Reformed Solitary Kinetic Alfven Waves due to Dissipations and Auroral Electron Acceleration

The physical nature of the auroral electron acceleration has been an outstanding problem in space physics for decades. Some recent observations from the auroral orbit satellites, FREJA and FAST, showed that large amplitude solitary kinetic Alfvén waves (SKAWs) are a common electromagnetic active phenomenon in the auroral magnetosphere. In a low-β (i.e., β/2<<m_e/m_i<<1) plasma, the drift velocity of electrons relative to ions within SKAWs is much larger than thermal velocities of both electrons and ions. This leads to instabilities and causes dissipations of SKAWs. In the present work, based on the analogy of classical particle motion in a potential well, it is shown that a shock-like structure can be formed from SKAWs if dissipation effects are included. The reformed SKAWs with a shock-like structure have a local density jump and a net field-aligned electric potential drop of order of m_ev_A²/e over a characteristic width of several λ_e. As a consequence, the reformed SKAWs can efficiently accelerate electrons field-aligned to the order of the local Alfvén velocity. In particular, we argue that this electron acceleration mechanism by reformed SKAWs can play an important role in the auroral electron acceleration problem. The result shows that not only the location of acceleration regions predicted by this model is well consistent with the observed auroral electron acceleration region of 1—2 R_E above the auroral ionosphere, but also the accelerated electrons from this region can obtain an energy of several keV and carry a field-aligned current of several μA/m² which are comparable to the observations of auroral electrons.     

Kinetic equation in the kinetic region of the dilute and nonuniform electron plasma

Mori's scaling method is used to derive the kinetic equation for a dilute, nonuniform electron plasma in the kinetic region where the space-time cutoff (b, t _c) satisfies _Dbl _f , _D t _{c f} , with _D the Debye length, _D ^–1= _p the plasma frequency, andl _f and _f the mean free path and time, respectively. The kinetic equation takes account of the nonuniformity of the order ofl _f and _D for the single-and the two-particle distribution function, respectively. Thus the Vlasov term associated with the two-particle distribution function is retained. This kinetic equation is deduced from the kinetic equation in the coherent region obtained by Morita, Mori, and Tokuyama, where the space-time cutoff of the coherent region satisfies _Dbr ₀, _Dt _{c 0}, withr ₀ the Landau length and ₀ the corresponding time scale.     

Transfer Entropy of West Pacific Earthquakes to Inner Van Allen Belt Electron Bursts

Lithosphere-ionosphere non-linear interactions create a complex system where links between different phenomena can remain hidden. The statistical correlation between West Pacific strong earthquakes and high-energy electron bursts escaping trapped conditions was demonstrated in past works. Here, it is investigated from the point of view of information. Starting from the conditional probability statistical model, which was deduced from the correlation, the Shannon entropy, the joint entropy, and the conditional entropy are calculated. Time-delayed mutual information and transfer entropy have also been calculated analytically here for binary events: by including correlations between consecutive earthquake events, and between consecutive earthquakes and electron bursts. These quantities have been evaluated for the complex dynamical system of lithosphere-ionosphere; although the expressions calculated by probabilities resulted in being valid for each pair of binary events. Peaks occurred for the same time delay as in the correlations, Δt = 1.5–3.5 h, and as well as for a new time delay, Δt = −58.5–−56.5 h, for the transfer entropy; this last is linked to EQ self-correlations from the analysis. Even if the low number of self-correlated EQs makes this second peak insignificant in this case, it is of interest to separate the non-linear contribution of the transfer entropy of binary events in the study of a complex system.     

熵指数对多重数分布的宽度和形状的依赖性

通过运用蒙特卡罗方法,研究了熵指数对多重数分布的宽度和形状的依赖性,并和NA2?2实验结果作比较.发现,熵指数对多重数分布的形状变化不敏感,但是却随着分布宽度的增加而减小.这一发现和通常基于熵指数的物理意义的期待是矛盾的     

Nonplanar Shocks and Solitons in a Strongly Coupled Adiabatic Plasma: the Roles of Heavy Ion Dynamics and Nonextensitivity

An investigation has been made on heavy ion‐acoustic (HIA) nonplanar shocks and solitons in an unmagnetized, collisionless, strongly coupled plasma whose constituents are strongly correlated adiabatic inertial heavy ions, weakly correlated nonextensive distributed electrons and Maxwellian light ions. By using appropriate nonlinear equations for our strongly coupled plasma system and the well‐known reductive perturbation technique, a modified Burgers (mB) equation and a modified Korteweg‐de Vries (mK‐dV) equation have been derived. They are also numerically solved in order to investigate the basic features (viz. polarity, amplitude, width, etc.) of cylindrical and spherical shock/solitary waves in such a strongly coupled plasma system. The roles of heavy ion dynamics, nonextensivity of electrons, and other plasma parameters arised in this investigation have significantly modified the basic features of the cylindrical and spherical HIA solitary and shock waves. The findings of our results obtained from this theoretical investigation may be useful in understanding the nonlinear phenomena associated with the cylindrical and spherical HIA waves both in space and laboratory plasmas. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Using Entropy to Evaluate the Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks on Financial Networks

We analyze the changes in the financial network built using the Dow Jones Industrial Average components following monetary policy shocks. Monetary policy shocks are measured through unexpected changes in the federal funds rate in the United States. We determine the changes in the financial networks using singular value decomposition entropy and von Neumann entropy. The results indicate that unexpected positive shocks in monetary policy shocks lead to lower entropy. The results are robust to varying the window size used to construct financial networks, though they also depend on the type of entropy used.     

相空间中脑电近似熵和信息熵的计算

提出一种基于相空间重构脑电信号来计算脑电近似熵和信息熵的新方法．实验计算结果表明,癫痫患者脑电和正常人脑电的近似熵和信息熵随相空间嵌入维数的变化有明显的不同．     

On the Rate of Entropy Production for the Boltzmann Equation

We show that there exists a wide class of distribution functions (with moments of any order as close to their equilibrium values as we like) which can provide an abnormally low rate of entropy production. The result is valid for the Boltzmann equation with any cross section (|V|, ) satisfying a mild restriction. The functions are constructed in an explicit form and we discuss some applications of our results.     

Construction of BGK Models with a Family of Kinetic Entropies for a Given System of Conservation Laws

We introduce a general framework for kinetic BGK models. We assume to be given a system of hyperbolic conservation laws with a family of Lax entropies, and we characterize the BGK models that lead to this system in the hydrodynamic limit, and that are compatible with the whole family of entropies. This is obtained by a new characterization of Maxwellians as entropy minimizers that can take into account the simultaneous minimization problems corresponding to the family of entropies. We deduce a general procedure to construct such BGK models, and we show how classical examples enter the framework. We apply our theory to isentropic gas dynamics and full gas dynamics, and in both cases we obtain new BGK models satisfying all entropy inequalities.     

Moment Systems Derived from Relativistic Kinetic Equations

In this paper, we are interested in the derivation of macroscopic equations from kinetic ones using a moment method in a relativistic framework. More precisely, we establish the general form of moments that are compatible with the Lorentz invariance and derive a hierarchy of relativistic moment systems from a Boltzmann kinetic equation. The proof is based on the representation theory of Lie algebras. We then extend this derivation to the classical case and general families of moments that obey the Galilean invariance are also constructed. It is remarkable that the set of formal classical limits of the so-obtained relativistic moment systems is not identical to the set of classical moments quoted in Ref. 21 and one could use a new physically relevant criterion to derive suitable moment systems in the classical case. Finally, the ultra-relativistic limit is considered.     

Kerr-Newman黑洞的熵修正

基于Majhi等人最近的工作,利用狄拉克方程,在半经典近似外讨论了Kerr-Newman黑洞的熵修正.在单位制G=c=kB=1下,由于普朗克常数与普朗克长度,普朗克质量和普朗克电荷的平方成正比,作用量的量子修正项与半经典项的比例常数被选为(Mrh-Q2/2)-1.结合视界方程的微分形式和黑洞热力学第一定律,本文得到了荷电稳态黑洞的修正熵并发现修正项同样包括Bekenstein-Hawking熵的对数项和倒数项.     

Kinetic Relaxation Models for Energy Transport

Kinetic equations with relaxation collision kernels are considered under the basic assumption of two collision invariants, namely mass and energy. The collision kernels are of BGK-type with a general local Gibbs state, which may be quite different from the Gaussian. By the use of the diffusive length/time scales, energy transport systems consisting of two parabolic equations with the position density and the energy density as unknowns are derived on a formal level. The H theorem for the kinetic model is presented, and the entropy for the energy transport systems, which is inherited from the kinetic model, is derived. The energy transport systems for specific examples of the global Gibbs state, such as a power law with negative exponent, a cut-off power law with positive exponent, the Maxwellian, Bose–Einstein, and Fermi–Dirac distributions, arepresented. MSC classification (2000): Primary: 82C40, 35B40; Secondary: 35K55, 45K05, 82D05, 85A05x     

半透明梯度折射率介质内辐射熵传递方程及其数值模拟

在非相干辐射条件下,基于Planck光谱辐射熵强度定义,导出半透明梯度折射率介质内光谱辐射熵传递方程,以及局部辐射熵产率理论表达式.基于离散坐标法对辐射熵传递方程进行数值求解.以一维半透明梯度介质平板为例,对辐射熵方程及其算法进行验证.平板整体无因次辐射熵产的计算结果与宏观热力学定律的结果一致.     

微脉冲电子枪模拟计算

用模拟计算的方法,研究了微脉冲电子枪的束流动力学行为.基于微脉冲电子枪的工作原理和束流动力学特点,用VC++语言编制了微脉冲电子枪的辅助设计软件—SEEG对微脉冲电子枪中电子的三维运动进行多粒子跟踪模拟.文中给出了模拟计算的基本原理,经过SEEG程序稳定性的测试,最后应用SEEG程序模拟了一个微脉冲电子枪的束流运动特性.     

Mirror Instability with Electron Temperature Effects

Linear kinetic mirror instabilities of a homogeneous magnetized plasma in which both ions and electrons have the bi-Maxwellian distributions are investigated in the lowfrequency and long-wavelength limit. It is shown that, in contrast to the case of cold electrons, the criterion for the mirror instability has an upper limit, above which the mirror mode becomes oscillating one. This can possibly account for the oscillatory variations of observed mirror waves in the space plasma. In addition it is also shown that the growth rate of the nonpropagation mirror mode increases rapidly with the anisotropy parameter and is slightly higher than its value under the cold electron assumption, but that the oscillating mirror mode remains nearly a constant growth rate.     

CSR实验环电子冷却装置的纵向电子束温度

电子冷却装置中, 电子束纵向温度是计算冷却力的主要参量之一. 当电子与被冷却离子的相对速度很小时, 纵向冷却力与离子速度呈线性关系, 并且线性区域的宽度与电子束纵向温度有关. 通过分析影响电子束纵向温度的主要因素, 得到了兰州重离子冷却储存环实验环(CSRe)电子冷却装置中电子束纵向温度的大小.     

Modified Maximum Entropy Method and Estimating the AIF via DCE-MRI Data Analysis

Background: For the kinetic models used in contrast-based medical imaging, the assignment of the arterial input function named AIF is essential for the estimation of the physiological parameters of the tissue via solving an optimization problem. Objective: In the current study, we estimate the AIF relayed on the modified maximum entropy method. The effectiveness of several numerical methods to determine kinetic parameters and the AIF is evaluated—in situations where enough information about the AIF is not available. The purpose of this study is to identify an appropriate method for estimating this function. Materials and Methods: The modified algorithm is a mixture of the maximum entropy approach with an optimization method, named the teaching-learning method. In here, we applied this algorithm in a Bayesian framework to estimate the kinetic parameters when specifying the unique form of the AIF by the maximum entropy method. We assessed the proficiency of the proposed method for assigning the kinetic parameters in the dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), when determining AIF with some other parameter-estimation methods and a standard fixed AIF method. A previously analyzed dataset consisting of contrast agent concentrations in tissue and plasma was used. Results and Conclusions: We compared the accuracy of the results for the estimated parameters obtained from the MMEM with those of the empirical method, maximum likelihood method, moment matching (“method of moments”), the least-square method, the modified maximum likelihood approach, and our previous work. Since the current algorithm does not have the problem of starting point in the parameter estimation phase, it could find the best and nearest model to the empirical model of data, and therefore, the results indicated the Weibull distribution as an appropriate and robust AIF and also illustrated the power and effectiveness of the proposed method to estimate the kinetic parameters.     

关于QGP中夸克屏蔽位势来自动力论方程的研究

从ＱＧＰ的动力论方程出发，计及运动检验夸克的色电场扰动，采用微扰方法，并在高温极限下得到ＱＧＰ中夸克的分布函数和色电势．给出了考虑运动效应在内的德拜长度λＤ（或屏蔽质量ωＤ）与温度Ｔ的关系，在静态极限下它们与ＱＣＤ理论相符．