星系相撞之时

在与许多小星系的碰撞过程中,大星系往往会借此机会进一步发展壮大,位于星系中心的超大质量黑洞在相遇后会相互围绕对方盘旋,形成双星系系统。在没有外力阻碍时,它们将继续相互盘旋至少数百万年。然而每个大星系核心都有一个黑洞,所以其他天体物理学过程必定使这对黑洞更快地融为一体。图1模拟的星系相撞、结合过程(1Gyr=10亿年)图2迈尔(L.Mayer)等人的流体力学模拟(图1)表明,正在结合的星系中的气体使黑洞速度趋缓,以致它们捆绑在一起的时间只有100万年。模拟中,内有双黑洞系统的富含气体的星系,由最近结合的两个螺旋星系组成,两个黑洞的…     

活跃星系核的模型研究

活跃星系核是中央核区活动性很强的一种银河系外星系核心.活跃星系核是20世纪90年代至今天文学界最活跃和最热门的研究领域之一,因此,对于这种天体现象有很多东西已被科学家们达成了共识,也有很多未知的东西并没有被科学家们搞清楚.所以,这是一门十分前沿却比较困难的学科.本文的目的是为了以较容易于理解的方式来帮助天体物理学初学者以及天体爱好者来初步认识活跃星系核这一前沿的天体现象.本文简要概述了几种较为常见的活跃星系核模型,并介绍了活跃星系核的标准模型、统一模型以及活跃星系核中最重要的黑洞.     

星系中心的巨大黑洞

 1924年,年轻的美国天文学家哈勃(ＥｄｗｉｎＨｕｂｂｌｅ,1889～1953)利用造父变星的周光关系测定出我们银河系的近邻仙女座大星云Ｍ31、Ｍ33及ＮＧＣ6822的距离,确认三者是银河系以外的星系以后,从此开始了人们研究河外星系的新纪元。第二次世界大战后期,射电天文的兴起和应用了新的测光技术以后,天文学家又相继发现了一系列有激烈活动的河外天体,如赛弗特星系(Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔｇａｌａｘｙ)、Ｎ星系、类星体(一些观测事实表明类星体可能是遥远的Ｉ型赛弗特星系的核心)、蝎虎座ＢＬ型天体和射电星系等。     

邮票上的物理学史(67)--天体物理学:星云和星系

比恒星更高的天体层次是星系.我们怎么知道有星系这个层次存在呢?我们自己属于哪个星系?     

黑洞喷流研究进展

黑洞喷流是黑洞吸积系统中广泛存在的、非常壮观的天文现象。它的形成问题一直是高能天体物理中非常重要同时也是非常困难的研究课题。近年来,主要由于大型计算机数值模拟的快速发展以及观测数据的积累,这一研究领域取得了快速发展。文章将介绍这方面的进展。     

黑洞喷流研究进展

黑洞喷流是黑洞吸积系统中广泛存在的、非常壮观的天文现象。它的形成问题一直是高能天体物理中非常重要同时也是非常困难的研究课题。近年来,主要由于大型计算机数值模拟的快速发展以及观测数据的积累,这一研究领域取得了快速发展。本文将介绍这方面的进展。     

Seyfert1星系黑洞质量与辐射压的研究

从斯隆数字巡天（SDSS）收集了214个Seyfert1星系,其中147个窄线的Seyfert1星系（NLSls）,67个宽线的Seyfert1星系（BLSls）,对其黑洞质量、核球速度弥散、爱丁顿比、5100A光度、红移进行了研究,得到以下结论：1）在进行黑洞质量估算时,应考虑辐射压的影响,特别是窄线Seyfert1星系;2）在考虑辐射压的情况下,窄线Seyfert1星系满足近距正常星系的MBH一盯关系,其吸积未超爱丁顿极限吸积;3）在大样本下Seyfert1星系从窄线Seyfert1星系到宽线Seyfert1星系演化,与他人用其他方法获得的结果是一致的．     

双活动星系核寄主星系的光谱合成分析

星系并合会产生不同尺度距离的星系对甚至双活动星系核,同时在过程中会触发星暴以及超大质量黑洞的活动。在光谱上,当两个星系并合到kpc尺度时,其两个核的相互绕转在总光谱上会表现出窄线双峰谱线轮廓。以这个观测特性为起点,从郭守敬望远镜巡天的第四次释放数据(LAMOST DR4)中系统的搜寻带有窄发射线双峰特征的双AGN候选体。AGN的发射线光谱轮廓由发射线的若干种不同的动力学成分构成,主要可以分为三类,窄线成分(Hβ,[OⅢ], Hαand [NⅡ]),[OⅢ]的线翼、以及宽的Balmer发射线。基于LAMOST DR4河外光谱数据,应用了一套搜寻流程,在初始筛选(涉及到发射线的信噪比、等值宽度和红移)及目视检查挑选之后,通过建立的多高斯拟合模型挑选出在发射线的流量、半高全宽、窄线双峰之间速度分离程度等一系列参数上符合我们限制要求的样本,并借助于Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich (BPT)图来鉴别每个成分的来源,确定出了28个双AGN候选体。为了获取更准确的星族成分并发现这类双AGN候选体样本的共有特性,对28个双AGN候选体的光谱流量用一个低阶多项式重新进行了修正并采用传统的统一插值和中值方法对其进行合并得到一条高信噪比光谱,并以目前已有的来源于LAMOST星系光谱数据的Ⅱ型AGN(单AGN)的复合光谱作为对照样本,采用STARLIGHT软件分别拟合了合并的双AGN和对照的单AGN的光学光谱中的吸收线和连续谱。通过研究它们的星族特性及两者间的异同,发现与单AGN复合谱相比,双AGN候选体样本的合并谱具有更多中等年龄及老年星族的贡献,反映出更剧烈的中心黑洞。在金属丰度方面,单AGN的主导星族为太阳金属丰度的星族Z_⊙,而双AGN候选体合并谱中贡献较多的星族为亚太阳金属丰度星族0.2 Z_⊙和富金属丰度星族2.5 Z_⊙,表现出了差异性特征,也预示着这类样本中恒星形成历史更加复杂,呈现出了多样化。在幂律谱成分贡献方面在单、双AGN中老年星族都贡献了其大部分质量,但单AGN复合谱中幂律成分占比为8.2%,明显高于双AGN候选体合并谱中幂律成分的贡献。     

天体物理学讲座第三讲 恒星形成：从星际分子云到原始行星系统

对行星系统起源问题的研究在近年来已经取得很大进展,一方面是星际分子云与恒星形成的天文研究取得了令人瞩目的成就,研究表明,包括太阳在内的恒星是由冷暗的星际分子云收缩形成的。在形成恒星的过程中,普遍伴随出现围绕恒星的盘状的原始行星系统,在这种原始行星系统中间,尘埃颗粒逐渐生长,并凝聚成行星,彗星等,从分子云到原始行星系统大约经历百万年,而木星这样的大行星有可能在恒星收缩阶段同时形成,并且在行星系统的发展过程中逐渐发展,行星系统起源的另一方面进展来自包括彗星,太阳系行星际探测,从而对太阳系这样的行星系统的组成和性质,对行星大气等有了更精确的了解,以此为参考,能够测定那些离太阳系的其他新近发现的行星系统的物理化学性质,从而提供了一系列互相联系和对比的样本,通过上述进展,现代天文学正逐渐揭开行星系统形成之谜。     

活动星系核的X射线流

<正>题目正文介绍:活动星系核(Active Galactic Nuclei,AGN)是形成星系中心的超大质量黑洞,通过辐射和喷射粒子流来释放大量的能量。大多数AGN的特点之一是向外喷射物质,这些物质的辐射可以在无线电波波段中观察到,有时也可以在电磁波谱的其他波段,包括X射线波段中观察到。这些喷射物是大量的等离子体流(喷流),它们以相对论速度运动,长度为1020米的量级,即约数万光年。喷流辐射出的X     

类星体谱线证认与普通物理教学

介绍了类星体１６０４＋１７９谱线认证的进展，及工科普物教师开展科研并将部分内容引入课堂的实践与体会。     

A Multi-parameter Model for Radio Dichotomy of Active Galactic Nuclei and Jets

Based on the coexistence of the Blandford-Znajek and magnetic coupling processes in black hole (BH) accretion disc, a multi-parameter model for jet powers and radio loudness of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is studied. It turns out that radio-loudness of AGNs could be governed by five parameters: (i) the BH spin, (ii) a power-law index of the variation of the magnetic field on the disc; (iii) a parameter determining the position of the inner edge of the disc, (iv) the ratio of the pressure of the magnetic field on the horizon to the ram pressure of the innermost parts of an accretion flow, and (v) the ratio of the angular velocity of the open field lines to that of the horizon. The observed dichotomy between radio-loud and radio-quiet AGNs is well interpreted by the effects of the above parameters. Furthermore, we discuss the derivative of radio loudness of AGNs with respect to each parameter separately. In addition, the effect of the screw instability on radio loudness of AGNs is discussed.     

Extracting Energy Magnetically from Plunging Region of Black-Hole Accretion Disk

An analytical expression for the jet power extracted from the plunging region between a black hole (BH)horizon and the inner edge of the disk (hereafter the PL power) is derived based on an improved equivalent circuit in BH magnetosphere with a mapping relation between the radial coordinate of the plunging region and that of the remote astrophysical load.It is shown that the PL power is of great importance in explaining jet power and dominates over the BZ and DL powers for a wide value range of the BH spin.In addition,we show that the PL power derived in our model can be fitted with the strong jet powers of several 3CR FR I radio galaxies,which cannot be explained by virtue of the BZ mechanism.Furthermore,the condition for negative energy of the accreting particles in the plunging region is discussed with the validity of the second law of BH thermodynamics.     

黑洞阴影在SSD中的位置和形状

假设旋转的黑洞在标准吸积盘内,在吸积盘的内边界等于最后稳定轨道的情况下,画出黑洞阴影在吸积盘的图像.通过定性和定量分析黑洞的形状和位置,发现对于相同质量的黑洞,黑洞阴影的大小及形状与黑洞的自旋参量有关.旋转黑洞阴影的形状和位置与它的旋转轴是不对称的,通过研究旋转轴与黑洞阴影的位置关系来确定黑洞的质量中心的位置及黑洞的旋转参量.     

Temperature Profile of Black Hole Accretion Disc with Magnetic Coupling

Two new mapping relations between the angular coordinate on the black hole (BH) horizon and radialcoordinate on the disc are given according to the requirement of general relativity and Maxwell‘s equations, and theeffects of magnetic coupling (MC) on temperature of accretion disc are investigated by comparing with pure accretion.It is shown that the MC effects on the temperature profile are related intimately to the BH spin, and the influenceon the peak value of disc temperature based on the modified mapping relations is not as great as that based on thelinear mapping.The peak value and the corresponding radius of peak value ring of disc temperature do not increasemonotonically as the increasing spin of BH, each containing a maximum for the fast-spinning BH. The value ranges ofthe bolometric luminosity and color temperature of the disc are both extended by the MC effects.     

Effects of the energy equation in studies of limit-cycle behaviors of black hole accretion disks

The inconsistency of the energy equation used in the literature is pointed out and a new consistent energy equation is given. With this new energy equation, calculations are made for the limit-cycle behaviors of thermally unstable accretion disks around black holes. From the comparison of our numerical results with those obtained using the inconsistent energy equation, it is found that the inconsistent energy equation undervalues the temperature and overvalues the effective optical depth when the accreted gas becomes effectively optically thin. Thus, it is dangerous if the inconsistent energy equation is used in the studies of very hot and optically thin accretion flows such as advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs), and our new energy equation is likely to be a better alternative. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10673009 and 10833002), and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant No. V0750001)     

Effects of Lorentz Breaking on the Accretion onto a Schwarzschild-like Black Hole

We formulate and solve the problem of spherically symmetric, steady state, adiabatic accretion onto a Schwarzschild-like black hole obtained recently. We derive the general analytic expressions for the critical points, the critical velocity, the critical speed of sound, and subsequently the mass accretion rate. The case for polytropic gas is discussed in detail. We find the parameter characterizing the breaking of Lorentz symmetry will slow down the mass accretion rate, while has no effect on the gas compression and the temperature profile below the critical radius and at the event horizon.     

Jet precession in neutrino-cooled disks for gamma-ray bursts: The effects of the mass and spin of a black hole

We present a model of jet precession driven by a neutrino-cooled disk around a spinning black hole to explain the quasi-periodic features observed in some gamma-ray burst light curves.The different orientations of the rotational axes between the outer part of a neutrino-cooled disk and a black hole result in precessions of the central black hole and the inner part of the disk.Hence,the jet arising from the neutrino annihilation above the inner disk is driven to precession.We find that the period of precession is positively correlated with the mass as well as the spin of a black hole.