躺着思想,不如站起行动

在很久很久以前,有两个年轻人,一起去遥远的地方寻找幸福和快乐,一路上风餐露宿,历尽艰辛,在即将到达目的地时,遇到了一条风急浪高的大河.对于如何渡过这条河,两人有不同的意见:一个人建议砍伐附近的树造一条木船渡过河去,另一个人则认为这么高的浪,这么湍急的水流,这么宽的河面,无论造多大的船都不可能渡过这条河,与其自寻烦恼和死路,不如等这条河干了,再轻轻松松地走过去.     

形如“|x|+|y|=1”的画法及其扩展

人教版教材第二册(上)第八章第二节讲的是椭圆的简单几何性质,在对称性中有这样的描述,在曲线的方程中,如果以-y代y方程不变,那么当P(x,y)在曲线上时,它关于x轴的对称点P′(x,-y)也在曲线上,所以曲线关于x轴对称,同理如果以-x代x方程不变,那么曲线关于y轴对称,如果同时以-x代x,以     

中考数学探索题的归类及评析

近年来,数学探索题以多彩优美的格调,清新多姿的风彩,发散开放的题型,背景育人的功能,注重能力的考查,强化创新的意识,出现在全国各地的中考试卷上,并有逐年上升之势,促进了生动、活泼、主动的数学学习活动,真正起到了实施素质教育“指挥棒”的作用,本文旨对近年来中考数学探索题作些归类,并对具体实例进行评析.     

共同探究,享受数学

众所周知,数学很重要,这很大层面上是由高考指挥棒决定的,学生在沉重的数学作业负担下,大多是疲于应付,很少有人真正体验到数学内在的美,学会享受数学.笔者从事高中数学多年,做了一点有益的尝试,让学生从多种角度理解数学,师生平等,教师做好组织、引领工作,充分调动学生学习数学积极性,各抒己见,经常是一个平淡的问题,往往出现多种漂亮的解法,碰撞出思维的火花,师生乐在其中,一同享受数学带给我们的快乐.现举两个案例,供大家分享.     

抓住小条件 解决大问题

每一道习题都有着严密的逻辑性,已知条件不可能多余,也不可能短缺,在所有条件中,抓住其最有特征性的一个,联想展开,这是解题的一种途径．许多同学在解题时,往往不去认真推敲题目中给出的已知条件,对于一些细小的似乎是不起眼的说明,便不去深入探讨,弃之一旁,熟视无睹,这是一个极大的错误．很多时候,若能紧紧抓住这些小条件,便可从这里打开缺口,解决大问题．     

高盛,华尔街曾经的笑柄

第一次世界大战结束后,美国经济进入繁荣时期。伴随着经济的繁荣,美国的股市也不断攀升,一直持续着牛市行情。然而,好景不长,1929年,全球金融危机爆发,华尔街股市大崩盘,让高盛损失了92%的原始投资,公司的声誉一落千丈,濒临倒闭,沦为华尔街的笑柄、错误的代名词。     

用好轴对称性,巧解折叠型中考题

近几年来,矩形纸片的折叠问题频繁出现在全国各地的中考数学试题中,此类问题贴近同学的认知规律,能较好考查基础知识和综合运用数学知识解决问题的能力,因此,很受命题者的青睐.但是,由于矩形折叠型试题涉及知识面广,结构独特,解法灵活多样,同时融合了丰富的数学思想和方法,所以大多数同学都感到有一     

例谈数学中的一般化与特殊化

一般化与特殊化是人类认识事物的两个重要侧面,也是解题的两种基本策略,它们相辅相成,是辩证的统一.在多数场合,特殊问题简单、直观,容易认识,容易把握.但是,也有一些场合,特殊问题的个别特性可能会掩盖事物的本质属性,给解题带来困难,而直接求解相应的一般性问题,反而来得简便、明快、奇巧.     

是谁拉你走向平庸

一名长跑运动员参加一个5人小组的比赛,赛前教练对他说,据我了解,其他4人的实力不如你,于是,这名运动员轻松地跑了第一名随后教练又让他参加了一个10人小组比赛,教练把平时其他人的成绩拿给他看,他发现别人的成绩并不如自己,他又轻松跑了第一名然后,这名运动员又参加了一个20人小组的比赛,教练说,你只要战胜其中的一个人,你就能取得胜利,结果,比赛中他紧跟着教练说的那个运动员,并在最后冲刺时,又取得了第一名.     

如何激发思维灵感

我们在教学实践中感到,思维灵感往往能产生优美的方法,使问题获得巧妙的解决.这种瞬息间萌发的灵感,使得学习充满乐趣,促使学习信心倍增,但是,如何激发思维灵感,并逐渐养成学生敏而好学的习惯,却没有引起广大教者的足够重视,本文拟从例题教学的角度,谈谈激发学生思维灵感的做法和体会,期望大家都来做积极实践的有心人.     

A REPRESENTATION FORMULA RELATED TO SCHR(O)DINGER OPERATORS

Schr(o)dinger operator is a central subject in the mathematical study of quantum mechanics.Consider the Schrodinger operator H = -△ V on R, where △ = d2/dx2 and the potential function V is real valued. In Fourier analysis, it is well-known that a square integrable function admits an expansion with exponentials as eigenfunctions of -△. A natural conjecture is that an L2 function admits a similar expansion in terms of "eigenfunctions" of H, a perturbation of the Laplacian (see [7], Ch. Ⅺ and the notes), under certain condition on V.     

On a class of self-similar processes with stationary increments in higher order Wiener chaoses

We study a class of self-similar processes with stationary increments belonging to higher order Wiener chaoses which are similar to Hermite processes. We obtain an almost sure wavelet-like expansion of these processes. This allows us to compute the pointwise and local Hölder regularity of sample paths and to analyse their behaviour at infinity. We also provide some results on the Hausdorff dimension of the range and graphs of multidimensional anisotropic self-similar processes with stationary increments defined by multiple Wiener–Itô integrals.     

On a class of Riemann surfaces

It is considered the class of Riemann surfaces with dimT1 = 0, where T1 is a subclass of exact harmonic forms which is one of the factors in the orthogonal decomposition of the spaceΩH of harmonic forms of the surface, namely The surfaces in the class OHD and the class of planar surfaces satisfy dimT1 = 0. A.Pfluger posed the question whether there might exist other surfaces outside those two classes. Here it is shown that in the case of finite genus g, we should look for a surface S with dimT1 = 0 among the surfaces of the form Sg\K , where Sg is a closed surface of genus g and K a compact set of positive harmonic measure with perfect components and very irregular boundary.     

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 30

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Instructions for contributions

正Applied Mathematics-A Journal of Chinese Universities,Series B(Appl.Math.J.Chinese Univ.,Ser.B)is a comprehensive applied mathematics journal jointly sponsored by Zhejiang University,China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,and Springer-Verlag.It is a quarterly journal with     

Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications Guide for Authors

正Journal overview:Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications(JMRA),formerly Journal of Mathematical Research and Exposition(JMRE)created in 1981,one of the transactions of China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,is a home for original research papers of the highest quality in all areas of mathematics with applications.The target audience comprises:pure and applied mathematicians,graduate students in broad fields of sciences and technology,scientists and engineers interested in mathematics.     

Staircase transportation problems with superadditive rewards and cumulative capacities

A cumulative-capacitated transportation problem is studied. The supply nodes and demand nodes are each chains. Shipments from a supply node to a demand node are possible only if the pair lies in a sublattice, or equivalently, in a staircase disjoint union of rectangles, of the product of the two chains. There are (lattice) superadditive upper bounds on the cumulative flows in all leading subrectangles of each rectangle. It is shown that there is a greatest cumulative flow formed by the natural generalization of the South-West Corner Rule that respects cumulative-flow capacities; it has maximum reward when the rewards are (lattice) superadditive; it is integer if the supplies, demands and capacities are integer; and it can be calculated myopically in linear time. The result is specialized to earlier work of Hoeffding (1940), Fréchet (1951), Lorentz (1953), Hoffman (1963) and Barnes and Hoffman (1985). Applications are given to extreme constrained bivariate distributions, optimal distribution with limited one-way product substitution and, generalizing results of Derman and Klein (1958), optimal sales with age-dependent rewards and capacities.To our friend, Philip Wolfe, with admiration and affection, on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Research was supported respectively by the IBM T.J. Watson and IBM Almaden Research Centers and is a minor revision of the IBM Research Report [6].