Numerical Investigation into the Gas Production from Hydrate Deposit under Various Thermal Stimulation Modes in a Multi-Well System in Qilian Mountain

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the energy recovery performance of the permafrost hydrate deposit in the Qilian Mountain at site DK-2 using depressurization combined with thermal injection by the approach of numerical simulation. A novel multi-well system with five horizontal wells was applied for large-scale hydrate mining. The external heat is provided by means of water injection, wellbore heating, or the combinations of them through the central horizontal well, while the fluids are extracted outside from the other four production wells under constant depressurization conditions. The injected water can carry the heat into the hydrate deposit with a faster rate by thermal convection regime, while it also raises the local pressure obviously, which results in a strong prohibition effect on hydrate decomposition in the region close to the central well. The water production rate is always controllable when using the multi-well system. No gas seepage is observed in the reservoir due to the resistance of the undissociated hydrate. Compared with hot water injection, the electric heating combined with normal temperature water flooding basically shows the same promotion effect on gas recovery. Although the hydrate regeneration is more severe in the case of pure electric heating, the external heat can be more efficiently assimilated by gas hydrate, and the efficiency of gas production is best compared with the cases involving water injection. Thus, pure wellbore heating without water injection would be more suitable for hydrate development in deposits characterized by low-permeability conditions.     

Numerical Investigation into the Development Performance of Gas Hydrate by Depressurization Based on Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analyses

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic properties of gas hydrate development from a large hydrate simulator through numerical simulation. A mathematical model of heat transfer and entropy production of methane hydrate dissociation by depressurization has been established, and the change behaviors of various heat flows and entropy generations have been evaluated. Simulation results show that most of the heat supplied from outside is assimilated by methane hydrate. The energy loss caused by the fluid production is insignificant in comparison to the heat assimilation of the hydrate reservoir. The entropy generation of gas hydrate can be considered as the entropy flow from the ambient environment to the hydrate particles, and it is favorable from the perspective of efficient hydrate exploitation. On the contrary, the undesirable entropy generations of water, gas and quartz sand are induced by the irreversible heat conduction and thermal convection under notable temperature gradient in the deposit. Although lower production pressure will lead to larger entropy production of the whole system, the irreversible energy loss is always extremely limited when compared with the amount of thermal energy utilized by methane hydrate. The production pressure should be set as low as possible for the purpose of enhancing exploitation efficiency, as the entropy production rate is not sensitive to the energy recovery rate under depressurization.     

水流动强化天然气水合物降压分解研究

降压法被认为是最经济可行的天然气水合物开采方法,但开采后期驱动力不足、甚至产生水合物的二次生成,因此其应用受到限制。本文将降压法与水流动结合提升水合物分解驱动力,研究不同降压模式和水流动对天然气水合物分解特性的影响。发现当降压结合水流动时,压降为水合物分解提供初始驱动力,且压降越大水合物分解驱动力越大。同时水流动能够加快传热传质过程,为水合物分解提供额外的驱动力。在快速降压结合水流动模式中,较高背压下水流动为水合物分解提供主要的驱动力;在梯度降压结合水流动模式中,降压和水流动共同为水合物提供分解驱动力,对水合物分解的促进作用更加显著。     

水合物藏降压开采实验及数值模拟

建立了降压法开采水合物藏数学模型,考虑了气-水-水合物-冰相多相渗流、水合物相变及分解动力学过程、冰-水相变、热传导、对流过程、渗透率变化等对于水合物分解的影响。三维水合物藏模拟表明:在开采前期阶段,可采用降压法,但随着储层能量消耗,产气速度下降很快,需转变开采方式。分析了一些主要参数,如孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度、压力等对水合物开采的影响。     

热力法开采地层天然气水合物的热动力评价

本文在推导热力作用下水合物地层温度分布基础上,发展了评价热力法开采天然气水合物的热效率(用于水合物分解的热量与输入总的热量之比)和能量效率(即输出能量与输入能量之比)的模型.模型分析表明,水合物地层热物性参数以及水合物饱和度决定了热力法开采的能量效率.在注入蒸汽开采初始条件下,能量效率可以达到7.0.     

Underground Storage of Natural Gas in Hydrate State: Primary Injection Stage

The paper is devoted to simulation of the initial stage of natural gas hydrate underground storage: gas injection into aquifer just below permafrost rocks. It is based on the mathematical model of multiphase non-isothermal real gas and water flow in porous media. The model takes into account the transformation of gas and water into hydrate at certain temperature, which depends on gas flow pressure. The dynamics of hydrate and water saturation as well as the pressure and temperature fields in a reservoir with given porosity, permeability, and initial values of pressure, temperature and water saturation were studied. An implicit finite-difference scheme is used to approximate the original boundary-value problem. The finite-difference equations are solved using simple iteration and sweeping algorithms. Several examples of calculations corresponding to real cases are given. Calculations have revealed that the final result strongly depends on the combination of porosity and permeability of a reservoir.     

天然气水合物藏裂缝注热的数值模拟研究

天然气水合物因其能量密度大、储量丰富、无污染等特点而被认为是一种新型的替代能源,如何提升天然气水合物储层渗透率是实现其商业化开采的关键.本研究提出使用人工压裂技术在水合物储层中形成裂缝网络,然后再将高温水注入储层来提升储层渗透率,并对沿裂缝注水过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:人工压裂后,注入储层的热水能够到达储层深处,形...     

Modelling of decomposition of a single gas hydrate particle in water behind the shock wave front

The mathematical model of decomposition of a spherical gas hydrate particle in water behind a 1D wave of the stepped profile (rarefaction wave) is suggested. Contribution of the outer and inner heat flux in a particle to the process of hydrate decomposition is studied. The effect of the gas hydrate particle size, pressure and temperature jumps in liquid on gas hydrate decomposition is investigated.     

甲烷水合物拉曼光谱法研究进展

介绍了甲烷在气相、水合相中的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物生成热力学、生成动力学、分解动力学和分解机理几方面对甲烷水合物实验室拉曼光谱分析和深海拉曼光谱检测的最新进展进行了综述。生成热力学方面重点介绍了基于拉曼光谱技术的水合物生成条件的原位观测、水合物结构的鉴定及水合物孔穴占有率和水合数的求算,生成动力学方面主要介绍了水合物生成过程中孔穴形成随时间的变化关系及水合物形成后流体中甲烷浓度的变化规律等内容。水合物分解方面着重介绍了水合物分解的微观机理、孔穴占有率的变化规律及多孔介质中水合物分解速率表达式。针对目前拉曼光谱法研究水合物存在的问题,对未来的发展方向和重点提出了建议。     

CO2水合物在电解质溶液中的相平衡预测

关于二氧化碳水合物基础物性的研究,对二氧化碳置换开采天然气水合物和工业废气二氧化碳的深海埋藏具有重要意义。本文在Van der Waals-Platteeuw理论和Pizter的电解质模型的基础上,考虑了电解质和温度对二氧化碳在水中溶解度的影响,从理论上对水合物相平衡模型进行了修正,提高了预测的精度。本文预测了二氧化碳水合物在NaCl、KCl、CaCl₂、MgCl₂的一元及二元溶液体系中的相平衡条件,预测的最大压力误差7.92%,平均压力误差在1%～3%之间。结果表明,本文的理论预测结果和实验数据吻合较好。     

激光拉曼光谱在气体水合物研究中的应用

天然气水合物是一种重要的潜在能源。用激光拉曼光谱法表征气体水合物能够为研究水合物形成机理和开采方法提供重要信息。系统介绍了激光拉曼光谱法的基本原理,综述了激光拉曼光谱仪在气体水合物微观表征上的各种实际应用。通过激光拉曼测试可分析水合物气体组成、推测结构类型,再利用经验公式或者相对定量法可计算出其大/小笼的气体占有率和水合数;利用原位拉曼技术可以观测水合物形成和分解的微观过程,解析气体分子进入和离开笼子的进程、进行水合物形成和分解过程中气体浓度变化及水合物形成过程中气体溶解度的测定,辨识水合物系统中的相变过程,进而研究水合物形成和分解动力学;激光拉曼光谱法还可用于研究超高压条件下气体水合物的结构及其变化过程。原位拉曼光谱能够对深海天然气水合物及其环境在原位进行表征;利用拉曼成像技术可以对水合物晶体表面进行系统测定,探求气体组分在晶体表面的分布。随着激光拉曼技术的发展及与其他设备联用水平的提高,激光拉曼光谱仪向便携,高灵敏度发展,能够更广泛深入地进行气体水合物微观研究。     

FTIR光谱的海水入侵区水-岩(土)间氟迁移机理分析

滨海地区饮水型氟中毒和海水入侵十分普遍。海水入侵引起地下水性质的改变对岩（土）氟迁移具有潜在影响，但尚未有直接模拟实验证实，其氟迁移机理也不明确。用淡水和海（卤）水混合及配制溶液模拟海水入侵过程，对含水砂层沉积物进行静态水-岩（土）氟迁移模拟实验，对比分析沉积物FTIR特征，探讨海水入侵对岩（土）氟迁移影响规律及机理。结果表明，含水砂层沉积物氟迁移量大小顺序为：海水＞1∶1淡海＞淡水；卤水＞1∶1淡卤＞淡水，随海（卤）水混入程度增加，含水砂层沉积物岩（土）氟迁移能力增强。氟迁移能力随NaCl和NaHCO₃浓度增加而增加，随CaCl₂浓度增加而降低。对含水砂层沉积物傅里叶红外吸收光谱（FTIR）分析表明，随NaCl和NaHCO₃浓度增加，NaCl溶液中沉积物Si-O-Si键伸缩振动峰强度明显增强，氟磷灰石弯曲振动峰减弱，O-H键特征峰变化不明显，而NaHCO₃溶液中沉积物羟基磷灰石弯曲振动峰和Si-O-Si键伸缩振动峰强度变化不明显，O-H键特征峰强度变化明显，表明NaHCO₃溶液主要通过OH-与F-离子交换，而NaCl溶液是通过Si-O-Si键中Si-O置换来影响岩（土）氟迁移。随CaCl₂浓度增加，Si-O-Si键伸缩振动峰强度明显减弱，氟磷灰石弯曲振动峰强度增强，表明Ca2+强烈地抑制岩（土）氟析出。同时，随NaCl和NaHCO₃浓度增加和CaCl₂浓度减少，Si-F特征峰强度减弱，Si-O-Si键弯曲振动峰向低波数偏移。由于大气CO₂混入，1 mol·L-1 CaCl₂作用沉积物出现1 460和1 420 cm-1碳酸根特征峰。由于碳酸根沉积作用，1 mol·L-1的NaHCO₃作用的沉积物在1 460 cm-1处峰强度增强，且在875 cm-1出现新峰，但是在淡海卤水和NaCl溶液作用的沉积物中无碳酸根特征峰，表明含水砂层中无萤石（CaF₂）溶解作用。海水入侵引起的偏碱性、高钠低钙的环境促进岩（土）氟迁移释放，是滨海地区高氟地下水重要动力。     

On hydrate growth in aquatic gas solution

The solution was obtained for a problem of gas hydrate growth in water with dissolved gas. The rate of hydrate formation depends on gas diffusion to the contact with gas hydrate. Three versions of problem configuration were considered: planar, radial, and spherical symmetry. For these cases, the values of the self-similarity coordinate were obtained: this parameter controls the growth of gas hydrate in water with gas dissolved and the level of top temperature in the hydrate zone. Analysis was performed for temperature fields related to heat release during hydrate formation.     

瓦斯浓度影响下水合物晶体结构Raman光谱特征

在初始温压2 ℃,5 MPa条件下开展了三种瓦斯混合气(CH₄—C₂H₆—N₂,G1=54∶36∶10,G2=67.5∶22.5∶10,G3=81∶9∶10)水合实验,利用可见显微拉曼光谱仪获取水合产物拉曼光谱,通过水合物相中C₂H₆ C—C键伸缩振动特征峰拉曼位移判断水合物晶体结构,利用谱图特征峰分峰拟合方法计算出瓦斯水合物孔穴占有率、水合指数等。研究发现：气样G1和G2水合产物为I型水合物、G3为Ⅱ型,气样中C₂H₆浓度改变导致水合物晶体结构转变;Ⅰ型结构水合物相中CH₄和C₂H₆含量受气样浓度影响较小,G1和G2体系中CH₄含量分别为34.4%和35.7%、C₂H₆含量分别为64.6%和63.9%,而G3体系中CH₄和C₂H₆含量分别为73.5%和22.8%,晶体结构对水合物相客体分子含量控制作用明显;G1~G3体系水合物相大孔穴的CH₄—C₂H₆占有率分别为98%,98%和92%,小孔穴的CH₄占有率分别为80%,60%和84%,N₂由于分压较低且吸附能力较弱其小孔穴占有率不高于5%。     

固体核磁共振技术在气体水合物研究中的应用

气体水合物是在低温高压条件下由气体和水形成的笼型化合物,主要有I型,II型和H型3种晶体结构,而固体核磁共振（solid state NMR）是测定其水合指数、笼占有率等结构参数的重要手段. 该文综述了固体核磁共振技术的原理及其在水合物研究中的应用,着重介绍固体核磁共振在水合物结构表征、气体组分的鉴定、结构转化、以及在水合物生成/分解动力学过程监测方面的研究进展. 同时,对其实验方法及测试条件也进行了详细的探讨.     

不同驱动力下瓦斯水合物生长过程Raman光谱特征

基于煤矿瓦斯(CH₄∶C₂H₆∶N₂=67.5∶22.5∶10)水合物相平衡曲线开展四种驱动力ΔP水合动力学实验,利用可见显微Raman光谱仪获取水合物生长过程光谱图,根据水合物相中C₂H₆ C-C键伸缩振动特征峰Raman位移确定了4组实验中水合物为sⅡ结构。基于van der Waals与Platteeuw模型获取瓦斯水合物生成过程中水合物相气体组分及水合指数变化规律。研究表明： 驱动力的大小影响水合物的稳定性,随着驱动力的增加,CH₄相比C₂H₆逐渐占据更多的孔穴结构,CH₄在水合物相内比例增加,水合物稳定性越强;瓦斯中N₂,CH₄和C₂H₆进入水合物孔穴优先级可以通过分子与水合物孔穴的直径比进行确定,分析认为在sⅡ水合物结构中小孔穴CH₄优先级最高,大孔穴C₂H₆最高;基于瓦斯水合物稳定性,对水合物生长过程客体分子的物质传递规律进行描述,为瓦斯水合物的微观生长提供理论基础。     

多相孔隙储层声学研究进展

本文回顾了关于油、气、水及水合物多相孔隙储层的声学研究进展,提出了"储层声学"的概念,阐明了其研究意义、研究内涵和方法,并介绍了油、气、水及天然气水合物储层声波模拟的部分新的研究成果。指出应该从声学理论和实验等出发,结合声学储层探测和精细描述的实际情况,如利用声学原理圈闭和估算天然气水合物等,继续深入开展相关基础理论和实验研究工作,丰富储层声学研究内容,更加完善储层声学理论体系,为更好利用声学方法探测和评价储层提供坚实的物理基础和可能的技术支撑。     

Developments in geothermal energy in Mexico—part sixteen. The potential for heat pump technology

Mexico possesses large amounts of geothermal brine at temperature which are too low to enable electricity to be generated efficiently and economically. Any system which extracts useful energy from a geothermal source is limited by the effectiveness of the heat transfer between the geothermal fluid, which has a tendency to scale, and the relevant components of the system. A heat pump can be used to maintain a temperature difference between two vessels containing pure water and geothermal brine, which is sufficient to enable pure water vapour to flow continuously from the geothermal brine vessel to the pure water vessel. The hot water produced can then be used to operate an absorption cooling system which can be used to store food. Alternatively a heat pump can be employed to increase the temperature of the hot water to produce low pressure stream.     

Formation and dissociation of gas hydrate inclusions during migration in water

The paper studies the process of floating a gas hydrate particle in liquid. The typical depths when gas bubble floating is accompanied by gas hydrate formation (or with zero gain of hydrate) were calculated. The low depths were identified when floating occurs with hydrate dissociation. The model assumes that the gas hydrate formation is limited by heat transfer from interface to the surrounding liquid. The model for gas hydrate dissociation assumes the rate governed by thermal conductivity of hydrate particle and by convective heat transfer to surrounding water. The temperature of the gas hydrate surface equals the phase transition temperature at the given water pressure. Comparative analysis of thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer effects on hydrate dissociation rate was performed for different initial radius of the particle.     

Numerical Simulation Study on Flow Laws and Heat Transfer of Gas Hydrate in the Spiral Flow Pipeline with Long Twisted Band

The natural gas hydrate plugging problems in the mixed pipeline are becoming more and more serious. The hydrate plugging has gradually become an important problem to ensure the safety of pipeline operation. The deposition and heat transfer characteristics of natural gas hydrate particles in the spiral flow pipeline have been studied. The DPM model (discrete phase model) was used to simulate the motion of solid particles, which was used to simulate the complex spiral flow characteristics of hydrate in the pipeline with a long twisted band. The deposition and heat transfer characteristics of gas hydrate particles in the spiral flow pipeline were studied. The velocity distribution, pressure drop distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and particle settling characteristics in the pipeline were investigated. The numerical results showed that compared with the straight flow without a long twisted band, two obvious eddies are formed in the flow field with a long twisted band, and the velocities are maximum at the center of the vortices. Along the direction of the pipeline, the two vortices move toward the pipe wall from near the twisted band, which can effectively carry the hydrate particles deposited on the wall. With the same Reynolds number, the twisted rate was greater, the spiral strength was weaker, the tangential velocity was smaller, and the pressure drop was smaller. Therefore, the pressure loss can be reduced as much as possible with effect of the spiral flow. In a straight light flow, the Nusselt number is in a parabolic shape with the opening downwards. At the center of the pipe, the Nusselt number gradually decreased toward the pipe wall at the maximum, and at the near wall, the attenuation gradient of the Nu number was large. For spiral flow, the curve presented by the Nusselt number was a trough at the center of the pipe and a peak at 1/2 of the pipe diameter. With the reduction of twist rate, the Nusselt number becomes larger. Therefore, the spiral flow can make the temperature distribution more even and prevent the large temperature difference, resulting in the mass formation of hydrate particles in the pipeline wall. Spiral flow has a good carrying effect. Under the same condition, the spiral flow carried hydrate particles at a distance about 3–4 times farther than that of the straight flow.