JIANGSHAO FRACTURE BELT, E. CHINA: MAGMA MINGLING AND RELATED PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY

In this paper, the authors have confirmed the mingling of magma which occurred along the Jiangshan-Shaoxin fracture belt (simplified name: Jiangshan fracture belt) in the late Proterozoic and discussed spectacular problems of Precambrian igneous rocks and geology on either side of the belt. It is believed that the most important events of Precambrian orogeny in the border area of Zhejiang, Jiangxiand Anhui provinces happened before 900Ma. In this period, collision between Cathaysia and Jiangnan Ancient Island Arc (JAIA), which began developing ca 1100 Ma ago, took place and ended. Also, the activities and mingling of basaltic and acidic magmas accompanying the orogeny were widely generated and lasted up to the early Sinian period (about 800 Ma ago).     

吉林夹皮沟金矿带的稀土元素地球化学研究

为了解吉林夹皮沟金矿带的成矿期次,利用稀土元素的示踪性,对夹皮沟金矿带含矿石英脉、花岗岩及变质地层斜长角闪岩等21个样品进行稀土元素含量测定。测定结果表明,石英脉ΣREE=19.12×10-6～147.57×10-6,δEu=0.61～1.22,平均值0.89,具弱的负Eu异常;太古代花岗岩ΣREE=121.40×10-6～157.32×10-6,δEu=0.87～1.09;中生代花岗岩ΣREE=69.78×10-6～90.95×10-6,δEu=0.94～1.02,LREE/HREE比值分别为11.51～14.12和14.16～16.73,后者轻重稀土分馏程度略高于前者;变质围岩ΣREE=22.40×10-6～275.86×10-6,δEu=0.75～5.79,平均值2.30,具明显的正Eu异常。三者都具有轻稀土富集的平滑稀土配分模型。结合其区域地质背景、流体包裹体和稀土元素特征,得出夹皮沟金矿存在两期成矿作用,分别对应于太古代成矿花岗岩岩浆作用及中生代燕山期花岗岩岩浆作用。太古代首次富集成矿,中生代燕山期叠加成矿并扩大成矿规模,成矿时代分别为2475～2469 Ma和170～160 Ma;结合稀土特征研究及包裹体研究,成矿流体以岩浆热液流体为主,遭受轻微地层变质热液混染,中生代成矿流体混染作用更强烈。     

Chronology and origin of Au-Cu deposits related to Paleozoic intracontinental rifting in West Tianshan Mountains, NW China

Located between the Tarim platform and Junggar massif, the West Tianshan intraconti-nental rift abuts against the China-Kazakhstan boundary in the west part, borders on the Yilianha-bierga late Paleozoic relic ocean basin and the South Tianshan late Paleozoic ocean basin re-spectively in the northeast separated by the Aibi Lake fault and in the southeast by the fault alongthe southern margin of the Yili massif. During the development and after the close of the WestTianshan intracontinental rifting in the Carboniferous-Permian period, a series of nonferrous andprecious metal mineralizations occurred with the Au-Cu deposits being the most important. Isotopicchronologic study of representative deposits of different types shows that gold-copper mineraliza-tion in the West Tianshan intracontinental rift zone mainly happened during the middle-late Her-cynian Period, among which the Axi volcanic hydrothermal type gold deposit was formed duringthe Carboniferous with a fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isochron age of (339 ± 28) Ma; the Qiabukanzhuotaquartzolite type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (312 ± 46) Ma; the Tawuerbieke por-phyry type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (295 ± 16) Ma; the Jingbulak magmatic liqua-tion Cu-Ni deposit and the Musizaote porphyry type Cu deposit have the forming ages of 300 Ma ±and 250 Ma±, respectively. Analyses of crustal evolution and metallogenetic geological back-grounds of Au-Cu mineralizations in the studied area shows a close correlation with the rifting.     

Chronology and origin of Au-Cu deposits related to paleozoic intracontinental rifting in West Tianshan Mountains,NW China

Located between the Tarim platform and Junggar massif, the West Tianshan intracontinental rift abuts against the China-Kazakhstan boundary in the west part, borders on the Yilianha-bierga late Paleozoic relic ocean basin and the South Tianshan late Paleozoic ocean basin respectively in the northeast separated by the Aibi Lake fault and in the southeast by the fault along the southern margin of the Yili massif. During the development and after the close of the West Tianshan intracontinental rifting in the Carboniferous-Permian period, a series of nonferrous and precious metal mineralizations occurred with the Au-Cu deposits being the most important. Isotopic chronologic study of representative deposits of different types shows that gold-copper mineralization in the West Tianshan intracontinental rift zone mainly happened during the middle-late Her-cynian Period, among which the Axi volcanic hydrothermal type gold deposit was formed during the Carboniferous with a fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isochron age of (339 ± 28) Ma; the Qiabukanzhuota quartzolite type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (312 ± 46) Ma; the Tawuerbieke porphyry type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (295 ± 16) Ma; the Jingbulak magmatic liquation Cu-Ni deposit and the Musizaote porphyry type Cu deposit have the forming ages of 300 Ma± and 250 Ma±, respectively. Analyses of crustal evolution and metallogenetic geological backgrounds of Au-Cu mineralizations in the studied area shows a close correlation with the rifting.     

Chronology and origin of Au-Cu deposits related to paleozoic intracontinental rifting in West Tianshan Mountains,NW China

Located between the Tarim platform and Junggar massif, the West Tianshan intracontinental rift abuts against the China-Kazakhstan boundary in the west part, borders on the Yilianha-bierga late Paleozoic relic ocean basin and the South Tianshan late Paleozoic ocean basin respectively in the northeast separated by the Aibi Lake fault and in the southeast by the fault along the southern margin of the Yili massif. During the development and after the close of the West Tianshan intracontinental rifting in the Carboniferous-Permian period, a series of nonferrous and precious metal mineralizations occurred with the Au-Cu deposits being the most important. Isotopic chronologic study of representative deposits of different types shows that gold-copper mineralization in the West Tianshan intracontinental rift zone mainly happened during the middle-late Her-cynian Period, among which the Axi volcanic hydrothermal type gold deposit was formed during the Carboniferous with a fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isochron age of (339 ± 28) Ma; the Qiabukanzhuota quartzolite type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (312 ± 46) Ma; the Tawuerbieke porphyry type gold deposit has a Rb-Sr isochron age of (295 ± 16) Ma; the Jingbulak magmatic liquation Cu-Ni deposit and the Musizaote porphyry type Cu deposit have the forming ages of 300 Ma± and 250 Ma±, respectively. Analyses of crustal evolution and metallogenetic geological backgrounds of Au-Cu mineralizations in the studied area shows a close correlation with the rifting.

     

A STUDY ON THE PLEISTOCENE STRATA AND THEIR DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE SONGLIAO PLAIN OF NORTHEAST CHINA

This paper deals with the Pleistocene strata and their depositional environment on theSongliao Plain of Northeast China by applying determinative and analytic techniques of spore-pollen, magnetic stratigraphy, clay minerals, isotopic dating, sedimentary facies, etc. Resultsshow that the underlying sand gravel layer below 75-80 m in depth in the central plain belongsto the alluvial-lacustrine deposits with a time range of 2.48-1.87 Ma, known as the lowerlimit of the Quaternary. As to the massive clay layer, its lower part, 40-30 m thick, belongsto the middle late period of the early Pleistocene, ranging from 2.01-0.73 Ma, while its upperpart, 25-21 m thick, belongs to the middle Pleistocene, ranging from 0.73-20 Ma, with amean sedimentation rate of 3-4 mm/1000a under the big lake, long-range gentle and steadydepositional environment.     

Initiated chemical vapor deposition of alternating copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of alternating copolymer thin films has been achieved for the first time. Copolymerization is desirable for maleic anhydride (Ma) since this monomer does not homopolymerize to an appreciable extent. At conditions where the observed deposition rates for styrene (S) and Ma homopolymers were only 0 and 5.5 nm/min, respectively, combining the two monomers resulted in a much higher deposition rate of 75.4 nm/min. iCVD processes utilize low energy (<30 W) to generate peroxy radicals from initiator molecules while avoiding degradation of functional groups in the monomers. Indeed, full retention of the anhydride functionality from the Ma monomer and avoidance of undesirable side reactions was observed in iCVD of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMa) copolymer films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) conclusively demonstrate that all of the copolymer films contain 50% styrene and 50% Ma (within experimental error), irrespective of gas feed ratios employed during the deposition. The 13C NMR signal in the 136-140 ppm region from the quaternary carbon in styrene and additional distortionless enhancement polarization transfer experiments confirmed that the copolymers are strictly alternating. Varying the gas feed ratio of Ma to styrene provided control over deposition rates and number-average molecular weights. Number-average molecular weights varied from 1380 to 4680 g/mol, and deposition rates varied from 6.3 to 75.4 nm/min.     

The use of sector field ICP-mass spectrometry for Rb-Sr geochronological dating

Rb-Sr dating, one of the most important tools in geochronology, requires determination of the Rb/Sr concentration ratios and the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios in co-genetic minerals or rocks and is traditionally performed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). In this work we investigated whether sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which is characterized by a high sample throughput and straight-forward sample introduction, could be used as an alternative to TIMS. To avoid spectral overlap of the ion signals of the isobaric nuclides 87Sr and 87Rb, Sr was separated from Rb by cation-exchange chromatography. A mathematical correction was applied to take into account the small amount of Rb that can be present in the Sr fraction. The isotope ratio accuracy and precision attainable with ICP-MS were evaluated by analysis of several reference materials from the US Geological Survey. The results of this evaluation show that excellent accuracy could be achieved; the internal precision (repeatability) of the isotope ratio (expressed as the relative standard deviation for 10 successive 1-min measurements) was 0.04-0.12%. An attempt was made to calculate the total or combined uncertainty on the isotope ratio results, by also taking into account other possible error sources (corrections for mass discrimination, detector dead time, blank signal and Rb fraction). Finally, the same procedure was used for dating two rock formations that were 2,500 Ma and 350 Ma old, according to age determinations previously performed by the Rb-Sr laboratory of the University of München (Germany) using TIMS. The ICP-MS results (2,520 +/- 150 Ma and 379 +/- 48 Ma) obtained for these formations compare well with the corresponding TIMS data (2,509 +/- 120 Ma and 357 +/- 25 Ma).     

Boron and chlorine concentration of volcanic rocks: An application of prompt gamma activation analysis

Summary Boron and chlorine concentrations in geological standards and in representative volcanic rock samples were determined by prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). The results of the GSJ standard measurements proved the high precision of PGAA in measuring the boron, chlorine, other trace elements (Sc, Nd, Sm, and Gd) and the major element contents of the samples. The rock samples originate from the western part of the Northern-Pannonian Volcanic Field (NPVF), which includes the Central Slovakian Volcanic Field (CSVF), the Börzsöny and the Visegrád Mts. (VMt.). The oldest 16-13.5 Ma samples as the first products of the Miocene calc-alkaline volcanism are the most enriched in B (11-29 µg/g), whereas the primitive basaltic andesites (from CSVF), the latest products (9 Ma) of the volcanic activity have lower B content (8-9 µg/g). The measured B concentrations correlate positively with fluid-mobile elements, and the trace element pattern of the samples show subduction related signatures. The chlorine content of the investigated samples shows wide variation between 42.62 and 1148.45 µg/g. The 9 Ma samples from the CSVF show Cl contents between 150-160 µg/g. In agreement with the latest geodynamic models of the Neogene calc-alkaline volcanism^1,2 in the NPVF during the shallow, prograding subduction, the fluid-mobile elements metasomatized the mantle wedge. Thus the oldest volcanic rocks have relatively higher B (>11 µg/g) and high but variable Cl contents. As the subduction waned and extension proceeded, the magma generation region changed to a not thoroughly metasomatized mantle by the former subduction event, resulting in lower B, low and stable Cl content of the younger (9 Ma) volcanic rocks.     

江南隆起带皖赣相邻区燕山期岩浆岩稀土对比研究

对比研究了江南隆起带皖南地区与赣东北地区燕山期岩浆岩的稀土元素地球化学特征，稀土元素特征反映出，皖南地区燕山期岩浆岩属于典型的壳源岩浆岩，而赣东北地区燕山期岩浆岩则具有幔源特征，这是赣东北地区燕山期与岩浆岩有关的多金属矿床发育、而皖南地区不发育的重要原因。稀土元素的研究结果同时得到地球物理、成岩构造背景、稳定同位素等研究的证实，也表明稀土元素在岩浆岩成岩物质来源方面有很好的示踪作用。     

Tectonic setting discrimination and ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar isotope geochronology of the Miba granite

The Miba granite is located in the juncture of Kang County in eastern Gansu Provinceand Lueyang County in Shanxi Province. It is considered to be the post-orogenic granite(POG-type) by major element discrimination method of Maniar. ~40Ar/~39Ar dating indicates that itsemplacement time is about 240-230 Ma and it is the result of the Indo-Sinian magmatism. In theearly Yanshan period (about 193.8 Ma), a thermal event resulted in the partial opening of the ar-gon isotope system of the biotite.     

Unroofing around Qaidam Basin of northern Tibet at 30 Ma: constraints from ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar and FT thermochronology on granitoids

An ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar and fission track thermochronological study has been carried out on threesuites of granitoids collected along the northern and southern edges of the Qaidam Basin to betterconstrain the mechanisms accommodating the India-Asia collision around the Qaidam Basin(northern Tibet), in order to understand the evolution of the entire deformation area. Mica andK-feldspar have been analyzed and the cooling histories of the latter have been modeled. Thecooling histories based upon K-feldspar modeling and fission track ages show that samples simul-taneously recorded an important cooling event (7.5-10.7℃/Ma) around 30 Ma, which is thoughtto reflect an increase of denudation rate related to the tectonic activity in this area associated withuplift suggesting significant crustal thickening starting around 30 Ma in this area. The estimatedsedimentation rate in the Qaidam Basin, the propagation rate along the Altyn Tagh fault and fieldobservations support this deduction.     

Tectonic setting discrimination and<Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar isotope geochronology of the Miba granite

The Miba granite is located in the juncture of Kang County in eastern Gansu Province and Lueyang County in Shanxi Province. It is considered to be the post-orogenic granite (POG-type) by major element discrimination method of Maniar.⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating indicates that its emplacement time is about 240—230 Ma and it is the result of the Indo-Sinian magmatism. In the early Yanshan period (about 193.8 Ma), a thermal event resulted in the partial opening of the argon isotope system of the biotite.     

Micro-PIXE Analysis of Monazite from the Dora Maira Massif, Western Italian Alps

Quantitative micro-PIXE and electron microprobe analyses, as well as micro-PIXE compositional mapping of trace elements were performed on monazite [(Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO₄] inclusions in pyrope megablasts from Dora Maira Massif, Western Italian Alps for petrological and geochronological purposes. Monazite was studied by SEM-BSE imaging and by X-ray qualitative compositional maps of major elements; further WDS electron microprobe analyses were carried out in areas showing different BSE intensity in order to quantify chemical zoning. Finally, micro-PIXE compositional maps and quantitative analyses were performed on selected spots and areas. EPMA data indicate that the Dora Maira monazite is Ce- and Th-rich with homogeneous concentrations of LREE, but with a significantly heterogeneous distribution of Th, as well as of Y, Sr, U and Pb as displayed by micro-PIXE compositional mapping. HREE mostly occur in concentrations below the detection limit for standard quantitative EPMA. Th–U–Pb zoning suggests two monazite growth events, dated at 35 (±7 Ma) and 60 Ma (±10 Ma), respectively. While the younger age of 35 Ma found in high-Th monazite areas corresponds to the thermal and baric peak of the UHP metamorphism in the Dora Maira Massif, in agreement with previous literature data, the older ages of 60 Ma found in low-Th areas have to be confirmed by U–Th–Pb isotopic data.     

Tectonic setting discrimination and40Ar/39Ar isotope geochronology of the Miba granite

The Miba granite is located in the juncture of Kang County in eastern Gansu Province and Lueyang County in Shanxi Province. It is considered to be the post-orogenic granite (POG-type) by major element discrimination method of Maniar.⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating indicates that its emplacement time is about 240—230 Ma and it is the result of the Indo-Sinian magmatism. In the early Yanshan period (about 193.8 Ma), a thermal event resulted in the partial opening of the argon isotope system of the biotite.

     

Magmatism and deformation times of the Xidatan rock series, East Kunlun Mountains

The Xidatan rock series consist of mylonite, gneiss and granite. The U-Pb age showsthat the granite was formed at 206 Ma, and the ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar ages of the biotite display that the my-lonite was formed at 145 Ma when the Xidatan ductile shear zone occurred. At about 110-100 Mathe Xidatan Fault reactivated again. As a result, the biotite and muscovite of Xidatan rock seriesopened their argon isotope system.     

Unroofing around Qaidam Basin of northern Tibet at 30 Ma: Constraints from<Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript> Ar and FT thermochronology on granitoids

An⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and fission track thermochronological study has been carried out on three suites of granitoids collected along the northern and southern edges of the Qaidam Basin to better constrain the mechanisms accommodating the India-Asia collision around the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibet), in order to understand the evolution of the entire deformation area. Mica and K-feldspar have been analyzed and the cooling histories of the latter have been modeled. The cooling histories based upon K-feldspar modeling and fission track ages show that samples simul-taneously recorded an important cooling event (7.5—10.7 °C/Ma) around 30 Ma, which is thought to reflect an increase of denudation rate related to the tectonic activity in this area associated with uplift suggesting significant crustal thickening starting around 30 Ma in this area. The estimated sedimentation rate in the Qaidam Basin, the propagation rate along the Altyn Tagh fault and field observations support this deduction.     

Unroofing around Qaidam Basin of northern Tibet at 30 Ma: Constraints from40Ar/39 Ar and FT thermochronology on granitoids

An⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and fission track thermochronological study has been carried out on three suites of granitoids collected along the northern and southern edges of the Qaidam Basin to better constrain the mechanisms accommodating the India-Asia collision around the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibet), in order to understand the evolution of the entire deformation area. Mica and K-feldspar have been analyzed and the cooling histories of the latter have been modeled. The cooling histories based upon K-feldspar modeling and fission track ages show that samples simul-taneously recorded an important cooling event (7.5—10.7 °C/Ma) around 30 Ma, which is thought to reflect an increase of denudation rate related to the tectonic activity in this area associated with uplift suggesting significant crustal thickening starting around 30 Ma in this area. The estimated sedimentation rate in the Qaidam Basin, the propagation rate along the Altyn Tagh fault and field observations support this deduction.

     

高效毛细管电泳安培法测定肉苁蓉中松果菊苷的含量

采用毛细管电泳安培法建立了肉苁蓉中松果菊苷含量的检测方法,探讨了缓冲溶液种类、工作电位、分离电压、进样时间等对分离和检测的影响.在15 mmol/L硼砂缓冲溶液(pH 9.5),25 kV电压,0.6 V工作电位的条件下,松果菊苷的质量浓度在0.5～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好线性,相关系数为0.9994,检...     

Characterization of natural wax esters by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to the analysis of wax esters (WEs) was investigated. A series of metal salts of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was synthesized and tested as possible matrices. Alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and transition metal (Cu, Ag) salts were studied. The matrix properties were evaluated, including solubility in organic solvents, threshold laser power that should be applied for successful desorption/ionization of WEs, the nature of the matrix ions and the mass range occupied by them, and the complexity of the isotope clusters for individual metals. Lithium salt of dihydroxybenzoic acid (LiDHB) performed the best and matrices with purified lithium isotopes ((6)LiDHB or (7)LiDHB) were recommended for WEs. Three sample preparation procedures were compared: (1) mixing the sample and matrix in a glass vial and deposition of the mixture on a MALDI plate (Mix), (2) deposition of sample followed by deposition of matrix (Sa/Ma), and (3) deposition of matrix followed by deposition of sample (Ma/Sa). Morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The best sample preparation technique was Ma/Sa with the optimum sample to matrix molar ratio 1 : 100. Detection limit was in the low picomolar range. The relative response of WEs decreased with their molecular weight, and minor differences between signals of saturated and monounsaturated WEs were observed. MALDI spectra of WEs showed molecular adducts with lithium [M + Li](+). Fragments observed in postsource decay (PSD) spectra were related to the acidic part of WEs [RCOOH + Li](+) and they were used for structure assignment. MALDI with LiDHB was used for several samples of natural origin, including insect and plant WEs. A good agreement with GC/MS data was achieved. Moreover, MALDI allowed higher WEs to be analyzed, up to 64 carbon atoms in Ginkgo biloba leaves extract.