Pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂的结构对乙烯直接氧化制乙酸的影响

利用浸渍法制备了一系列具有不同W/Zr比和不同WO3-ZrO2焙烧温度的1%pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂.通过X射线衍射、N2吸附、氨程序升温吸附、吡啶吸附红外光谱和程序升温还原方法表征了催化剂的晶体结构、表面状态以及酸性.结果表明,制备条件对W和Pd的表面状态具有很人的影响.随着W/Zr比的增加和焙烧温度的提高,催化剂表而的WOx经历了从聚钨酸物种到聚钨酸/WO3晶体共存再到WO3品体颗粒的转化.W/Zr比为0.2且焙烧湍度为1073K的催化剂具有最多的聚钨酸物种,而该催化剂具有最好的活性.因此,聚钨酸物种的最决定了催化剂的活性.Pd的分散状态只依赖于WO3-ZrO2的焙烧温度.Pd物种分散性好,则乙酸选择性高,而分散性差的人颗粒Pd会导致乙烯的燃烧反应.     

Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化乙烯气相直接氧化制乙酸:SiO2孔结构的影响

采用二三种不同孔结构的Si02制备了Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂,通过x射线衍射、N2物理吸附、吡啶吸附红外光谱以及H2脉冲化学吸附对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂上乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应性能.结果表明,以孔径较大的粗孔硅胶为载体制备的Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂显示出最高的催化活性,乙酸收率为145.2g/(L·h).这是由于Pd在粗孔硅胶载体表面良好的分散使其具有较高的催化活性.     

贵金属对NM/WO_3-ZrO_2(NM=Ru,Rh和Pd)催化乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应的影响

 研究了负载 Ru, Rh 和 Pd 的 WO3-ZrO2 催化剂在乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应中的催化性能. 结果显示, 负载的贵金属对催化剂的催化性能有非常重要的影响. Rh/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂具有最高的乙烯转化率, 而 Ru/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂对反应几乎没有活性. H2 化学吸附结果显示, 高的催化性能来源于高的金属分散度. Pd/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂显示了最高的乙酸选择性 (75%), 而其它两个催化剂的乙酸选择性都非常低 (~10%). 程序升温氧化和程序升温还原结果显示, 贵金属–O 键的键强对产物的选择性具有重要的影响. 弱的贵金属–O 键可以通过将氧插入到乙烯和/或乙醛中而有利于乙酸的生成, 而强的贵金属–O 键会导致乙烯完全氧化为 COx.     

Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂上乙烯直接氧化制乙酸的反应机理

 利用积分反应器和微分反应器对Pd－SiW12／SiO2催化剂上乙烯直接氧化生成乙酸的反应机理进行了探讨．乙烯在积分反应中氧化的主要产物为乙酸（选择性为77．6％），很少生成乙醛（选择性仅为8．1％）；而在微分反应中氧化的主要产物是乙醛（选择性为98．4％）．在微分反应中分别以乙醛和乙醇为主反应物时，乙醛氧化完全生成乙酸，选择性为100％，而乙醇氧化生成乙酸的选择性低于0．15％．可以认为，在Pd－SiW12／SiO2催化剂上，水蒸气存在下乙烯主要经由中间物乙醛而生成乙酸．通过对含有不同组分和不同还原条件处理的催化剂活性的比较，认为目的反应主要发生在Pd与SiW12相互接触的部位，催化剂中的Pd0是活性Pd物种的主要形态．     

载体和担载酸对乙烯直接氧化合成乙酸反应的影响

 在固定床流动反应器上研究了Pd－酸／载体体系催化乙烯直接氧\r\n化合成乙酸的反应，并对载体相同但担载酸强度不同的催化剂的催化活\r\n性进行了比较．结果表明，担载酸的强度明显影响催化剂的活性，酸强\r\n度越大其催化活性越高．用NH3－TPD和异丙醇脱水探针反应表征了二氧\r\n化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化剂的酸性，\r\n并测试了三种催化剂的催化活性．结果表明，载体通过影响担载酸的强\r\n度而影响催化剂的活性，载体上的强酸中心越多，催化剂的活性越高．\r\n测定了二氧化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化\r\n剂上Pd的分散度，并与其催化活性相关联．结果表明，决定乙烯直接氧\r\n化生成乙酸反应活性的主要因素是催化剂的酸强度而不是Pd的分散度．     

制备过程对 Pd-SiW12/SiO2 催化剂在乙烯选择氧化制乙酸反应中催化性能的影响

 采用不同负载顺序或制备过程制备了 Pd-SiW12/SiO2 催化剂, 考察了它们在乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, Pd 和 SiW12 的负载顺序与 Pd 负载后的处理条件对 Pd-SiW12/SiO2 催化剂上 Pd 的分散度影响较大, 但对催化剂表面 B 酸量影响不大, 而 Pd 分散度较高时, 相应催化剂活性较高. 将 Pd 和 SiW12 同时负载于 SiO2 上时, 催化剂表现出较高的催化乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应活性.     

Effect of Support and Acidity of Catalyst on the Direct Oxidation of Ethylene to Acetic Acid

The selective oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid was investigated on Pd-acid/ support catalyst system. The catalytic activity is influenced strongly by the acidity of the catalyst. The stronger the catalyst acidity the higher the catalytic activity. The nature of the support also influences the activity of the catalyst substantially. The catalyst has highest activity when it exhibits highest acidity on silica.     

乙烯直接氧化制乙酸的研究Ⅱ．助剂对Pd－Se／H4SiW12O40／SiO2催化性能的影响

 研究了不同助剂促进的负载型Pd－Se／H4SiW12O40／SiO2催化剂对乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应的影响．采用固定床微反装置评价了催化剂的性能，并采用C2H4和O2吸附量测定、吸附C2H4的TPD－MS和TPSR－MS等技术对催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，以SiO2为载体，以硅钨酸为助剂，Pd－Se－Na－Ru组成的催化剂体系其催化性能比文献报道的结果明显提高．在原料气配比n（C2H4）∶n（N2）∶n（O2）∶n（H2O）＝55∶14∶9∶22，反应物空速GHSV＝3844h－1，反应压力p＝1．4MPa，反应温度θ＝155℃条件下，乙烯的转化率和乙酸的选择性分别为8．0％和87．4％，乙酸的单程时空产率达372．0g／（L·h）．吸附量测定表明，吸附在催化剂表面上的C2H4／O2比值高对于提高乙酸的选择性是有利的．     

Direct Oxidation of Ethene to Acetic Acid

Compared with the chemical processes of naphtha oxidation, n-butane oxidation, methanol carbonylation and acetaldehyde oxidation currently used in the manufacture of acetic acid, direct selective oxidation of ethene to acetic acid is a very attractive process1,2. Uchida et al.3,5 and Denko4 have reported a highly active catalyst system which produces acetic acid with 240 g/h(L of the STY and 86.4% of selectivity. The catalyst system consisted of 2% of Pd by weight, 0.02 of the mole ratio of …     

Ag对Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3催化氧化甲醇性能的影响

采用等体积共浸渍法制备了一系列Pd-Ag/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3催化剂。运用N2吸附-脱附,X射线衍射(XRD),H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行表征,并考察其对甲醇的催化氧化性能。活性测试结果表明,Ag的添加可显著改善Pd催化剂对甲醇的催化氧化活性,T50、T90以及ΔT分别为125℃,150℃和25℃,具有较好的应用前景。H2-TPR表明,引入Ag可明显改善催化剂的还原性能,使表面易还原氧物种量增多,还原速率加快;UV-Vis DRS及XPS表明,Pd、Ag金属之间以及金属与载体之间存在电子效应,这种效应促使金属与载体界面产生大量具有活性的氧物种,不仅提高了催化剂的低温活性,还提高了催化剂的氧化速率。     

Solid Solutions of WO3into Zirconia in WO3-ZrO2 Catalysts

Catalysts in the WO₃-ZrO₂ system were produced by coprecipitation of aqueous solutions of zirconium oxynitrate and ammonium metatungstate. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry, and refinement of their crystalline structures with the Rietveld method. This coprecipitation gave rise to solid solutions of tungsten oxide into zirconia; the initial phase was amorphous and crystallized into two tetragonal crystalline phases, T1 and T2, when samples were annealed at 560°C. The main difference between both phases was the oxygen position along the c axis. In the phase with higher symmetry, T2, an oxygen atom was at one-half of the unit cell, 0.50(2), producing flat crystallite surfaces perpendicular to the c axis, while in the phase with the lower symmetry, T1, it was at 0.447(2), and gave rise to rough crystallite surfaces parallel to (100) planes. The interpenetrating tetrahedra forming the representative polyhedron of the crystalline structure were almost nondeformed in the phase with higher symmetry, because all Zr-O atom bond lengths were very similar. As the annealing temperature of the sample was increased, the dissolved tungsten atoms in the phase with higher symmetry segregated to the crystallite's surface.     

Generation of WO3-ZrO2 catalysts from solid solutions of tungsten in zirconia

WO₃-ZrO₂ samples were obtained by precipitating zirconium oxynitrate in presence of WO₄ species in solution from ammonium metatungstate at pH=10.0. Samples were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy filtered-TEM. The ammonia retained in the dried sample produced a reductive atmosphere to generate W⁵⁺ ions coexisting with W⁶⁺ ions to produce a solid solution of tungsten in the zirconia lattice to stabilize the zirconia tetragonal phase when the sample was annealed at 560 °C. When the sample was annealed at 800 °C, the W atoms near crystallite surface were oxidized to W⁶⁺, producing patches of WO₃ on the zirconia crystallite. The HR-TEM analysis confirmed the existence of the solid solution when the sample was annealed at 560 °C, and two types of crystalline regions were identified: One with nearly spherical morphology, an average diameter of 8 nm and the atomic distribution of tetragonal zirconia. The second one had a non-spherical morphology with well-faceted faces and dimensions larger than 30 nm, and the atom distribution of tetragonal zirconia. When samples were annealed at 800 °C two different zirconia crystallites were formed: Those where only part of the dissolved tungsten atoms segregated to crystallite surface producing patches of nanocrystalline WO₃ on the crystallite surface of tetragonal zirconia stabilized with tungsten. The second type corresponded to monoclinic zirconia crystallites with patches of nanocrystalline WO₃ on their surface. The tungsten segregation gave rise to the WO₃-ZrO₂ catalysts.     

偏钒酸钠对甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上氧化的电催化性能影响的机理

直接甲酸燃料电池的两大问题是Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化稳定性不好和Pd能催化甲酸分解。研究发现,当Pd/C在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后能吸附上VO3-,吸附上VO3-的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸分解的催化性能会大大降低,由甲酸分解产生的CO的量也大大降低,使Pd/C催化剂被CO毒化的几率也大大降低,因此,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高13%左右。计时电流曲线的测量表明,6000 s时在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高42%左右。结果证明,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡能提高Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性,特别是电催化稳定性。     

Au/ZrO2催化CO氧化反应中ZrO2纳米粒子的尺寸效应

从同一ZrO(OH)₂出发制备了三种不同尺寸的ZrO₂纳米颗粒(ZrO₂-CP: 40～200 nm, ZrO₂-AN: 18～25 nm, ZrO₂-AD: 10～15 nm), 采用沉积-沉淀方法制备了相应的Au/ZrO₂催化剂. 用XRD, XRF, TEM和低温N₂吸附对ZrO₂和Au/ZrO₂进行了表征. XRD和TEM分析表明Au/ZrO₂样品中Au粒子的平均尺寸为4～5 nm, 而ZrO₂的晶相和颗粒大小没有因为“负载”Au粒子而发生变化. CO催化氧化反应的结果表明, Au/ZrO₂催化活性随着ZrO₂纳米粒子尺寸的减小活性明显增加. TEM/HRTEM结果表明, Au/ZrO₂催化剂中Au粒子与ZrO₂颗粒接触界面随ZrO₂颗粒尺寸的减小而明显增加, 这很可能是含有更小尺寸ZrO₂纳米粒子的Au/ZrO₂催化剂具有更高催化活性的重要原因.     

ZrxCe1－xO2催化剂催化湿式氧化乙酸的活性研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Zr_xCe_1－xO₂催化剂, 利用BET, XRD和XPS对其进行了表征, 并研究了催化剂催化湿式氧化乙酸的活性. 结果表明: Zr和Ce摩尔比为1∶9的催化剂催化湿式氧化乙酸时具有最好的活性, 当乙酸溶液的初始化学需氧量(COD)为5000 mg/L, 反应温度为230 ℃, 压力为5 MPa时, 120 min后, COD的去除率为76% . 催化剂具有良好的活性是因为在CeO₂中加入Zr能够增大催化剂的比表面积和表面缺陷氧的含量, 并最终加快了HO₂•自由基的产生, 从而提高了催化剂的活性.     

核壳结构C@WC载体的制备及Pd/C@WC催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化

以活性碳为碳源,在碳表面原位生成碳化钨包覆的核壳结构的碳基材料(C@WC)。 TEM结果表明,制备的C@WC是具有核壳结构的碳材料,且WC中也有少量单质W。 BET比表面测量结果表明,C@WC较活性碳比表面小,但具有更多的介孔结构。 以C@WC为载体制备的Pd/C@WC催化剂电极的电化学比表积较大,为65.47 m2/g。 Pd/C@WC对甲酸的电催化氧化活性较高,氧化峰电流密度为0.222 A/cm2,比Pd/C电极上的氧化峰电流密度增加了0.128 A/cm2。 多周期循环伏安曲线的结果也表明,Pd/C@WC催化剂电极比Pd/C具有更高的活性和稳定性。     

电解液对炭载Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能的影响

为了了解(NH4)2SO4,K2SO4和H2SO4电解液对炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能的影响和机理,用电化学方法测量了Pd/C催化剂在不同电解液中对甲酸氧化的电催化性能。发现在不同电解液中,Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性按(NH4)2SO4>K2SO4>H2SO4的次序降低。由于在含甲酸的电解液中,不同电解液的pH值差别较小,电解液的pH值只有较小的影响。其次,电解液的电导率对甲酸氧化峰峰电位有一定的影响。最后,由于NH4+起着特殊作用,它能降低CO在Pd/C催化剂电极上的吸附量,因此,在(NH4)2SO4电解液中,Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能最好。     

Bi_2WO_6/Bi-TiO_2复合光催化剂的制备及催化氧化甲醛性能研究

研究采用水热法制备了花状Bi_2WO_6与TiO_2和Bi-TiO_2相复合的光催化剂,并使用新型LED节能灯为光源催化氧化室内甲醛.研究发现,粉末态Bi_2WO_6显示出花状结构,但无光催化氧化活性,而将Bi_2WO_6粉末与TiO_2和Bi-TiO_2复合后,两者相互作用所形成异质结结构形态,尤其Bi_2WO_6/Bi-TiO_2催化剂,所制样品展示出更佳的催化氧化活性,而经浸渍法所得样品几乎无光催化氧化活性,催化剂随着TiO_2和Bi-TiO_2含量的增加,复合催化剂显现出不尽相同的氧化活性规律,其中Bi_2WO_6与Bi-TiO_2质量比为1∶2样品表现最佳,36 h催化氧化甲醛转化率高达92.2%,甲醛浓度低于我国居室空气中甲醛最高容许浓度,且催化剂显示出良好的稳定性及重复性.     

Synthesis of Acetic Acid on Pd-H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)-Based Catalysts by Direct Oxidation of Ethylene

Synthesis of acetic acid by direct oxidation of ethylene on Pd-H4SiW12O40-based catalysts was studied in a fixed-bed integral reactor and a pulse differential reactor. From the performance of the catalysts with different compositions and configurations, it is proposed that acetic acid is predominantly produced via an intermediate of acetaldehyde. This can be easily confirmed by comparing the product distributions in the integral and the differential reactors. The active sites for acetic acid formation are considered to exist mainly at the boundaries between the H4SiW12O40 and the Pd particles. The Pd-based catalysts reduced by H2/N2 have higher activities than those reduced by hydrazine, as explained by the degree of Pd dispersion obtained from the characteristics of hydrogen chemical adsorption. It was found that the Pd-Se-SiW12/SiO2 catalyst with selenium tetrachloride as a precursor was more active than that with potassium selenite, and that the acetic acid yield can be greatly increased by adding a s