Determination of phenylurea herbicides in natural waters at concentrations below 1 ng l using solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A procedure is presented which allows the ultratrace level determination of phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) in natural waters. Samples were enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Carbopack B and alkylated with iodoethane and sodium hydride to yield thermostable products. After derivatization, the aqueous samples were extracted and injected by SPME. The use of iodoethane instead of iodomethane allowed the differentiation between parent compounds and the N-demethylated metabolites. Limits of detection were between 0.3 and 1.0 ng/l for the parent compounds. Standard deviations below 10% were achieved for samples containing more than 4 ng/l in very different matrices including Nanopure water, lake water, and waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Moreover, the para-hydroxylated metabolite of diuron could be quantified with the same procedure. The presence of further metabolites was assessed qualitatively. Chromatography was stable over a large number of measurements even with dirty samples from WWTP effluent. The precision and sensitivity of the developed analytical method allowed the investigation of the fate of PUHs in lakes, their degradation during drinking water treatment and their transport within the North Sea.     

Determination of pesticides in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry

The sensitive multiresidual analytical method for simultaneous analysis of 14 most commonly used agricultural pesticides in Serbia was developed and optimized. The selected insecticides, fungicides and herbicides belong to seven chemical classes (organophosphates, neonicotinoids, carbamates, diacylhydrazines, benzimidazoles, triazines and phenylureas). The method was based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The following parameters that may affect the SPE procedure efficiency were optimized: the sorbent type in combination with different elution solvents, the sample pH and the sample volume. For each pesticide, MSⁿ analysis was performed and distinctive ions and transitions were selected for identification and quantification, as well as for confirmation purposes. External matrix-matched calibration method was used to eliminate variable matrix effect and ensure precise quantification. Good recoveries (72-129%), and low limits of detection (0.4-5.5 ng L⁻¹) and quantification (1.1-18.2 ng L⁻¹) were achieved for all selected pesticides. The developed and optimized method was successfully applied in the analysis of several river waters, as well as ground waters in Serbia, influenced by agriculture. The most frequently detected pesticide was carbendazim. Dimethoate, carbofuran and propazine were also found in the investigated samples.     

Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonyl-urea herbicides in river water at sub-parts-per-billion level by on-line preconcentration and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method based on solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography flame photometric detector for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in food samples was described. Three kinds of vinyl crown ether polar fibers were prepared with sol-gel process and used for the analytes. The new coatings showed higher extraction efficiency and sensitivity for organophosphorus pesticides compared with commercial fibers—85 μm PA and 65 μm PDMS-DVB. Specifically, the benzo-15-crown-5 coating was the most effective for the target analytes. Several factors affecting the performance of SPME such as extraction temperature and time, salt addition, and dilution ratios of samples were optimized. The apparent recoveries of spiked food samples (apple juice, apple and tomato) were determined to be over 55.3% and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.003-0.09 ng/g for the OPP studied. The method was applied to determine the concentrations of OPP in real food samples.     

Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in waste and surface waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC‐MS‐MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of nicotine, five drugs of abuse (morphine, cocaine, codeine, methadone, and 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine) and four metabolites (dihydrocodeine, 6‐acetylmorphine, 11‐nor‐carboxy‐Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzoylecgonine) in water samples. A Fused‐Core? particle column was used as an alternative to sub‐2‐μm particles in chromatographic separations to work with low backpressures and high efficiencies in short analysis times. Drugs were extracted from waste and surface water with SPE using Oasis MCX cartridges. Electrospray (ESI) in positive and negative mode and tandem MS selected reaction monitoring mode were used for identification and quantification. Calibration by linear regression analysis with deuterated internal standards was used to compensate the matrix effects. Limits of detection were found as low as 0.5–1 ng/L (surface water) and 1–50 ng/L (wastewater). The method was applied to the analysis of different kinds of samples. Wastewater from a sewage treatment plant was collected from three sampling points (after primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments) for a week. The analysis of the samples revealed a significant presence of these drugs in samples from primary treatments, where maximum concentrations of nicotine (1105 ng/L) and benzoylecgonine (3336 ng/L) were found. Most of the compounds showed values between 相似文献   

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis and regulatory issues of polar pesticides in natural and treated waters

Pesticides are among the most detected contaminants in the aquatic environment. This is mainly due to their use in agriculture and their physico-chemical properties that enable transportation and a persistent or pseudo-persistent existence in the water media. Several directives and guidelines set maximum levels of pesticides in water in order to protect the human and environmental health. A brief discussion of the existing directives and guidelines concerning pesticides in water is presented, e.g., the new regulatory framework for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), and the Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Up-to-date analytical tools to support the REACH program are of prime importance to ensure its complete implementation. Since liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most appropriate technique for determination of most modern pesticides in environmental waters, the most recent developments and applications in this field are discussed in detail in this review.     

Determination of 48 pesticides and their main metabolites in water samples by employing sonication and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this work, a rapid and sensitive analytical multiresidue method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 48 pesticides and 19 metabolites in waters (tap, leaching and sewage), using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with triple quadrupole in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The procedure involves initial single phase extraction of samples with acetonitrile by sonication, followed by liquid-liquid partition aided by “salting out” process using NaCl. Matrix influence on recoveries was evaluated for the three waters. More than 50% of the compound presented very low signal suppression. The method presents good linearity over the range assayed 10-500 μg L⁻¹ and the most frequent detection limits was 0.05 ng mL⁻¹. The average recovery by the LC-MS/MS method obtained for these compounds varied from 74.6 to 111.2% with a relative standard deviation between 2.5 and 8.9%. The proposed method was used to determine pesticides levels in leaching water samples from 5 lysimeters from an experimental greenhouse located in Murcia.     

Assessing selected estrogens and xenoestrogens in Brazilian surface waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and specific method was developed and validated for the determination of estrogen and xenoestrogen in surface waters using liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed using ammonium hydroxide solutions in water and in methanol as mobile phase. Compounds were determined in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization interface operating in the negative mode. Multiple reaction monitoring conditions were optimized for estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A, 4-n-octylphenol, and 4-n-nonylphenol. The method was linear from 0.1 ng L^− 1 to 10 µgL^− 1. Limits of quantification varied between 0.1 and 3.1 ng L^− 1 and recoveries for a 50 ng L^− 1 spiked-surface water solution varied between 72 and 140%. The method was successfully used to determine estrogen and xenoestrogen levels in Brazilian water samples collected along the Atibaia River Basin, in the State of São Paulo. Concentrations of estrogens varied from 2.2 to 39 ng L^− 1. Bisphenol A was the most frequently detected compound as well as the only xenoestrogen in the samples with concentrations between 25 and 84 ng L^− 1.     

Quantification of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A reliable and easy to use liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of urinary concentrations of cyclophosphamide (CP) and its main metabolites excreted in urine, i.e. N-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide (DCL-CP), 4-ketocyclophosphamide (4KetoCP), and carboxyphosphamide (CarboxyCP). Sample preparation consisted of dilution of urine with an aqueous solution of the internal standard D(4)-CP and methanol, and centrifugation. LC/MS/MS detection was performed using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer working in selected reaction monitoring mode. All analytes were quantified in a single run within 11.5 min. The limits of detection were 5 ng/mL for CP and 4KetoCP, 1 ng/mL for DCL-CP, and 30 ng/mL for CarboxyCP. Quantification ranges were adjusted to the expected concentrations in 24-h urine collections of patients treated with a polychemotherapy regimen (3-175 microg/mL for CP, 0.5-27 microg/mL for 4KetoCP and 0.17-9 microg/mL for CarboxyCP and DCL-CP, respectively). The method was validated according to international guidelines of the ICH and the FDA.     

Determination of triazine herbicides in surface and drinking waters by off-line combination of liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Summary Mass spectra of 12 triazines were obtained by electron impact (EI), positive-ion chemical ionization (PCI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) using methane and isobutane as reagent gases. EI mass spectrometry is more sensitive than PCI and NCI, although the chemical ionization modes increase selectivity markedly. A pre-column packed with polymer stationary phase was employed to preconcentrate surface and drinking water samples. After desorption of the analytes with ethyl acetate, an aliquot was injected directly into the GC-MS system. Atrazine and simizine were found in these samples at 10–80 ppt levels. The limits of detection for both herbicides were below 10 ppt in drinking water.     

Identification of phenyl-N-methylcarbamates and their transformation products in Tunisian surface water by solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography-pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry with both negative and positive ionization has been used for the determination of carbamates pesticides and their transformation products in Tunisian surface water. Eight pesticides and four of their hydrolysis products were covered in this study.Optimization of electrospray inlet conditions is described as well as results from investigations of the linearity of the detector response. Conditions for tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) detection of characteristic daughter ions formed by collision induced dissociation (CID) of the parent ion are described. Detection limits using MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode were generally in the order of 0.5 μg L⁻¹ or below. A principle of analysis is proposed based on triple quadrupole MS as a method for quantitative determination followed by verification of positive findings by CID-MS-MS. Application of the method for detecting carbamates residues in surface water is demonstrated.     

Quantification of ochratoxin A in foods by a stable isotope dilution assay using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was developed for quantification of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) by using [2H5]-OTA as internal standard. The synthesis of labelled OTA was accomplished by acid hydrolysis of unlabelled OTA and subsequent coupling one of the products, ochratoxin alpha, to [2H5]-L-phenylalanine. The mycotoxin was quantified in foods by LC-tandem MS after extraction with buffers containing [2H5]-OTA and clean-up by immuno affinity chromatography or by solid phase extraction on silica. The method showed a sufficient sensitivity with a low detection and quantification limit of 0.5 and 1.4 microg/kg, respectively, and good precision in inter-assay studies showing a CV (n = 3) of 3.6%. The analysis of certified reference materials resulted in a low bias of 2.1% from the certified values and revealed excellent accuracy of the new method. To prove the suitability of SIDA. OTA was quantified in a number of food samples and resulted mainly in not detectable OTA contents. However, three samples of raisins exceeded the legal limit of 10 microg/kg and highlighted the need for further controlling the contamination with the mycotoxin.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人尿中苯氧乙酸除草剂和有机磷、拟除虫菊酯农药代谢物北大核心CSCD

基于96孔固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,建立了人尿中2种苯氧乙酸除草剂、2种有机磷农药代谢物和4种拟除虫菊酯农药代谢物的测定方法。通过对液相色谱条件、质谱条件和样品前处理过程的系统优化,实现了在16 min内对8种目标分析物的分析测定。具体方法:1 mL尿液经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶酶解过夜,Oasis HLB 96孔固相萃取进行目标分析物的提取净化,甲醇洗脱;以0.1%(体积分数)乙酸乙腈和0.1%(体积分数)乙酸水作为流动相,Acquity BEH C_(18)作为分析柱进行色谱分离;负离子电喷雾(ESI-)多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测目标化合物,同位素内标法定量。2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、2,4,5-三氯苯氧乙酸(2,4,5-T)2种苯氧乙酸除草剂和3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)、4-氟-3-苯氧基苯甲酸(4F-3PBA)、反式二氯乙烯基二甲基环丙烷羧酸(trans-DCCA)3种拟除虫菊酯农药代谢物在0.1~100μg/L内、对硝基苯酚(PNP)、3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚(TCPY)2种有机磷农药代谢物、顺式二氯乙烯基二甲基环丙烷羧酸(cis-DCCA)1种拟除虫菊酯代谢物在0.2~100μg/L内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9993;方法检出限为0.02~0.07μg/L,方法定量限为0.08~0.2μg/L;低、中、高3个水平下的加标回收率为91.1%~110.5%,日内精密度为2.9%~7.8%,日间精密度为6.2%~10%。应用该方法测定了214份尿液样本。结果显示除2,4,5-T外,其余7种目标分析物均有检出。TCPY、PNP、3-PBA、4F-3PBA、trans-DCCA、cis-DCCA、2,4-D的检出率为2.8%~99.1%。检出浓度(中位值)由高到低分别是2.0μg/L(TCPY)、1.8μg/L(PNP)、0.99μg/L(trans-DCCA)、0.81μg/L(3-PBA)、0.44μg/L(cis-DCCA)、0.35μg/L(2,4-D)和未检出(4F-3PBA)。该方法操作简便,定量准确,灵敏度高,每批次可完成96个样品测定,适用于人尿中多种农药及农药代谢物的批量分析测定。     

Detection of new propofol metabolites in human urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques

Using hyphenated analytical techniques, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), a study on minor propofol metabolites in human urine was conducted. These techniques allowed identification of two new phase I metabolites (2-(omega-propanol)-6-isopropylphenol and 2-(omega-propanol)-6-isopropyl-1,4-quinol). In addition, their four corresponding conjugates (three glucuronides and one sulphate) were detected. Thus in human urine at least eight conjugate metabolites are produced, derived from four different aglycones (propofol; 2, 6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol; 2-(omega-propanol)-6-isopropylphenol and 2-(omega-propanol)-6-isopropyl-1,4-quinol).     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜和苹果中氟啶虫酰胺及其代谢产物残留量

建立了黄瓜和苹果中氟啶虫酰胺及其3种代谢产物［N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine(TFNG)、4-tri-fluoromethylnicotinic acid(TFNA)和4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide(TFNA-AM)］同时测定的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品用磷酸盐缓冲液提取两次,调节pH值至1.5～2.0后,再用乙酸乙酯提取,液相色谱-串联质谱分析。采用Acquity BEH C18色谱柱分离,0.1%甲酸水-甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。氟啶虫酰胺、TFNG、TFNA和TFNA-AM的检出限分别为0.17、0.20、0.35和0.60 μg/kg。在黄瓜和苹果样品中添加5.0～2000 μg/kg水平的氟啶虫酰胺、TFNG、TFNA和TFNA-AM,其平均添加回收率在82.9%～104.1%范围内,批内分析相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.6%～6.9%之间。4种物质的峰面积与其浓度在0.50～200 μg/L范围内均呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数均大于0.998。前处理步骤仅用有机溶剂6 mL。整个方法具有高灵敏度、准确、稳定的特点。     

Simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in vegetables using QuEChERS and reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This paper presents a rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG), 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA), and 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (TFNA-AM) in vegetables using QuEChERS by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile. The extract was purified through QuEChERS method with primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphite carbon black (GCB). Then the extract was diluted with 0.1% formic acid in water, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column with methanol/0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase with gradient elution. The linearity of the analytical response across the studied range of concentrations (0.20-500 μg/L) was excellent, obtaining correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. No significant matrix effects were observed. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked spinach and cucumber blank samples, at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.05, 0.50 and 2.0 mg/kg) performing six replicates at each level. Mean recoveries of 81.3-94.8% with CVs of 2.4-7.0% were obtained. The method demonstrated to be suitable for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in vegetables.     

Improved coupled-column liquid chromatographic method for the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid residues in environmental waters

An existing method for the determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water has been improved. It is based on precolumn derivatization with the fluorescent reagent 9-fluorenylmethylcloroformate (FMOC) followed by large-volume injection in a coupled-column LC system using fluorescence detection (LC-LC-FD). The derivatization step was slightly modified by changing parameters such as volume and/or concentration of sample and reagents to decrease the limits of quantification (LOQ) of glyphosate and AMPA to 0.1 microg/l. Additionally, the use of Amberlite IRA-900 for preconcentration of glyphosate, prior to the derivatization step, was investigated; the LOQ of glyphosate was lowered to 0.02 microg/l. Drinking, surface and ground water spiked with glyphosate and AMPA at 0.1-10 microg/l concentrations were analysed by the improved LC-LC-FD method. Recoveries were 87-106% with relative standard deviations lower than 8%. Drinking and ground water spiked with glyphosate at 0.02 and 0.1 microg/l were analysed after preconcentration on the anion-exchange resin with satisfactory recoveries (94-105%) and precision (better than 8%).     

Assessment of sample cleanup and matrix effects in the pesticide residue analysis of foods using postcolumn infusion in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Matrix effect profiles can be used to visualize the effect of the sample matrix to the data signals occurring in a chromatogram. In the present study these profiles were generated by postcolumn infusion of a standard pesticide mix with extracts of different food matrices prepared by the QuEChERS method. Complete raw extracts as well as individual clean-up steps were analyzed. This allowed for a detailed comparison of the interferences caused by the matrix effects from various food samples. It also gave an idea about the efficiency of matrix reduction processes. When analyzing the individual clean-up extracts of the QuEChERS method just a slight reduction of matrix effects could be observed from step to step. Matrices causing strong signal effects in the results of the raw extracts also have strong effects after the final clean-up step. Some of the components responsible for the matrix effects show an extremely high retention time. After the injection of extracts from rocket or different types of tea, significant ion suppressions occurred even after rinsing the analytical column for a long time. The experiments have shown that similar matrices can produce different matrix effect profiles. For example, for black teas and green teas significantly different matrix effect profiles were obtained, while the matrix effects of teas within one of these groups were exactly the same. Analogous results could be found for citrus fruits. In order to overcome interfering matrix effects, analytical systems equipped with different electrospray ion sources were tested. Furthermore, profiles of diluted food extracts were generated. Dilution led to a significant decrease in the matrix effects.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法研究涕灭威及其代谢物在白菜中的动态行为

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)研究了白菜中涕灭威及其代谢物的残留动态行为。按农民常用施药量(3000 g/hm²)将涕灭威沟施予田地后,定期取样检测,并建立其残留行为的数学模型。结果表明,用LC-MS/MS测定涕灭威及其代谢物,在0.005~0.2 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为78.9%~108.5%,相对标准偏差为2.03%~8.91%(n=8)。涕灭威在白菜中的浓度升高和降低的过程均符合一级动力学模型(c=0.020e^0.136t和c=0.65e^-0.059t),相关系数(r²)分别为0.888和0.979,半衰期为29.1天。代谢产物涕灭威砜和涕灭威亚砜在白菜中的浓度降低时同样符合一级动力学方程(c=23.4e^-0.044t和c=4.54e^-0.027t), r²分别为0.916和0.972。涕灭威、涕灭威砜和涕灭威亚砜在白菜中的含量要降到国内外限量要求0.01 mg/kg,分别需要70.7、226.6和176.3天。白菜生长周期为120天,收获时涕灭威砜和涕灭威亚砜含量仍超过国内外限量要求。因此,在本文施药量下,涕灭威不能使用。该数据为涕灭威的安全使用和农药残留动态行为研究提供了理论依据。     

Development of a solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of chlorinated toluenes in environmental waters

In the present work, a simple and fast methodology has been developed for the analysis of chlorotoluenes in water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). A multifactorial experimental design strategy was used for studying the influence on extraction yield of factors such as fiber coating, extraction mode, temperature, and addition of sodium chloride. Quantitative recoveries (>/=84%) and satisfactory precision (relative standard deviations (RSD)相似文献