Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays

Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.     

Accessing the long-lived near-IR-emissive triplet excited state in naphthalenediimide with light-harvesting diimine platinum(II) bisacetylide complex and its application for upconversion

Room temperature near-IR phosphorescence of naphthalenediimide (NDI) was observed with N^N Pt(II) bisacetylide complex (Pt-NDI) in which the NDI was connected to Pt(II) center via acetylide. Pt-NDI shows intense absorption of visible light and long-lived NDI-localized excited state ((3)IL) (τ(T) = 22.3 μs). Pt-NDI was used as a triplet sensitizer for upconversion.     

Visible light-harvesting cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation based upconversion

Visible light-harvesting cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with 3-(2-benzothiazoly)-7-diethylaminocoumarin as the C^N cyclometalation ligands were prepared. The ancillary N^N ligand is either 6-piperidine naphthalimide-phenanthroline (Ir-1) or 9-aminophenanthroline (Ir-3). Ir(ppy)(2)(Phen) was prepared as model complex (Ir-2). Ir-1 and Ir-3 show strong absorption of visible light (ε = 109?000 M(-1) cm(-1) or 112?000 M(-1) cm(-1) at 486 or 484 nm, respectively). All the complexes show room temperature phosphorescence with drastically different phosphorescence quantum yields (Φ(P) = 4.3%, 44.3% and 46.0% for Ir-1, Ir-2 and Ir-3, respectively). With steady state and time-resolved spectra, as well as DFT calculations, the T(1) excited states of Ir-1 and Ir-3 were proposed to be the (3)IL state, whereas the (3)MLCT state was proposed for Ir-2. Long-lived emissive triplet excited states (7.6 μs and 54.5 μs) were observed for Ir-1 and Ir-3, compared to the short T(1) excited state lifetime of Ir-2 (1.2 μs). The complexes were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and upconversion quantum yields (Φ(UC)) of 19.3% and 12.7% were observed for Ir-1 and Ir-3, respectively. No upconversion was observed for Ir-2 under the same experimental conditions.     

等离激元增强上转换发光及其分子检测应用

针对荧光分子检测普遍灵敏度低和检测范围窄的问题,制备了具有等离子激元共振特性的重掺杂半导体纳米结构Cu_2-xS和典型的稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米颗粒NaYF₄：Yb,Er,通过三相界面自组装方法获得了Cu_2-xS/NaYF₄：Yb,Er薄膜基底。结合有限元模拟,计算了不同摆放情况下Cu_2-xS周围的局域电场分布,研究了在实际薄膜中Cu_2-xS纳米盘之间产生的等离激元耦合对上转换发光性能以及对拉曼信号增强的影响。结果表明,Cu_2-xS等离激元层与NaYF₄：Yb,Er发光层的耦合,不仅得到了上转换3个数量级的提高,还实现了分子检测10^-7 mol·L^-1的检测极限,并且获得了10^-3~10^-7 mol·L^-1的宽线性响应,从而达到高灵敏度的定性和定量双功能的精确检测。     

等离激元增强上转换发光及其分子检测应用

针对荧光分子检测普遍灵敏度低和检测范围窄的问题,制备了具有等离子激元共振特性的重掺杂半导体纳米结构Cu_2-xS和典型的稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米颗粒NaYF₄∶Yb,Er,通过三相界面自组装方法获得了Cu_2-xS/NaYF₄∶Yb,Er薄膜基底。结合有限元模拟,计算了不同摆放情况下Cu_2-xS周围的局域电场分布,研究了在实际薄膜中Cu_2-xS纳米盘之间产生的等离激元耦合对上转换发光性能以及对拉曼信号增强的影响。结果表明,Cu_2-xS等离激元层与NaYF₄∶Yb,Er发光层的耦合,不仅得到了上转换 3个数量级的提高,还实现了分子检测 10^-7 mol·L^-1的检测极限,并且获得了 10^-3~10^-7 mol·L^-1的宽线性响应,从而达到高灵敏度的定性和定量双功能的精确检测。     

Excitation-energy migration in self-assembled cyclic zinc(II)-porphyrin arrays: a close mimicry of a natural light-harvesting system

The excitation-energy-hopping (EEH) times within two-dimensional cyclic zinc(II)-porphyrin arrays 5 and 6, which were prepared by intermolecular coordination and ring-closing metathesis reaction of olefins, were deduced by modeling the EEH process based on the anisotropy depolarization as well as the exciton-exciton annihilation dynamics. Assuming the number of energy-hopping sites N = 5 and 6, the two different experimental observables, that is, anisotropy depolarization and exciton-excition annihilation times, consistently give the EEH times of 8.0 +/- 0.5 and 5.3 +/- 0.6 ps through the 1,3-phenylene linkages of 5 and 6, respectively. Accordingly, the self-assembled cyclic porphyrin arrays have proven to be well-defined two-dimensional models for natural light-harvesting complexes.     

Designing Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes for Anodic Electropolymerization

The anodic electropolymerization of thiophene‐functionalized cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes is shown for the first time. Oxidative decomposition reactions can be overcome by modification of the involved redox potentials through the introduction of electron‐withdrawing substituents, namely nitro groups, at the cyclometalating phenyl ring. The generated functionalized ruthenium(II) complexes allow the electrochemical preparation of thin polymer films, which show a broad UV/Vis absorption as well as reversible redox switchability. The presented complexes are promising candidates for future photovoltaic applications based on photo‐redox‐active films.     

Ruthenium(II)-Phthalocyanine: Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Di(halogeno)phthalocyaninatoruthenat(II)

Ruthenium(II) Phthalocyanines: Preparation and Properties of Di(halo)phthalocyaninatoruthenate(II) [Ru(Py)₂Pc^2?] reacts with molten (ⁿBu₄N)X forming stable, green (ⁿBu₄N)₂[Ru(X)₂Pc^2?] (X = Cl, Br). The cyclovoltammogram shows a quasireversible redoxprocess for the metal oxidation at E_1/2(I) = ?0.02 V (X = Cl) resp. 0.05 V (X = Br) and for the first ringoxidation at E_1/2(II) = 0.70 V. The typical π-π*-transitions (B < Q < N) of the phthalocyanine dianion (Pc^2?) are observed in the uv-vis spectrum. With respect to Ru^III phthalocyanines B is shifted significantly to higher, Q, N to lower energy. The strong extra-band at 24.2 kK is diagnostic for these Ru^II phthalocyanines. The vibrational spectra are typical for the Pc^2? ligand with D_4h symmetry, too, and bands at 513, 909, 1 171 und 1 329 cm^?1 in the m.i.r. spectrum are specific for hexa-coordinated low spin Ru^II. In the Raman spectrum with excitation at ～480 nm the intensity of the totally symmetrical Ru? X stretching vibration at 266 cm^?1 (X = Cl) resp. 168 cm^?1 (X = Br) together with a progression of up to three overtones is selectively resonance Raman enhanced. The asymmetrical Ru? X stretching vibration is observed in the f.i.r. spectrum at 272 cm^?1 (X = Cl) resp. 215 cm^?1 (X = Br).     

Aspects of Aqueous Ruthenium(II) Chemistry

Since the first facile synthesis of [Ru(H₂O)₆](tos)₂ was published at the beginning of the eighties, several Ru^II aqueous inorganic and organometallic complexes were described, showing the increasing interest in this kind of compound due to potential applications in catalysis and medicine. To understand what governs the reactivity of the ligands in the first coordination sphere of the Ru^II center, we discuss its solution behavior, starting with the simplest aqueous species [Ru(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and moving progressively in complexity with selected examples. In addition, we present variable‐pressure measurements with two objectives: to determine activation volumes for mechanistic assignments, and to shift equilibria by increasing the solubility of gaseous molecules.     

Porphyrin-ethynyl arrays: Synthesis, design, and application

The review discusses various models of multiporphyrin arrays with ethyne, diyne, and E- and Z-enediyne linkers. The concept implying multivalence of such systems is considered. Porphyrin-ethynyl arrays are nanosize structures that are promising from the viewpoint of their application in up-to-date fields of medicine and technics, including design of biocomputers.     

Ruthenium(IV) and Osmium(II) Tetraphenylporphine Complexes: Synthesis and Oxidation Reactions

The Ru(IV) and Os(II) complexes (PhO)₂RuTPP and OsTPP were synthesized from tetraphenylporphine (H₂TPP) and K₂RuO₄ or K₂OsO₄ (taken in the molar ratio of 1 : 30) in boiling phenol. The kinetics of oxidation reactions of these complexes in solutions of HOAc (acetic), H₂SO₄, and HOAc–H₂SO₄ acids was studied. It was found that in the aerated HOAc–H₂SO₄ mixture heated above 340 K, these complexes are oxidized with participation of different reaction sites: the Ru(IV) complex is oxidized at macrocycle to give the -radical-cation (PhO)₂RuPP⁺, while in the Os(II) complex, the metal atom is oxidized to form the Os(III) complex. In the first case, the reaction follows the activation mechanism, whereas in the second case, the activation energy of the reaction is zero.     

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as carriers for DNA delivery

Two novel water soluble ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(bqbg)](2+) and [Ru(phen)(2)(bqbg)](2+) have been structurally characterized and their DNA condensation activity, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake studies of DNA condensates as potential non-viral DNA carriers were evaluated.     

Ruthenium(II) sulfoxide-maltolato and -nitroimidazole complexes: synthesis and MTT assay

Ru(II) sulfoxide-maltolato complexes, Ru(ma)(2)(L)(2) (L = DMSO (1a) and TMSO (1b) or L(2) = BESE (1c)), were synthesized, as well as the analogous ethylmaltolato derivatives, Ru(etma)(2)(L)(2) (2a-c) (ma = 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyran-4-onate, etma = 2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyran-4-onate, TMSO = tetramethylene sulfoxide, BESE = 1,2-bis(ethylsulfinyl)ethane). A Ru(II) bidentate sulfoxide-metronidazole complex, RuCl(2)(BESE)(metro)(2) (3), was also synthesized (metro = metronidazole = 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol). The complexes were characterized generally by (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopies, as well as MS, elemental analysis, solution conductivity, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structures of Ru(ma)(2)(S,R-BESE) (1c) and trans-RuCl(2)(R,R-BESE)(metro)(2) (3) were determined by X-ray crystallography. All sulfoxide ligands are S-bonded. The complexes were tested against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435S) using an in vitro MTT assay, a colorimetric determination of cell viability: 2a,b exhibit the lowest IC(50) values of 190 +/- 10 and 220 +/- 10 microM, respectively. Cisplatin exhibits an IC(50) value of 30 +/- 5 microM.     

Ruthenium(II) and iron(II) complexes of N-pyridyl substituted imidazolin-2-ylidenes

N-mesityl-N′-pyridyl-imidazolium chloride 1a and the corresponding bromide salt 1b have been deprotonated with NaH in THF giving the free N-heterocyclic carbene N-mesityl-N′-pyridyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene 2 in 80% yield (starting from 1a). Imidazolium salt 1a reacts with RuCl₃ · xH₂O to give a racemic mixture of dinuclear di-μ-chloro bridged ruthenium complexes [(κ²-2)₂Ru(μ-Cl)₂Ru(κ²-2)₂]²⁺ [3a]²⁺. The carbene carbon atoms as well as the halides are arranged in cis-positions to each other whereas the nitrogen atoms adopt a trans-configuration. The di-μ-bromo bridged derivative [(κ²-2)₂Ru(μ-Br)₂Ru(κ²-2)₂]²⁺ [3b]²⁺ was obtained from RuCl₃ · xH₂O and 1b. The bridging halide ligands can be removed by the reaction with silver or sodium salts of bidentate Lewis acids. Complex [3a]²⁺ reacts with silver pyridylcarboxylate to give a racemic mixture of the mononuclear complex [4]⁺. Reaction of [3a]²⁺ with the sodium salt of l-proline resulted in a diastereomeric mixture of complexes [5]⁺. The free N-heterocyclic carbene 2 reacts with [FeCl₂(PPh₃)₂] to give after anion exchange with NaBPh₄ cis/cis/trans coordinated [Fe(κ²-2)₂(MeCN)₂](BPh₄)₂ [6](BPh₄)₂. The molecular structures of [3b](PF₆)₂, [4]PF₆ and [6](BPh₄)₂ · H₂O are reported.     

Ruthenium(II) complexes in polymerised bicontinuous microemulsions

Novel polymerised bicontinuous microemulsions can provide unique microenvironments for some functional molecules of scientific interests and practical applications.     

Ruthenium(II) porphyrin-catalyzed amidation of aromatic heterocycles

[reaction: see text] Ruthenium(II) porphyrin-catalyzed amidation of aromatic heterocycles with iminoiodanes under mild conditions (CH(2)Cl(2), 4 A molecular sieves, ultrasound, 40 degrees C) was achieved in moderate to good yields (up to 84%) and conversions (up to 99%). Only the N,N-ditosylamidated product was obtained for reactions involving heteroarenes, where X = O, S, or NTs. N-Alkyl- and N-aryl-substituted pyrroles, on the other hand, were shown to give the 3,4-diaminated adduct.     

Ruthenium(II) phenylazopyridinearylazoimidazoles: Synthesis, spectral studies and redox properties

Tris-chelate complex [Ru(Pap)(RAaiR′)₂](ClO₄)₂ (I, II, III/a, b, c) (where RAaiR′ = 1-alkyl-(2-arylazo)imidazole, R = H, Me, Cl (a, b, c); R′ = Me, Et, CH₂Ph (I, II, III), and Pap = phenylazopyridine) was prepared by silver assisted synthetic route. IR spectra of the complexes support Ru-azo nitrogen π-bonding interaction. ¹H NMR spectra suggest that there are two types of streochemical orientation of RAaiR′ around ruthenium(II). Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes shows one metal oxidation Ru(II)/Ru(III) at 1.4–1.5 V and three successive ligand reduction couples at the negative side of the reference potential in the range from −0.5 to −0.56, −0.7 to −0.8, and from −1.25 to −1.40 V, respectively. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Ruthenium(II)-polyazine light absorbers bridged to reactive cis-dichlororhodium(III) centers in a bimetallic molecular architecture

Bimetallic complexes of the form [(bpy)(2)Ru(BL)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and BL = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp) or 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm), were synthesized, characterized, and compared to the [{(bpy)(2)Ru(BL)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) trimetallic analogues. The new complexes were synthesized via the building block method, exploiting the known coordination chemistry of Rh(III) polyazine complexes. In contrast to [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) and [{(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) and [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) have a single visible light absorber subunit coupled to the cis-Rh(III)Cl(2) moiety, an unexplored molecular architecture. The electrochemistry of [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) showed a reversible oxidation at 1.61 V (vs Ag/AgCl) (Ru(III/II)), quasi-reversible reductions at -0.39 V, -0.74, and -0.98 V. The first two reductive couples corresponded to two electrons, consistent with Rh reduction. The electrochemistry of [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) exhibited a reversible oxidation at 1.76 V (Ru(III/II)). A reversible reduction at -0.14 V (bpm(0/-)), and quasi-reversible reductions at -0.77 and -0.91 V each corresponded to a one electron process, bpm(0/-), Rh(III/II), and Rh(II/I). The dpp bridged bimetallic and trimetallic display Ru(dpi)-->dpp(pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions at 509 nm (14,700 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 518 nm (26,100 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively. The bpm bridged bimetallic and trimetallic display Ru(dpi)-->bpm(pi*) charge transfer (CT) transitions at 581 nm (4,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 594 nm (9,900 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively. The heteronuclear complexes [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) and [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) had (3)MLCT emissions that are Ru(dpi)-->dpp(pi*) CT in nature but were red-shifted and lower intensity than [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)](PF(6))(4). The lifetimes of the (3)MLCT state of [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](PF(6))(3) at room temperature (30 ns) was shorter than [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)](PF(6))(4), consistent with favorable electron transfer to Rh(III) to generate a metal-to-metal charge-transfer ((3)MMCT) state. The reported synthetic methods provide means to a new molecular architecture coupling a single Ru light absorber to the Rh(III) center while retaining the interesting cis-Rh(III)Cl(2) moiety.     

Dendrimers made of Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridine subunits as artificial light-harvesting antennae

Dendrimers based on Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridine complexes as building blocks and 2,3–dpp (2,3–dpp = 2,3–bis(2′–pyridyl)pyrazine) as bridging ligands are presented and their properties as light-harvesting antenna systems are illustrated. The dendrimers exhibit a huge absorption in the visible region and energy migration patterns whose direction and efficiency depend on the synthetically determined topography of the systems. New recent developments are also discussed, with particular regard towards ultrafast energy transfer processes and long-range electron transfer within the dendritic arrays. To cite this article: S. Serroni et al., C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).