paper was presented at the 1988 SEM Spring Conference held in Portland, OR on June 5–10.     

Response variables correlation in stochastic finite element analysis

Summary Stochastic finite element techniques are used for estimating the uncertain response of discretized structural systems which are defined by random quantitites or are subjected to random excitations. Such techniques are especially useful in view of the development of probabilistic models for the estimation of the residual lifetime of components undergoing damage-accumulation processes. A special procedure for calculating the probability distribution of the single response variable was discussed in Ref. [1].Attention is focused in this paper on the improvements to be included for estimating the correlation between the response variables of interest and their joint probability distribution.

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Sommario La dicitura elementi finiti stocastici contraddistingue quell'insieme di tecniche numeriche che consentono una stima dell'incertezza che affligge la risposta di sistemi strutturali discreti o discretizzabili, caratterizzati da parametri aleatori o/e soggetti ad eccitazioni aleatorie. L'impiego di queste tecniche si è mostrato particolarmente utile nella definizione delle variabili di ingresso di quei modelli probabilistici con cui si stima la vita residua di elementi strutturali soggetti ad accumulo di danno. Un procedimento efficiente per ricavare la legge di distribuzione di probabilità della singola variabile di risposta era stato messo a punto in [1].In questo lavoro si discutono gli sviluppi necessari per includere la stima della correlazione tra due variabili e la determinazione di distribuzioni di probabilità congiunta.

     

岩土材料应变局部化的有限元分析方法

采用有限单元法分析岩土材料的应变局部化时经常会遇到单元尺寸敏感性问题和网格锁定问题。自适应网格技术能够有效地解决网格锁定问题,但仍然无法克服计算结果对单元尺寸的依赖性,尽管在一维情况下被证明是可行的。复合体理论(均匀化理论)和弱非连续有限元方法可以成功地解决岩土材料的单元尺寸敏感性问题,在一维情况下两类方法实际上是一致的。本文针对岩土材料应变局部化的有限元新技术所存在的若干问题进行了详细的讨论,并给出了有关算例。     

Wave propagation and dynamic analysis of smoothly graded heterogeneous continua using graded finite elements

The dynamic behavior of smoothly graded heterogeneous materials is investigated using the finite element method. The global variation of material properties (e.g., Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and mass density) is treated at the element level using a generalized isoparametric formulation. Three classes of examples are presented to illustrate this approach and to investigate the influence of material inhomogeneity on the characteristics of wave propagation pattern and stress redistribution. First, a cantilever beam example is presented for verification purposes. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of numerical results with analytical ones, as well as modal analysis for beams with different material gradation profiles. Second, wave propagation patterns are explored for a fixed-free slender bar considering homogeneous, bi-material, tri-layered and smoothly graded materials (steel/alumina), which also provide further verification of the numerical procedures. Comparison of stress histories in these samples indicates that the smooth transition of material gradation considerably alleviates the stress discontinuity in the bi-material system (with sharp interface). Third, a three-point-bending epoxy/glass graded beam specimen is investigated for validation purposes. The beam is graded along the height direction. Stress evolution history at a location of interest is analyzed in detail, which not only reveals the dependence of stress evolution on material gradation direction, but also provides information predictive of potential material failure time for graded beams with different material gradation profiles. Jointly, these three classes of examples provide proper verification and validation for the present numerical techniques.     

随机响应面法最优概率配点数目分析

系统地研究随机响应面法采用线性无关原则选取概率配点的优越性,给出了基于线性无关原则选取概率配点的流程图,比较了基于回归方法和基于线性无关原则选取概率配点的优缺点。算例结果表明,基于回归方法选取概率配点时,配点数目应保证Hermite系数矩阵达到满秩,此时随机响应面法的计算精度才能得到保证,计算效率也远远高于传统的蒙特卡洛模拟方法。基于线性无关原则选取概率配点的随机响应面法在保证计算精度的同时,其计算效率远远高于基于回归方法选取概率配点的随机响应面法,它是结构可靠度分析一种有效的方法,尤其适用于极限状态方程不能用显式函数表达的复杂结构可靠度问题。研究成果为随机响应面法最优概率配点数目的确定奠定了一定的基础。     

单桩沉降可靠度的配点谱随机有限元分析

基于配点的谱随机有限元方法(CSFEM)可以实现随机分析与确定性有限元分析的解耦,并通过采样,重复多次确定性有限元分析,从而得到随机有限元的解.本文以处于粘土中的柔性单桩为例,用CSFEM 方法对线性土弹簧及非线性土弹簧时的单桩沉降进行随机有限元分析,计算了沉降可靠度指标,并与蒙特卡罗模拟的结果对比.算例结果显示,CS...     

Adaptive nodeless variable finite elements with flux-based formulation for thermal–structural analysis

A nodeless variable element method with the fluxbased formulation is developed to analyze two-dimensional thermal-structural problems. The nodeless variable formula- tion provides accurate temperature distributions to yield more accurate thermal stress solutions. The flux-based formulation is used to reduce the complexity in deriving the finite element equations as compared to the conventional finite element method. The solution accuracy is further improved by implementing an adaptive meshing technique to generate finite element meshes that can adapt and move along with the transient solution behavior. A version of a nearly optimal element size determination is proposed to provide high convergence rate of the predicted solutions. The combined procedure is evaluated by solving several thermal, structural, and thermal stress problems.     

Compatibility between finite volumes and finite elements using solutions of shallow water equations for substance transport

This paper formulates a finite volume analogue of a finite element schematization of three‐dimensional shallow water equations. The resulting finite volume schematization, when applied to the continuity equation, exactly reproduces the set of matrix equations that is obtained by the application of the corresponding finite element schematization to the continuity equation. The procedure allows the consistent and mass conserving coupling of the finite element Telemac model for three‐dimensional flow with the finite volume Delft3D‐WAQ model for water quality. The work has been carried out as part of a joint development by LNHE and WL∣Delft Hydraulics to explore the mutual interaction of their software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geometrical non-linear analysis of structures by finite elements

Meccanica - The paper shows a comprehensive analysis of geometrically non linear structural problems by the finite element method. The theoretical approach is based on a variational principle...     

结构动力分析的随机变分原理及随机有限元法

将结构动力系统的参数及激励的随机性直接引入结构的动力泛函变分表达式中，基于瞬时最小势能原理，应用小参数摄动法，建立了随机结构动力分析的随机变分列式及相应的确机有限元法。算例表明，应用此法分析随机结构动力响应，具有程序实施简便，计算效率高的优点。     

Hybrid finite element formulations for elastodynamic analysis in the frequency domain

Three alternative sets of hybrid formulations to solve linear elastodynamic problems by the finite element method are presented. They are termed hybrid–mixed, hybrid and hybrid–Trefftz and differ essentially on the field conditions that the approximation functions are constrained to satisfy locally. Two models, namely the displacement and the stress models, are obtained for each formulation depending on whether the tractions or the boundary displacements are the field chosen to implement interelement continuity. A Fourier time discretization is used to uncouple the solving system in the frequency domain. The basic space discretization criterion is implemented directly on the fundamental relations of elastodynamics and used to derive the stress and displacement models of the hybrid–mixed formulation. The hybrid and hybrid–Trefftz formulations are presented in sequence as the variants of the hybrid–mixed formulation obtained by progressively increasing the constraints on the approximation bases. Numerical implementation aspects are briefly discussed and the performance of the finite element models is illustrated with numerical applications.     

Sensitivity,probabilistic and stochastic analysis of the thermo-piezoelectric phenomena in solids by the stochastic perturbation technique

The main aim here is to present the application of the generalized stochastic perturbation technique to thermo-piezoelectric analysis of solid continua. The general nth order Taylor series representation for all random input parameters and the state functions is employed to formulate the coupled thermo-electro-elasticity equilibrium equations of the additional order; a determination of any probabilistic moments and characteristics is described; the discretization of the problem in terms of the Stochastic perturbation-based Finite Element Method is also provided. Since this expansion includes the lowest order partial derivatives, the structural sensitivity analysis using direct differentiation is performed at the same time with probabilistic modeling contrasted with the Monte-Carlo simulation results. The probabilistic approach is extended here towards an accounting for the stochastic ageing processes, which appear frequently in aggressive external environments and under dynamic excitation. The two parametric stochastic process with Gaussian initial value and ageing velocity is tested for this purpose. The entire procedure is tested on the example of the thermo-electro-elastic pulsation of the beam modeled analytically using the symbolic software MAPLE, where polynomial approximations, design sensitivities, probabilistic moments and their histories are computed and visualized.