重离子束辐照育种研究进展及发展趋势

相对于低能离子束生物学, 中能重离子束对植物的诱变效应介绍较少。 从机理上综述了中能重离子束辐照诱变技术的优点, 简要介绍了粮食作物、 经济作物及模式植物的重离子束辐照育种的现状, 最后从转基因、 分子辅助标记及航天育种等方面对重离子束辐照育种的发展趋势进行了展望。 In recent years, the intermediate energy heavy ion biology has been concerned rarely comparing to that of the low energy ions. In this paper, we summarized the advantage of a new mutation breeding method mediated by intermediate energy heavy ion irradiations. Meanwhile, the present state of this mutation technique in applications of the breeding in grain crops, cash crops and model plants were introduced. And the preview of the heavy ion irradiations in gene transfer, molecular marker assisted selection and spaceflight mutation breeding operations were also presented.     

重离子束在微生物诱变育种及生物能源开发中的应用

作为一种新型的辐射诱变源, 重离子束在辐射诱变育种中的优越性已经显现。 在此基础上综述了重离子束用于微生物诱变育种的基本原理、 独特优点、 所取得的成果及研究进展, 并对其在新型生物能源开发中的潜力进行了展望。As a new radiation source, heavy ion beams have demonstrated the outstanding advantage in mutation breeding. Based on this background, the basic principal and unique peculiarity of heavy ion beams, the achievement and the progress in the research of microbial mutation breeding are reviewed in the paper. The potential application of heavy ion beams to new biological energy is also prospected.     

重离子辐射植物的诱变效应研究及应用

重离子生物技术已引起人们的广泛关注, 植物育种是重离子生物技术研究和应用的热点之一。 简要介绍了重离子的基本特征和在育种应用中的优势, 综述了重离子辐射对植物分子、 细胞、 个体3个水平的诱变效应研究及重离子辐射育种取得的进展。 Heavy ion biotechnology has received much attention since the mid 1980s, when the first mutagenic effect of heavy ion beams was found in rice. Since then, plant breeding is one of the focuses in heavy ion biotechnology. In this paper we outlined the recent developments in plant breeding by heavy ion beams. We introduced briefly the essential characteristics and superiority of heavy ion beams applied in plant breeding, and reviewed further the mutagenic research in three levels(e.g., molecular, cell and individual) of plants. At last, we summarized artificial mutants obtained in plants irradiated by heavy ion beams.     

重离子束对北里链霉菌的诱变效应

考察不同剂量重离子束对北里链霉菌的致死及诱变效应, 可确定最有利于筛选高产菌株的重离子束辐照剂量。 利用不同剂量的重离子束辐照北里链霉菌孢子, 统计了存活率、 致死率、 正负突变率。 结果发现, 在5 Gy重离子辐照时北里链霉菌出现较高致死率, 其后随剂量升高, 致死率变化较平缓。 各辐照剂量下正负突变率相比较, 40 Gy时正突变率最高, 负突变率相对较低, 存活率为0.92%。 因此确定40 Gy是对北里链霉菌高产菌株筛选最有利的辐照剂量。 To define the optimum dose of heavy ion beams for selecting high productive strains, we should study mortality and mutation effects of Streptomyces kitasatoensis irradiated by heavy ion beams in diffe rent doses. In this research, spores of Streptomyces kitasatoensis were irradiated by heavy ion beams with different doses. And survival rate, mortality rate, positive mutation and negative mutation were analyzed statistically. The results showed that high mortality rate appeared from 5 Gy and then the mortality rate curve became gently. Compared the positive and negative mutations in different doses, highest positive mutation was obtained in 40 Gy, while the negative mutation was lower in this dose, and the survival rate was 0.92%. So we defined that optimum dose of heavy ions radiation for Streptomyces kitasatoensis selection was 40 Gy in this experiment.     

A waveguide overloaded cavity kicker for the HLS Ⅱlongitudinal feedback system

In the upgrade project of Hefei Light Source(HLSⅡ),a new digital longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback system will be developed to suppress the coupled bunch instabilities in the storage ring effectively.We design a new waveguide overloaded cavity longitudinal feedback kicker as the feedback actuator.The beam pipe of the kicker is a racetrack shape so as to avoid a transition part to the octagonal vacuum chamber.The central frequency and the bandwidth of the kicker have been simulated and optimized to achieve design goals by the HFSS code.A higher shunt impedance can be obtained by using a nose cone to reduce the feedback power requirement.Before the kicker cavity was installed in the storage ring,a variety of measurements were carried out to check its performance.All these results of simulation and measurement are presented.     

辐照诱变对小麦生理学效应的影响

以小麦品种小偃81为材料, 利用低能N+离子, 60Co-γ射线以及紫外线UV-C等为诱变源, 对种子胚部进行辐照处理。 研究其对小麦发芽势、 发芽率、 根长及苗高等生理指标的影响。 以辐照后的幼苗为材料研究了低能N+注入对过氧化氢酶（CAT）、 过氧化物酶（POD）、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量的影响。 研究结果表明: N+注入后种子活力先升高后降低, 苗高在5×1017 N+/cm2时显著低于对照; 60Co和紫外线辐照对种子活力有较显著的影响, 辐照后的根长和苗高均显著低于对照; N+束辐照后的幼苗CAT酶活随剂量的变化规律性不明显, POD和SOD酶活总体趋势随剂量的增加先升高后降低, GSH含量随剂量的增大先降低后升高。 由此可知, 辐照诱变可以诱导小麦一系列的生理变化。60Co-γ射线和紫外线UV C对小麦胚根的伤害较大, 导致幼苗在后期大量死亡。N+注入对小麦的损伤效应较60Co和紫外线γ射线和紫外线UV-C小, 一定注量的N+注入处理可促进小麦生长。 In this paper, the biological effects,such as germination percentage, germination index and the length of seedlings and roots were investigated by using low energy N+, 60Co- γ rays and ultraviolet UV C to irradiate the embryos of wheat seeds （Xiaoyan81）. The anti oxidative enzyme system (CAT,POD, SOD) and GSH content were studied as well. The results show that the vitality of seed increased and then reduced with increasing the dosage of N+ ion implantation. The length of roots and seedlings were significantly higher than control. The seed vigor was significant effected after irradiated by 60Co-γ rays and ultraviolet UV-C, but the length of roots and seedlings were significantly lower than control. After N+ implantation, the changing pattern of CAT was not obviously. The enzymatic activity of POD and SOD were increased at low dosage and reduced at high dosage. The content of GSH was reduced and then raised. The results proved that the damage induced by γ ray and UV C to the radicle of wheat was severe that result in a large number of seedling died. However the damage induced by N+ implantation was lower than that by rays and UV C irradiation. Certain dosage of ion implantation can promote the growth of wheat.     

Precise measurement of the line width of the photoassociation spectra of ultracold molecules by using a frequency shifter

We propose a technique to precisely measure the line width of the photoassociation spectra of the excited cesium molecule by using a frequency shifter to generate two laser beams with a precise frequency difference. A series of photoassociation (PA) spectra are recorded with two laser beam induced molecular lines, whose peak separation serves as an accurate frequency ruler to measure the line width of the PA spectra. The full width half maximum line width was studied as a function of PA laser intensity. The extrapolated value at zero laser intensity is (34.84 ± 0.22) MHz. By analyzing other broadening mechanisms, a value of (32.02 ± 0.70) MHz was deduced. It is shown that this scheme is inexpensive, simple, robust, and is promising for applications in a variety of other atomic species.     

重离子诱变酵母培养基的优化与研究

利用12C6+离子诱变技术对面包酵母菌种进行诱变,得到一株粗蛋白含量达到55% 以上的菌株,借助Minitab16.0,采用Plackett-Burman 实验设计法及响应面分析法,对诱变后面包酵母菌发酵培养基的成分进行了优化,得到3 个最为显著的主要影响因子:葡萄糖、酵母抽提物和硫酸镁。利用最陡爬坡实验逼近最大响应区域后,利用Box-Behnken 实验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析。通过求解回归方程,得到优化发酵的条件为,葡萄糖:11.03 g/L、酵母抽提物:6.53 g/L、硫酸镁:5.59 g/L。面包酵母生物量为4.84 g/L,相比未进行优化时的生物量提高了15%。A mutant bread yeast strain with high protein content of 55% was gained by use of 12C6+ ions. The MINITAB 16.0 software, Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the culture medium for the irradiated yeast. The most important three factors which influenced the culture results were identified as glucose, magnesium sulphate and yeast extract. The path of the steepest ascent was undertaken to approach the optimal region of the three significant factors. Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were used for the regression analysis. Finally, the optimal fermentation conditions were identified as glucose 11.03 g/L, yeast extract 6.53 g/L and magnesium sulphate 5.59 g/L by the regression analysis. It was found that the biomass of the bread yeasts reached 4.84 g/L and increased by 15% compared to original conditions.     

离子束次级辐射对春麦的诱变效应

利用中能重离子束辐照生物靶材料时产生的中子、γ射线和次级碎片等次级辐射对春麦种子进行辐照 ,然后通过田间试验和实验室的分析测定 ,得到了 M1代植株的变化 . (1 )在生物学性状中 ,穗粒数、小穗数、千粒重、穗粒重、小穗密度和有效分蘖数变异率较大 ;(2 )除 SOD活性外 ,POD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量和蛋白质含量的变异率也较大 ;(3 )休眠种子和萌发种子辐照M1代在生物学性状的变化上存在很大的差异 ;(4)两个春麦材料的辐射敏感性差异明显 .由此表明 ,兰州重离子加速器辐照终端在进行生物学实验时产生的次级辐射是可能利用的诱变源. Secondary radiation such as neutrons, high energy light particees, γ rays is produced when ion beams with medium energy irradiate biological materials. Spring wheat was placed in radiobiological experiment area(irradiation terminal L2) to expose to the secondary radiation. The variation of M1 generation of the wheat seeds was obtained through test in the fields and measuremeat in laboratery: (1) There were very high variation rates in grain number, number of small...     

SECRAL等离子体中EUV光功率的产生

The high power EUV source is one of key issues in the development of EUV lithography which is considered to be the most promising technology among the next generation lithography.However neither DPP nor LPP seems to meet the requirements of the commercial high-volume product.Insufficiency of DPP and LPP motivate the investigation of other means to produce the EUV radiation required in lithography.ECR plasma seems to be one of the alternatives.In order to investigate the feasibility of ECR plasma as a EUV light source,the EUV power emitted by SECRAL was measured.A EUV power of 1.03W in 4~ sr solid angle was obtained when 2000W 18GHz rf power was launched,and the corresponding CE was 0.5%.Considering that SECRAL is designed to produce very high charge state ions,this very preliminary result is inspiring. Room-temperature ECR plasma and Sn plasma are both in the planned schedule.     

基于仿生模式识别和近红外光谱的转基因小麦快速鉴别方法

提出了一种采用近红外光谱快速鉴别转基因小麦种子的方法,对不同品种的9个转基因小麦样品种子分别建立了鉴别模型。对9个小麦样品共225个样本,通过近红外光谱仪扫描获得从4 000～12 000 cm-1波段范围的光谱数据。为了消除噪声,对原始数据先进行了归一化预处理;然后使用主成分分析(PCA)方法得到能反映小麦种子97.28%光谱信息的前10个主成分,提高了数据处理效率;最后利用仿生模式识别(biomimetic pattern recognition, BPR)方法建立小麦品种的鉴别模型。对于每个样品中的25个样本,随机挑选15个样本作为训练样本,其余10个样本作为第一测试集,其他品种共200个样本作为第二测试集。在对第二测试集平均正确拒识率达到96.7%的情况下,对第一测试集中的样本取得了95.6%的平均正确识别率。实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的鉴别准确度,可以作为一种快速无损的转基因小麦种子鉴别方法。     

小麦渍害光谱特征分析

理清小麦渍害光谱特征是大尺度渍害遥感监测的基础,也是运用光谱特征实现无损、快捷鉴别小麦渍害的前期条件,迄今为止未见对小麦渍害光谱特征的相关研究。该研究通过田间实验分析了8个小麦品种(郑麦9023、西农223、漯6010、富麦168、鄂麦23、鄂麦19、广源11-2、农大195)受渍后叶片和冠层的光谱特征与没有渍害小麦光谱特征的差异,研究表明：受渍后叶片光谱反射率较正常叶片的差异主要表现在645～680 nm区间(红光波段),较正常值偏高;757～917 nm区间(近红外波段),较正常值偏低;1 428～1 456 nm区间,较正常值高;1 641～1 684 nm区间,较正常值低,主要原因：一是渍害导致叶片叶绿素光合作用能力下降,二是叶片失水引起水势降低,建议用归一化水指数(NDWI)的差异值反映小麦受渍情况,同时分析了不同小麦品种受渍时与受渍后NDWI指数随时间的变化特点,发现其变化特征与小麦品种的抗性有关;受渍后小麦冠层的所有波段光谱反射率均低于正常小麦,建议用670～2 400 nm光谱反射率的均值差异反映小麦受渍情况。     

hprt基因突变分析方法及其在辐射生物学中的应用

hprt基因（次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶基因）由于其本身所具有的独特生物学特性, 逐渐成为基因突变机制和修复机制理想的研究靶点, hprt基因突变分析法也逐渐成为很有价值并被广泛应用的生物剂量计。 系统地综述了hprt基因的生物学特性、 突变的检测方法学及其在辐射事故分析、 放射治疗和宇航事业研究中的应用和进展。     

基于生物光子的小麦新陈度快速无损检测

小麦籽粒作为一种活的生命体,在正常储藏过程中,会不断消耗自身的营养物质来维持其生命活动。随着储藏时间的推移,小麦籽粒内部各种酶的活性减弱或丧失,自身呼吸强度逐步降低,原生质胶体结构松弛,籽粒的物理和化学状态发生改变,进而导致其后续食用和加工品质变劣。因此,对小麦新陈度的准确判定,是保证储藏小麦数量和质量的前提,对指导我国粮食储存具有重要的经济和社会意义。目前常用的小麦新陈度鉴定方法主要包括感官判定法和各种生化类方法;前者主要依赖操作者个人的主观经验,容易受到外界因素的干扰,可重复性较差,判定结果因人而异,只适合作小麦新陈度鉴定的辅助方法。后者虽然判定精度较高,但整个检测过程耗时过长,一般需要对待测样品进行复杂预处理,且检测过程中用到的多种化学试剂会对环境造成一定的污染。因此,迫切需要研究出一套快速、准确、绿色的小麦新陈度鉴定方法。利用生物光子仪器分别测试了5种不同储藏年份小麦样品的生物光子信号,并结合改进多尺度排列熵算法对2015年-2018年四种小麦样品的光子信号进行特征分析,最后借助反向传播神经网络对这4种不同储藏年份的小麦进行分类验证。实验结果表明,不同储藏年份小麦的自发光子量存在一定的差异,其中2019年小麦样品产生的光子数量明显高于其他年份的小麦样品,其余年份小麦样品光子数量的排列熵值随着储藏年限的增加而增大。对比实验结果显示,改进多尺度排列熵算法在很大程度上解决了由多尺度排列熵算法引起的信号抖动和突变问题,可以作为一种明显的特征来标识小麦的新陈度。最后借助BP神经网络进行分类测试,输出结果证明新构建的分类模型的准确度可以达到95%,能够实现对不同年份小麦新陈度的准确鉴别。     

可见-近红外光谱的小麦硬度预测模型预处理方法的研究

硬度是评价小麦品质的一个重要质量参数,对小麦的分类、最终用途以及小麦籽粒组成的研究都非常重要。为实现小麦硬度的快速、准确检测,在详细分析小麦籽粒成分对红外光吸收特性的基础上,研究建立径向基函数(RBF)神经网络模型实现对未知样品硬度的准确检测,并着重分析了不同光谱信号预处理方法对模型预测精度的影响。从各小麦主产区收集111个小麦样品,扫描样品获得可见-近红外光谱,采用马氏距离判断并剔除异常光谱;利用优化后的SPXY划分样品集合,得到校正集84个样品,预测集24个样品;利用连续投影算法(SPA)从262个光谱波点中提取47个特征光谱;分别使用一阶导数、二阶导数和标准正态变量变换(SNV)及其不同组合对光谱进行预处理,验证不同预处理方法之间的相互影响,寻找最优的预处理方法组合。校正集预处理后的特征光谱数据作为RBF模型的输入,采用硬度指数法测定的对应样品硬度作为输出建立模型。预测结果显示当采用SNV和SPA处理光谱数据时模型的效果达到最优,评价指标判别系数(R2)、预测标准差(SEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)可分别达到0.90, 3.02和3.11,表明基于可见-近红外光谱的RBF神经网络模型能够准确地预测小麦的硬度,与传统检测方法相比具有方便、快速、无损等优点,为小麦硬度的检测提供一条更为便捷与实用的方法。     

基于近红外光谱技术的小麦条锈病和叶锈病的早期诊断

为实现小麦条锈病和叶锈病的早期诊断,利用近红外光谱技术结合定性偏最小二乘法(DPLS)建立了一种鉴别这两种病害的方法。试验将150片小麦叶片(健康叶片、条锈病潜育叶片、条锈病发病叶片、叶锈病潜育叶片、叶锈病发病叶片各30片)分为5类,扫描获得近红外光谱,建立小麦叶片DPLS近红外光谱鉴别模型。原始光谱数据经二阶导数处理后,在4 000～8 000 cm-1范围内,当利用不同建模比建模时,建模集的平均识别率为96.56％,检验集的平均识别率为91.85％,证明了模型的稳定性。当建模比为2∶1、主成分数为10时,模型识别效果较好,建模集的识别准确率为97.00%,检验集的识别准确率为96.00%。表明应用近红外光谱技术建立的小麦条锈病和叶锈病早期诊断的定性鉴别方法是可行的。     

Sentinel-2宽波段光谱指数预测拔节后受冻冬小麦减产率

冬小麦拔节期后的晚霜冻害在区域尺度上表现出一定的空间差异,决定了应对冻害采取分区措施。基于Sentinel-2卫星数据的宽波段光谱指数预测区域冬小麦减产率,对灾情评估和生产管理决策具有重要意义。采用人工模拟霜冻试验,以光谱重采样将ASD FieldSpec^? 3光谱辐射计获取的冠层反射率模拟为Sentinel-2传感器对应的波段反射率。采用19个已有光谱指数和以3种形式(简单比值、简单差值、归一化)组合构建的光谱指数构建冬小麦减产率线性回归模型。在每种形式中,筛选出决定系数排名前三的宽波段光谱指数作为候选指数。以商丘地区自然霜冻事件为契机,以Sentinel-2卫星数据计算候选指数,利用地面采样点的实测减产率验证候选指数精度。结果表明：(1)随着处理温度的降低,冬小麦冠层反射率在近红外区呈降低趋势,在可见光区和短波段红外区呈升高趋势;(2)重采样前后反射率数据计算的19个已有光谱指数中,大部分指数与减产率呈显著相关(p<0.001)。筛选出的12个候选光谱指数预测冬小麦减产率的线性回归精度较好,在校正集和验证集中的决定系数均高于0.631;(3)Sentin...     

MODIS EVI时间序列数据和光谱角聚类的冬小麦遥感估产分区方法研究

农作物遥感估产区划是农作物遥感估产的基础,它为估产研究和实践提供了重要的科学依据。以冬小麦生育期内的MODIS EVI时间序列作为分区数据,选择江苏省为试验区,探讨了一种改进的光谱角制图和K均值聚类相结合(光谱角聚类)的分区方法,并在冬小麦遥感估产中进行了试验。结果表明：光谱角聚类分区方法充分利用了MODIS时间序列数据所反映的农作物生长进程,可以充分体现气候差异所带来的冬小麦区域差异;与传统分区相比,基于光谱角聚类分区方法所得到的遥感估产结果具有较高的决定系数R2(0.702 6比0.624 8)和较低的均方根误差RMSE(343.34比381.34 kg·hm-2),体现了该分区方法在冬小麦遥感估产中的优势。光谱角聚类分区方法仅以获取便利的低分辨率时间序列遥感数据为分区数据,且能很好的将冬小麦划分为特征性质一致的区域,所得遥感估产模型的精度和稳定性也较好,为冬小麦遥感估产分区提供了一种有效方法,有利于进行冬小麦遥感估产研究。     

In vitro reactivity of Na2O-MgO-SiO2 glasses

A variety of bioactive glasses have been investigated over the last two decades as substitute material for diseased or damaged tissues in a human body. In this investigation, three different melt derived bioactive glasses, each having 55% by mole SiO₂ and ratio of MgO to Na₂O varying from 1:8 to 8:1, were prepared by melting various oxides at temperature >1250 °C. After microstructure evolution, vitro reactivity of these glasses was examined by keeping them in simulated body fluid (trans buffered pH 7.25 at 25 cc). The surface reactivity of these glasses gradually increased with increasing Na₂O/MgO ratio.     

Identification of wheat varieties using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and an artificial neural network

A novel tool for variety identification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been developed: an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to classify the gliadin fraction analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). The robustness of this novel method with respect to various experimental parameters has been tested. The results can be summarised: (i) With this approach 97% of the wheat varieties can be classified correctly with a corresponding correlation coefficient of 1.0, (ii) The method is fast since the time of extracting gliadins from flour can be reduced to 20 min without significant decrease in overall performance, (iii) The storage of flour or extracts under standard conditions does not influence the classification ability (i. e. the generalisation ability) of the method, and (iv) The classification obtained is not influenced by the identity of the operator making the analysis. This study demonstrates that a combination of an ANN and MALDI-TOFMS analysis of the gliadin fraction provides a fast and reliable tool for the variety identification of wheat. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.