The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references

This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs to replace those of AME2003. The first table lists atomic masses. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this AME2012 and also to the data included in the NUBASE2012 evaluation (first paper in this issue).     

The Ame2020 atomic mass evaluation(II).Tables,graphs and references

This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses,Ame2020.Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data,described in Part I,we derived tables with numerical values and graphs which supersede those given in Ame2016.The first table presents the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties.It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides,a table of various reaction and decay energies,and finally,a series of graphs of separation and decay energies.The last section of this paper provides all input data references that were used in the Ame2020 and the Nubase2020 evaluations.     

The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (Ⅰ).Evaluation of input data;and adjustment procedures

This paper is the first of two articles(Part Ⅰ and Part Ⅱ) that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,AME2016.It includes complete information on the experimental input data(also including unused and rejected ones),as well as details on the evaluation procedures used to derive the tables of recommended values given in the second part.This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric results.These input values were entered in the least-squares adjustment for determining the best values for the atomic masses and their uncertainties.Details of the calculation and particularities of the AME are then described.All accepted and rejected data,including outweighted ones,are presented in a tabular format and compared with the adjusted values obtained using the least-squares fit analysis.Differences with the previous AME2012 evaluation are discussed and specific information is presented for several cases that may be of interest to AME users.The second AME2016 article gives a table with the recommended values of atomic masses,as well as tables and graphs of derived quantities,along with the list of references used in both the AME2016 and the NUBASE2016 evaluations(the first paper in this issue).     

The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data, adjustment procedures

This paper is the first of two articles (Part I and Part II) that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation, AME2012. It includes complete information on the experimental input data (including not used and rejected ones), as well as details on the evaluation procedures used to derive the tables with recommended values given in the second part. This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction, decay and mass-spectrometer results. These input values were entered in the least-squares adjustment procedure for determining the best values for the atomic masses and their uncertainties. Calculation procedures and particularities of the AME are then described. All accepted and rejected data, including outweighed ones, are presented in a tabular format and compared with the adjusted values (obtained using the adjustment procedure). Differences with the previous AME2003 evaluation are also discussed and specific information is presented for several cases that may be of interest to various AME users. The second AME2012 article, the last one in this issue, gives a table with recommended values of atomic masses, as well as tables and graphs of derived quantities, along with the list of references used in both this AME2012 evaluation and the NUBASE2012 one (the first paper in this issue).     

The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties

This paper presents the NUBASE2016 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of 3437 nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric(T_(1/2)≥100 ns) states.All nuclides for which any experimental information is known were considered.NUBASE2016 covers all data published by October 2016 in primary(journal articles) and secondary(mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings) references,together with the corresponding bibliographical information.During the development of NUBASE2016,the data available in the "Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File"(ENSDF) database were consulted and critically assessed for their validity and completeness.Furthermore,a large amount of new data and some older experimental results that were missing from ENSDF were compiled,evaluated and included in NUBASE2016.The atomic mass values were taken from the "Atomic Mass Evaluation"(AME2016,second and third parts of the present issue).In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide,trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclides(TNN) were examined.This approach allowed to estimate values for a range of properties that are labeled in NUBASE2016 as "non-experimental"(flagged "#").Evaluation procedures and policies used during the development of this database are presented,together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.     

Released energy formula for proton radioactivity based on the liquid-drop model

In this work, based on the liquid-drop model and considering the shell correction, we propose a simple formula to calculate the released energy of proton radioactivity(Q_p). The parameters of this formula are obtained by fitting the experimental data of 29 nuclei with proton radioactivity from ground state. The standard deviation between the theoretical values and experimental ones is only 0.157 Me V. In addition, we extend this formula to calculate 51 proton radioactivity candidates in region 51≤Z≤83 taken from the latest evaluated atomic mass table AME2016 and compared with the Q_p calculated by WS4 and HFB-29. The calculated results indicate that the evaluation ability of this formula for Q_p is inferior to WS4 while better than HFB-29.     

The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties

This paper presents the Nubase2012 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric(T1/2>100 ns) states.All nuclides for which some experimental information is known are considered.NUBASE2012 covers all up to date experimental data published in primary(journal articles) and secondary(mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings) references,together with the corresponding bibliographical information.During the development of NUBASE2012,the data available in the "Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File"(Ensdf) database were consalted,and critically assessed of their validity and completeness.Furthermore,a large amount of new and somewhat older experimental results that were missing in Ensdf were compiled,evaluated and included in NUBASE2012.The atomic mass values were taken from the "Atomic Mass Evaluation"(AME2012,second and third parts of the present issue).In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide,trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclei(TNN) were examined.This approach allowed to estimate,whenever possible,values for a range of properties,and are labeled in NUBASE2012 as "non-experimental"(lagged "#").Evaluation procedures and policies that were used during the development of this database are presented,together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.     

Interesting Features of Ionization Potentials for Elements(Z≤119)along the Periodic Table

The ionization potential(IP) is a basic property of an atom,which has many applications such as in element analysis.With the Dirac-Slater methods(i.e.,mean field theory),IPs of all occupied orbitals for elements with atomic number(Z ≤119) are calculated conveniently and systematically.Compared with available experimental measurements,the theoretical accuracies of IPs for various occupied orbitals are ascertained.The map of the inner orbital IPs with good accuracies should be useful to select x-ray energies for element analysis.Based on systematic variations of the first IPs for the outermost orbitals in good agreement with experimental values as well as other IPs,mechanisms of electronic configurations of all atomic elements(Z ≤ 119) along the periodic table are elucidated.It is interesting to note that there exist some deficiencies of the intermediate orbital IPs,which are due to electron correlations and should be treated beyond the mean Geld theory.     

A modified explanation of cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ production in p+A collisions

A modified explanation of the cold nuclear matter(CNM) effects on J/ψ production in p+A collisions is presented in this paper.The advantage of the modified explanation is that all the CNM effects implemented in this model have clear physical origins and are mostly centered on the idea of multiple parton scattering.With the CNM effects presented in this paper, we calculated the nuclear modification factor Rp A in J/ψ production under different collision energies.The results are compared with the corresponding experiment data and the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects.The factors calculated with CNM effects presented in this paper can accurately reproduce almost all existing J/ψ measurements in p-A collisions, which is much better than results obtained with the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects.The new model is therefore a more suitable approach to explain CNM effects in the hardproduction of quarkonium.     

Data Collection and Processing for ARGO Yanbajing Experiment

ARGO－YBJ，a Chinese-Italian Collaboration,is going to finish the first step of the installation of this cosmic ray telescope consisting in a single layer of RPCs,placed at 4300m.elevation,in Tibet,The detector will provide a detailed space-time picture of the showers front,initiated by primaries of energies in the range 10GeV-500 TeV.The data taking will start at the beginning of 2002 with a fraction of the detector installed.will be upgraded two times,being completed at the end of 2003,In this paper we briefly describe the dataflow,the trigger organization,the three operational steps in data taking and the computing model to process the data.the need of remote monitoring of the experiment will be touched upon.The processing power for the raw data reconstruction and for the Monte Carlo simulation is reported.     

The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data; and adjustment procedures

This paper is the first of two articles (Part I and Part II) that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation, AME2016. It includes complete information on the experimental input data (also including unused and rejected ones), as well as details on the evaluation procedures used to derive the tables of recommended values given in the second part. This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction, decay and mass-spectrometric results. These input values were entered in the least-squares adjustment for determining the best values for the atomic masses and their uncertainties. Details of the calculation and particularities of the AME are then described. All accepted and rejected data, including outweighted ones, are presented in a tabular format and compared with the adjusted values obtained using the least-squares fit analysis. Differences with the previous AME2012 evaluation are discussed and specific information is presented for several cases that may be of interest to AME users. The second AME2016 article gives a table with the recommended values of atomic masses, as well as tables and graphs of derived quantities, along with the list of references used in both the AME2016 and the NUBASE2016 evaluations (the first paper in this issue).     

The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data,and adjustment procedures

This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,Ame2020.It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part II.This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their uncertainties.All input data,including both the accepted and rejected ones,are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit analysis.Differences with the previous Ame2016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to Ame users.     

原子核质量的测量和评估

质量是原子核的基本性质之一,在核物理和核天体物理中都有重要的应用。原子核质量测量是目前核物理研究的一个前沿热点课题,国际上各个核物理实验室积极发展新设备和新技术,在短寿命放射性核素测量和超高精度质量测量方面取得了重要进展,本文对此进行了总结评述。在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）上利用等时性质量谱仪测量了一些原子核的质量,本文对其在测量精度、核态最短寿命等前沿进展做了简要介绍,并介绍了正在发展的双飞行时间质量谱仪。原子质量评估收集所有与原子核质量相关的实验数据,经过评估后推荐出质量值及相应误差。原子质量评估AME2016于2017年3月发表,为科技工作者提供基准数据。Mass is a fundamental property of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear mass data play an important role in nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics. Thanks to the developments of novel mass spectrometers and radioactive nuclear beam facilities, the experimental knowledge of nuclear masses has been continuously expanding along two main directions, including:measurements aimed at high-precision mass values and at the most exotic nuclei far from the stability. The latest progress are reviewed in the paper. In the past few years, mass measurements of short-lived nuclides were performed using isochronous mass spectrometry based on the Cooler Storage Ring at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR). The progresses on the frontiers of short half-life and high precision are introduced. The Atomic Mass Evaluation (AME) is the most reliable source for the comprehensive information related to the atomic (nuclear) masses. The latest version of the AME, i.e., AME2016, was published in March, 2017, serving the research community with the benchmark data.     

The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation: (I). Evaluation of input data,adjustment procedures

This paper is the first of two parts presenting the result of a new evaluation of atomic masses (Ame2003). In this first part we give full information on the used and rejected input data and on the procedures used in deriving the tables in the second part. We first describe the philosophy and procedures used in selecting nuclear-reaction, decay, and mass spectrometric results as input values in a least-squares evaluation of best values for atomic masses. The calculation procedures and particularities of the Ame are then described. All accepted data, and rejected ones with a reported precision still of interest, are presented in a table and compared there with the adjusted values. The differences with the earlier evaluation are briefly discussed and information is given of interest for the users of this Ame. The second paper for the Ame2003, last in this issue, gives a table of atomic masses, tables and graphs of derived quantities, and the list of references used in both this evaluation and the Nubase2003 table (first paper in this issue).Amdc: http://csnwww.in2p3.fr/AMDC/     

The Evaluation of Atomic Masses

The ensemble of experimental data on the 2830 nuclides which have been observed since the beginning of Nuclear Physics are being evaluated, according to their nature, by different methods and by different groups. The two ‘horizontal’ evaluations in which I am involved: the Atomic Mass Evaluation AME and the NUBASE evaluation belong to the class of ‘static’ nuclear data. In this tutorial lecture I will explain and discuss in detail the philosophy, the strategies and the procedures used in the evaluation of atomic masses. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Testing atomic structure theories with high accuracy mass measurements on highly charged ions

The mass of a highly charged ion is the sum of the mass of the nucleus, the mass of the electrons and the electronic binding energies. High accuracy mass measurements on highly charged ions in a sequence of different charge states yield informations on atomic binding energies, i.e., the ionisation potentials. In our contribution we discuss the possibility of determining atomic binding energies of highly charged ions to better than 20 eV via cyclotron frequency measurements in a Penning trap. At this level of accuracy different contributions to the binding energies, like relativistic corrections, Breit corrections and QED corrections, can be measured. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The 1983 atomic mass evaluation: (IV). Evaluation of input values,adjustment procedures

This last paper in a series of four describes the philosophy and procedures in selecting nuclear-reaction and decay data and mass-spectrometric results as input for the calculation of best values for relative atomic masses. Both accepted and rejected data are presented in a table and there compared with the adjusted values.