Enhancement of the light output of light-emitting diode with double photonic crystals

A light-emitting diode (LED) with double photonic crystals (PhCs) is designed to enhance the light output. Based on the configuration of the PhC assisted LED with a single PhC (SPC-LED), a second PhC is added on the bottom surface of the active layer to improve the light output. The optical properties of this double PhCs assisted LED are simulated using the three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The calculation results show that its light output can be 3.2 times higher than that of LED without PhC, and 1.39 times higher than that of SPC-LED.     

Photonic crystal LEDs – designing light extraction

Photonic crystals (PhCs) have attracted much attention during the last decade as a solution to overcome the low extraction efficiency of as‐grown light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this review we describe the underlying physics and summarize recent results obtained with PhC LEDs. Here, the main focus is on diffracting PhC. In order to quantify the benefit from the incorporation of PhCs for diffracting light a comparison by simulations between a PhC LED and a standard state‐of‐the‐art LED is carried out. Finally, the impact of the PhC on the LEDs emission characteristics will be discussed with respect to étendue‐limited applications.     

光子晶体发光二极管光抽取效率及远场辐射特性的数值研究

运用三维时域有限差分法,研究了完美/缺陷光子晶体特定参量的改变对发光二极管光抽取效率影响,得出优化参量.基于近场远场转换,进一步分析了两种不同类型的缺陷引入及其周边空气孔半径的改变对光子晶体发光二极管远场辐射特性的影响.数值研究的结果表明,通过引入缺陷以及减小缺陷周围空气孔半径能够同时提高光子晶体发光二极管的光抽取效率和远场辐射方向性.     

Negative refraction in photonic crystals

We demonstrate that light propagation in strongly modulated 2D/3D photonic crystals (PhCs) becomes refraction-like in the vicinity of the photonic bandgap, which is contrary to the fact that light propagation in weakly modulated PhCs is very different from refraction and thus the definition of refraction index becomes meaningless. Such a crystal behaves like a material having an effective refractive index controllable by the band structure. This situation is analogous to the effective-mass approximation in electron-band theory. The propagation states having a negative effective index exhibit unusual properties, such as mirror-like imaging effect, image-transfer effect. These properties are confirmed by finite-difference time-domain simulations.     

Relationship between group velocity and symmetry of photonic crystals

Group velocity (GV) of eigenmode is a crucial parameter to explain the extraordinary phenomena about light propagation in photonic crystals (PhCs). To study relationships between group velocity and symmetry of PhCs, a new general expression of GV in PhCs made up of non-dispersive material is introduced. Based on this, the GVs of eigenmodes of PhCs, especially those of degenerate eigenmodes at highly symmetric points in the first Brillouin zone, are discussed. Some interesting results are obtained. For example, the summation of degenerate eigenmodes' GVs is invariant under the operations of wave vector ${{\bm K}}$-group $M_{{\bm K}} $. In addition, some numerical results are presented to verify them.     

Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals with Controlled Defects by Combination of Holographic Lithography and Two-Photon Polymerization

A new ternary photopolymer system is used in fabricating photonic crystals （PhCs） with controlled defects by combination of single-photon and two-photon photopolymerization. The former process can produce PhCs in one-step recording with a low-power （tens mW） continuous-wave laser at 532nm, while the latter can create desired defects. The preparation of the material, the optical setup and the preliminary experimental results are given. Compared with other methods, this approach is much more accessible and convenient for use of visible light and has advantages of making PhCs in a large scale quickly and economicaJly and introducing any defects exactly, especially for three-dimensional structures.     

Various photonic crystal structures fabricated by using a top-cut hexagonal prism

We demonstrate a holographic approach for the fabrication of large-area photonic crystal (PhC) microstructures by applying a single top-cut hexagonal prism (TCHP). The interference patterns of the beams from the TCHP are calculated. Various two-dimensional PhC structures are fabricated in photo-resist films. They include symmetrical hexagonal structures, the honey-comb structure and the hexagonal structure with skewed elliptical rods. The first structures come from six-beam and symmetrical three-beam interfering. The second structure appears when the beam is incident on the TCHP obliquely. The third structure is obtained when adjacent three beams or four beams are interfered. The period can be decreased to 285 nm. SPM observations of the PhCs provide the basis for measurement of their structural parameters. A good agreement is obtained for the measured structural parameters and calculated results for the PhCs. The photonic band gaps of the hexagonal symmetrical and honeycomb structures are derived by using the plane wave method. These results reveal that, by varying the number of split beams and the incident angle, using the single TCHP PhCs, different band gaps can be achieved.     

2D and 3D electrically switchable hexagonal photonic crystal in the ultraviolet range

Two holographic lithography systems are demonstrated for easy and large-area fabrication of 2D and 3D photonic crystal (PhC) microstructures in a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) by applying a single top-cut hexagon prism. A six-beam system has been used to produce 2D hexagonal PhCs. By adding an additional mirror, a twelve-beam system is demonstrated to fabricate 3D PhCs with ultraviolet (UV) band-gap along the z direction. A good agreement is obtained for measured PhCs structure and theoretical results. Far-field diffraction patterns and electrical switching characteristics of the 2D and 3D PhC HPDLC films have been investigated. PACS 42.15.Eq; 42.40.Eq     

高均匀度超薄直下式LED平板灯混光元件的设计与研究

为了设计更好的LED平板灯光学结构,解决现存的直下式LED平板灯厚度大,光源密度大的缺点,提出了两种兼具反射、投射作用的混光元件结构:椎台结构和半球型结构,并将其应用于超薄直下式LED平板灯的设计,以增加光线的耦合距离来提高出光均匀度.借助Tracepro软件研究两种不同结构混光元件应用于LED平板灯时的出光均匀度和光效率,运用Taguchi方法设计实验进行研究.结果表明,带有棱锥型结构元件的灯具均匀度达到95.42%,光效率达到92.72%,而带半球型结构元件灯具均匀度达到97.67%,光效率达到92.65%,其均匀度高于棱锥结构的原因是棱锥形状混光元件反射面的定向反射导致光线方向过于集中.     

纳米压印制备的光子晶体结构对AlGaN基材料深紫外出光效率的提高

通过利用阳极氧化铝的方法制备高度有序的光子晶体结构作为纳米压印模板,将大面积光子晶体图案转移到了样品表面,解决了国际上小尺寸光子晶体制备困难的问题。采用纳米压印的方法在AlGaN基样品表面上制备了290 nm的周期光子晶体结构,并将表面具有光子晶体结构的AlGaN基样品正面出光强度提高121%。偏振特性的实验结果表明六角排列的孔状光子晶体将原来朝向样品侧面传播的TE偏振光偏折转向正面,从而增加光抽取效率,改变出光偏振度。指出远场角分辨图案的变化归因于光子晶体对出光的衍射和Bragg散射效果。实验中采用的创新性工艺可以用来制备具有高出光效率的深紫外发光二极管。     

An optimum design and fabrication of lens on luminous uniformity and light extraction of high-power light-emitting diode

The effect of lens inner structure on radiation pattern and light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diode (LED) and the application to artificial light in compact greenhouse is demonstrated. A commercial software package of Trace Pro and one-factor at-a-time (OFAT) method are used to simulate the lens with different inner structure. The optimum parameters of lens inner structure design for the maximum light extraction efficiency and the best uniform luminous are described by the corner radius of curvature, lens width, and lens height, respectively. For a real single LED module, base on the optimum parameters of lens inner structure, the corresponding best luminous uniformity is 62% and corresponding output extraction is 14.11 lm. The maximum uniformity of illumination for LED matrix assembled by LED modules with optimum lens is 88% and corresponding light extraction 1141 lm. In comparison with a commercial artificial light of LED matrix used in agriculture, the high-power LED module with proposed lens inner structure exhibit good improvement in uniformity of illumination and light extraction. This study may provide a practical guideline for design and fabrication of a high-performance lens used in various compact agricultural applications.     

AlGaInP大功率发光二极管发光效率与结温的关系

目前,AlGaInP大功率发光二极管(LED)存在的主要问题是大电流工作时发热严重,主要是由于电流扩展不均匀、出光面电极对光子的阻挡和吸收以及器件材料与空气折射率之间的差距引起的全反射现象,这些因素造成大功率LED出光受到限制、发光效率低、亮度不高.提出了一种复合电流扩展层和复合分布式布拉格反射层(DBR)的新型结构LED,使得注入电流在有源区充分地扩散,同时提高了常规单DBR对光子的反射率.结果显示,这种新型结构LED比常规结构LED的性能得到了很大的提升,350 mA注入电流下两者的输出光功率分别为4 关键词： 复合电流扩展层 复合分布式布拉格反射层 出光效率 结温     

Optical wave propagation in photonic crystal metamaterials

Metamaterials that provide negative refraction can be implemented in photonic crystals (PhCs) through careful design of the devices. Theoretically, we demonstrate that the dispersion can be altered to achieve negative refraction. This can be done through engineering the geometry of the device as well as selecting appropriate materials. The PhC also demonstrates slow light that facilitate sensing chemicals or biological agents. Using metallic materials such as gold nano-particle enables PhCs to guide optical waves in desired pathways. Also using magnetic materials such as highly doped n-GaAs, we can tune the band gap by changing magnetic field. The simulated results are consistent with some of the previously reported experimental results and give us guidance for future experiments.     

双层荧光粉涂覆对COB封装LED出光的影响

为了提高LED出光量,基于传统的荧光粉涂覆设计了一种双层荧光粉涂覆结构。通过对上下涂覆层浓度及上层涂覆量的研究,探究双层涂覆结构对COB封装LED出光的影响。结果表明在通电电流为440 mA时,可在实验中实现15 W的COB封装结构的白光LED:涂覆单一黄色荧光粉,上下层胶粉比为14.2～28且上层涂覆体积为下层的0.8倍时,COB封装LED的光通量为2 179 lm,光效可达145.3 lm/W,显指为63,出光量最大提升为7.82%;荧光粉调整为黄绿粉和红粉的配合使用后,最终实现色温、光效及显指分别为4 854 K、129.7 lm/W和81.2。因此,双层荧光粉涂覆结构可以提高COB封装LED的光学性能,对实际生产有一定的应用价值。     

单颗LED实现远距离均匀照明系统设计

针对现有的LED照明系统体积大、结构复杂、工作距离短的缺点,提出一种轻量化、均匀性好、能够实现远距离照明的单颗LED投影系统的设计方法。从照明设计理论出发,结合非成像设计和成像设计方法,设计了由单颗大功率LED、聚光镜、孔径光阑和投影物镜组成的投影照明系统。聚光镜对LED出射的光线进行匀化并会聚于照明面位置,投影物镜将照明面处的光斑投影到指定距离的接收面上。系统采用全透射式结构,便于加工和装调;单颗大功率LED作为光源能够有效减小系统体积和质量。实验结果表明:系统能在3 m~3 km范围内形成均匀度大于90%的照明,成像质量良好,投影面畸变小于5%,能满足远距离均匀照明投影的要求。     

Investigation on optical property of diffuser with 3D microstructures

The light diffuser with 3D microstructure is one of the high efficient light diffusers used in LED lighting to realize secondary optical design. The aspect ratio (AR), filling coefficient (FC) and arrangement (A) of microstructure plays an important role in the optical property of light diffuser. The experiment results and simulation results obtained from Light Tools software of light diffuser with microsphere structure used in LED light shows that the optical property of diffuser with microsphere structure whose diameter is from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm, arranged in hexagon is best with AR of 0.22 and the filling coefficient of 100%.     

提高LED光提取效率的研究

通过模拟计算的方法分析了倒装结构LED中衬底材料折射率及厚度对光提取效率的影响,并在此基础上提出一种新的菱形结构.结果表明:该菱形结构可大幅度提高LED光提取效率,在使用Si、蓝宝石、SiC作为芯片衬底材料时,菱形结构的光提取效率分别提高到传统方形结构的1.51、2.03、3.65倍.     

基于双自由曲面的LED大角度光学透镜设计

针对直下式LED背光源的均匀照明系统,采用双自由曲面组合,设计了一种大角度光学透镜结构。通过近光源面的自由曲面将光发散成的c/cos3(θ)型光场分布,再利用远光源面实现目标面的均匀分布。这样可以在短距离条件下实现大面积的均匀照明,相对于传统的单自由曲面设计,有效地避免了全反射的发生,提高了照明区域的面积。采用光线追迹软件对所设计的结构进行仿真,通过对模拟结果的分析,在灯箱厚度为15mm时,单透镜均匀照明面积可以达到60mm。采用正三角阵列分布,整个目标面均匀度达到87.5%。相对于传统的大功率器件的直下式光源方式,提高了照明的均匀度,同时大大减少了箱体的厚度。     

基于石墨烯-ZnO纳米线的复合电极在GaN LED中的应用

使用一维ZnO纳米线和二维石墨烯复合结构集成到p-GaN表面来同时实现电流扩展和提高LED光提取效率。通过两组有无ZnO纳米线器件的对比,发现ZnO纳米线使器件的光提取效率提高了30%.通过分析两组器件的开启电压、工作电压和反向漏电流等关键参数,验证了本结构应用于GaN LED不会恶化其电性能。本文所采用的复合结构用于GaN LED,同时达到了良好欧姆接触、避免使用ITO和增强出光的效果。     

基于微透镜阵列的LED光学性能

功率型发光二极管(LED)的发展迫切需要提高取光效率,基于微透镜阵列的二次光学设计是改善其取光效率的有效途径。建立了一种大功率LED的封装结构,二次光学设计采用了微透镜阵列技术,运用光线追踪法研究了这种封装结构的光学性能。分析结果表明:利用微透镜阵列技术能显著改善LED的光学性能,提高取光效率,能将LED的亮度衰减降低12%以上,得到了较好的效果。