Shock-wave and conventional deformation of Al and dispersion-hardened Al alloy containing different concentrations of alumina particles

Summary The structure and substructure changes in Al and dispersion-hardened Al alloy are studied after rapid deformation by explosion and slow conventional deformation (cross-rolling and compression) using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Shock wave deformation generates a small dislocation density which does not produce any significant change in the microstructure as well as in the texture of Al and Al alloy containing a different concentration of Al₂O₃ particles (4 and 7%). After slow conventional deformation, in particular after cross-rolling, significant variations are observed due to the nonuniformly distributed high dislocation densities.     

Deformation at very high strain rates of Al and ERGAL 7075

Summary Comparative examinations have been carried out on Al and ERGAL specimens deformed by compression either fast or slow. The high-strain-rate compressions were obtained by explosive. The dislocation structures have been examined by transmission electron microscopy and by Fourier analysis of the X-ray diffraction lines. Crystalline textures were also determined. After fast deformation smaller interaction energies appear among the dislocations with comparable total densities because of the accumulation in grain boundaries. The results have been interpreted by assuming that the loads which are reached in the shock and reflected wave fronts give rise to generations or multiplications of the dislocations on levels more differentiated than by slow compression.

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Riassunto Sono stati condotti esami comparativi su campioni di Al e di ERGAL deformati mediante compressione lenta o veloce. Le compressioni ad elevate velocità sono state ottenute per mezzo di esplosive. Le strutture delle dislocazioni sono state osservate con microscopia elettronica in trasmissione e analisi di Fourier delle righe di diffrazione dei raggi X. Sono state inoltre determinate le tessiture cristalline. Con densità totali di dislocazioni comparabili, dopo deformazione rapida appaiono minori energie d'interazione tra le dislocazioni stesse a causa di fenomeni di accumulo nei bordi di grano. I risultati sono stati interpretati ammettendo che i carichi raggiunti in corrispondenza delle onde d'urto, diretta e riflesse, diano luogo a generazione e moltiplicazione di dislocazioni su livelli piú differenziati che con compressione lenta.

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Резюме Проводится сравнительный анализ образцов Al и ERGAL, подвергнутых деформации сжатия либо быстро, либо, медленно. Высокая скорость деформации сжатия получается в результате взрыва. Исследуется структура дислокаций с помощью трансмисионной электронной микроскопии и с помощью Фурье-анализа линий дифракции рентгеновских лучей. Определяются кристаллические структуры. После быстрой деформации возникают небольшие энергии взаимодействия между дислокациями с соизмеримыми полными плотностями, вследствие явления аккумуляции на границах зерен. Проводится интерпретация полученных результатов, предполагая, что нагрузки приводят к образованию или размножению дислокаций на уровнях более дифференцированных, чем в случае медленного сжатия.

     

Frequency overshoot in quartz crystal oscillators during the warm-up time. Application to the BVA resonator

Summary An analysis of the overshoot phenomenon which is produced by quartz oscillators during the warm-up time is proposed. A particular application to oscillators equipped with ?electrodeless? resonators is described.

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Résumé Une analyse complète du phénomène de dépassement de fréquence présenté par les oscillateurs à quartz pendant leur période de démarrage est présentée. Une application particulière est faite pour les oscillateurs équipés de résonateurs à électrodes non adhérentes.

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Riassunto Si propone un'analisi del fenomeno di overshoot che è prodotto da oscillatori del quarzo durante il tempo di riscaldamento. Si descrive una particolare applicazione ad oscillatori equipaggiati con risonatori ?senza elettrodi?.

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Резюме Предлагается анализ явления перерегулировки, которое происходит в кварцевом осцилляторе во время разогрева. Обсуждается применение к осцилляторам, связанным с ?беээлектродными? резонаторами.

     

Cohesive and elastic properties of alkaline earth chalcogenide crystals

In the present study an analysis of the cohesive and elastic properties has been performed in fourteen alkali chalcogenide crystals using the composite potential forms based on the Drude oscillator model. The short-range overlap repulsion has been considered up to the second nearest neighbour interactions. The van der Waals coefficients have been estimated from the Kirkwood-Muller formulae. Cohesive energies, bulk-modulus and its pressure derivatives calculated for the entire family of crystals under study are found to present a good agreement with available experimental data, better than those obtained by previous workers using the traditional Born potential model.On leave from theDepartment of Physics, G. B. Pant University, Pantnagar-263 145, India.Authors are thankful to Mr. Saleh O. Harraga for the computational help.     

Study of anharmonic elastic properties of mixed diatomic crystals AgCl−AgBr and NaCl−NaBr

Summary An interionic-force model has been employed to analyse the anharmonic elastic properties of mixed-diatomic-crystal systems with varying compositions. The interaction system consists of long-range Coulomb and three-body interactions within the framework of Hafemeister-Zarht (HZ) short-range repulsion, effective up to second-neighbour ions. This interionic potential has been used for predicting the third-order elastic constants, the first pressure derivative of second-order elastic constants and the Anderson-Grüneisen (AG) parameter in NaCl−NaBr and AgCl−AgBr mixed crystals. The values of the hardness parameter between nearest neighbours as well as between second nearest neighbours have been evaluated by using the overlap integral method. The results obtained in the present study are generally in good agreement with the available experimental data as compared to those obtained by earlier investigations. The experimental values of the Anderson-Grüneisen parameter have been calculated by using Chang’s relation.

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Riassunto Un modello di forza interionica è stato usato per analizzare le proprietà anarmoniche elastiche di sistemi di cristalli diatomici misti con composizioni variabili. Il sistema d’interazione consiste in interazioni di Coulomb a largo raggio e a tre corpi nell’àmbito della repulsione a corto raggio di Hagemeister-Zorht (HZ), efficaci fino a ioni secondi vicini. Questo potenziale interionico è stato usato per prevedere costanti elastiche di terz’ordine, la prima derivata di pressione delle costanti elastiche di second’ordine e il parametro di Anderson-Grüneisen (AG) in cristalli misti NaCl−NaBr e AgCl−AgBr. I valori del parametro di durezza tra vicini prossimi e tra secondi vicini prossimi sono stati calcolati usando il metodo dell’integrale di sovrapprosizione. I risultati ottenuti in questo studio sono generalmente in buon accordo con i dati sperimentali disponibili se confrontati con quelli ottenuti da precedenti ricerche. I valori sperimentali del parametro di Anderson-Grüneisen sono stati calcolati usando la relazione di Chang.

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Резюме Используется модель междуионной силы для анализа ангармонических упругих свойств смешанных двухатомных кристаллических систем с изменяющимся составом. Взаимодействие системы состоит из длиннодействующего кулоновского взаимодействия и взаимодействий трех тел в рамках короткодействующего отталкивания Хафемайстера-Зарта, с учетом взаимодействий с ионами, следующими за соседями. Предложенный междуионный потенциал используется для предсказания упругих постоянных третьего порядка, первой производной упругих постоянных второго порядка по давлению и параметра Андерсона-Грюнайзена в смешанных кристаллах NaCl−NaBr и AgCl−AgBr. Оцениваются параметры жесткости между соседними ионами, а также между ионами, следующими за соседними. Полученные результаты хорошо согласуются с имеущимися экспериментальными данными. Используя соотношение Чанга, вычисляются экспериментальные значения параметра Андерсона-Грюнайзена.

     

Random networks of fibres display maximal heterogeneity in the distribution of elastic energy

Above a small length scale, the distribution of local elastic energies in a material under an external load is typically Gaussian, and the dependence of the average elastic energy on strain defines the stiffness of the material. Some particular materials, such as granular packings, suspensions at the jamming transition, crumpled sheets and dense cellular aggregates, display under compression an exponential distribution of elastic energies, but also in this case the elastic properties are well defined. We demonstrate here that networks of fibres, which form uncorrelated non-fractal structures, have under external load a scale invariant distribution of elastic energy (epsilon) at the fibre-fibre contacts proportional to 1/epsilon. This distribution is much broader than any other distribution observed before for elastic energies in a material. We show that for small compressions it holds over 10 orders of magnitude in epsilon. In such a material a few 'hot spots' carry most of the elastic load. Consequently, these materials are highly susceptible to local irreversible deformations, and are thereby extremely efficient for damping vibrations.     

The static and elastic properties of mixed diatomic crystals

An interionic potential model has been proposed to study the static and elastic properties of mixed diatomic crystals. The interaction system of this potential consists of the long-range Coulomb and three-body interaction and the short-range overlap repulsion. This potential has been used to calculate the cohesive energy, phase-transition pressure and volume, third-order elastic constants and pressure derivatives of the effective second-order elastic constants for NaCl-NaBr mixed crystals. These results agree reasonably well with the available experimental results on the host crystals and allow us to draw some meaningful conclusions for the mixed alkali halide crystals.     

Propagation properties of elastic waves in semi-infinite phononic crystals and related waveguides

The transmission and reflection coefficients of two-dimensional semi-infinite solid-solid phononic crystal systems and fluid-fluid phononic waveguide structures have been investigated. The numerical results show that the transmission spectra for longitudinally and transversally polarized incident waves are different, and the spectra of the transmission and reflection coefficients of the semi-infinite system agree well with the band structure. The numerical results show that when a guided wave incident, localized modes are excited, and different polarities have different coupling efficiencies with the incident guided wave. At the same time, far from the cutoff frequency, the guided wave couples out of semi-infinite waveguide highly efficiently.     

Optical properties of Wurtzite-type semiconducting crystals near the isotropic point

Summary Using Stahl's coherent wave approach we calculated the linear interband susceptibility near the band gap. The starting point was the ?MGM? formula with a smeared-out dipole densityM(r) and the Green's functionG for the effective-mass Hamiltonian with a screened Coulomb potential. The susceptibility so obtained was used for calculating transmission spectra of CdS platelets for energies near the so-called isotropic point lying far below the nearest excitonic resonance. By fitting experimental spectra we determined components of the residual dielectric tensor for polarization of the incident beam perpendicular and parallel to thec-axis, the mixed-mode dipole moment corresponding toB-exciton, and decay radii characterizing transition dipole densities. The established set of parameters determines the dielectric tensor for a quite wide energetic range.     

Anharmonic properties of rocksalt structure solids

An effort has been made for obtaining the anharmonic properties of rocksalt structure solids starting from primary physical parameters viz. nearest-neighbor distance and hardness parameter assuming long- and short-range potentials at elevated temperatures. The elastic energy density for a deformed crystal can be expanded as power series of strains for obtaining coefficients of quadratic, cubic and quartic terms which are known as the second-, third- and fourth-order elastic constants, respectively. When the values of the higher-order elastic constants are known for a crystal, many of the anharmonic properties of the crystal can be treated within the limit of the continuum approximation in a quantitative manner. In this study, higher-order elastic constants are computed up to their melting temperature for rocksalt structure solids, which are alkali cyanides, sodium and potassium halides. The first order pressure derivatives of second- and third-order elastic constants, the second-order pressure derivatives of second-order elastic constants and partial contractions are also evaluated at different temperatures for these substances. The results thus obtained are compared with experimental data and found in well agreement with present values.     

On the characterization of the elastic properties of asymmetric single-walled carbon nanotubes

In order to characterize asymmetric single-walled carbon nanotubes, an algorithm has been developed based on numerical simulation to relate the physical geometry to the elastic properties of asymmetric single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). A large number of finite element results for the stiffness of asymmetric SWCNTs has been used to develop a best surface fitting function to define the relationship between the geometry of SWCNTs and their stiffness. However, since the stiffness of asymmetric nanotubes depends upon the configuration parameters, n and m, it was impossible to define any diameter dependency. Based on the maximum reaction force concept and in order to account for the hidden mechanical behavior of asymmetric SWCNTs, the chiral factor (CF) has been employed in this study. The proposed CF converts any asymmetric geometry (n and m) into a value between 0 and 1. A group of the SWCNTs with the same applied boundary condition (n+m=30) and different range of the CF was also used for studying of the shear contribution. The chiral factor dependency, which is developed in this study, is applicable for characterising and selecting asymmetric SWCNTs in the design of advanced nanomaterials. Furthermore, the equation which is calculated in this study can be useful for finding the best criteria for selecting asymmetric SWCNTs.     

Dielectric and anharmonic behaviour of mixed alkali halides

Summary In the present paper an analysis of the dielectric behaviour and anharmonic contribution to the dielectric constants has been made of KCl−KBr mixed ionic crystals. The temperature and volume derivatives of static (ε₀), electronic (ε_∞) dielectric constants and energy gap parameter (E _g) have been calculated using the Szigeti and Havinga and Bosman dielectric theories. The anharmonic contributions have been estimated in terms of temperature derivatives of dielectric constants at constant volumes. The modified form of Clausius-Mossotti theory of dielectric polarization has been used for the mixed crystal under study. The calculated quantities have been compared with the available experimental data. A good agreement has been obtained. To speed up publication, the authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Low frequency elastic properties of neutron-irradiated quartz. Comparison with glasses

Neutron-irradiated quartz is a promising model system to learn more about the low-energy excitations (tunneling states) in vitreous silica and in similar glasses. We present the first systematic study of the elastic properties of neutron-irradiated quartz at low frequencies and very low temperatures. Using the vibrating reed technique at frequencies of several kHz we have measured the sound velocity and internal friction of six quartz crystals irradiated with different neutron doses over a wide range of temperatures (7 mK-300 K). The results are analyzed using the tunneling model and several extensions of this theory. Comparisons are made with recent low-frequency measurements on normal and compacted vitreous silica and with ultrasound experiments on neutron-irradiated quartz. Received 23 October 1998     

Non-linear elastic behavior of light fibrous materials

Light fibrous materials composed of elastic fibers display a non-linear elastic behavior, where the non-linearity is due to the increase in the number of contacts between fibers under compression. Testing glass wool under compression up to 95% shows such a strongly non-linear behavior. A model is proposed to account for the divergence of the compressive stress as the strain approaches a threshold compression , with . Quantitative analysis of the experimental data on glass wool is fully consistent with this result. Received 2 February 1999     

Study of dielectric and photoelastic properties of fluorite crystals

Summary The photoelastic constants and strain derivatives of the static and high-frequency dielectric constants of fluorite structure solids have been computed by means of a three-body potential which consists of the long-range Coulomb, three-body interactions, the short-range van der Waals attraction and overlap repulsion operative up to the second-neighbour ions and represented by the Hafemeister and Flygare potential. The agreement between available experimental and our calculated values of photoelastic constants and strain and pressure derivatives of the static dielectric constants is reasonably good.

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Riassunto Le costanti fotoelastiche e le derivate di deformazione delle costanti dielettriche statiche ed ad alta frequenza dei solidi con struttura dei cristalli di fluoruro sono state calcolate per mezzo di un potenziale a tre corpi che è formato dall'interazione di Coulomb e a tre corpi a lungo raggio e dall'attrazione di van der Waals a breve raggio e la repulsione di sovrapposizione operativa fino al secondo ione adiacente e rappresentata dal potenziale di Hafemeister e Flygare. L'accordo tra i valori sperimentali disponibili e i nostri valori calcolati delle costanti fotoelastiche e delle derivate di pressione e deformazione è ragionevolmente buono.

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Резюме Используь трех-частицный потенциал, который содержит длиннодействующее кулоновское и трех-частичное взаимодействие и короткодействующее притяжение ван дер Ваальса и отталкивание вплоть до второго ?соседа?, описываемое потенциалом Хафемайстера и Флигера, вычисляются фотоупрутие постоянные и производные по деформации статических и высокочастотных диэлектрических постоянных для твердых тел со структурой флюорита. Получается удовлетворительное согласие между имеющимися экспериментальными данными и вычисленными нами фотоупругими постоянными и производными статических диэлектрических постоянных по деформации и давлению.

     

一组新型络合物晶体结构与光学性能的研究

研究了二氯三烯丙基硫脲合镉(ATCC),二氯三烯丙基硫脲合汞(ATMC)和二溴三烯丙基硫脲合镉(ATCB)三种晶体的结构特点.首次报道了ATMC和ATCB晶体的非线性光学系数及倍频性能;文中分析比较了三种晶体的非线性光学性能;讨论了晶体结构与性能的关系,为探索高效非线性光学新材料提供依据.     

Analysis of anharmonic and thermoelastic properties of non-centrosymmetric crystals

In the present paper an analytical potential form is used for overlap repulsive energy, derived by Harrison from quantum mechanical considerations, along with the composite effect of three-body forces and intersublattice displacement. The short-range overlap parameters in Harrison's potential form have direct correlation with the valence state energies for outermost electrons. The potential model is applied to calculate the third and fourth order elastic constants, first and second pressure derivatives of second order elastic constants, Grüneisen parameter and its volume dependence, Anderson parameter, and thermal expansion coefficient for three non-centrosymmetric crystals, viz. CaF₂, SrF₂ and BaF₂. The calculated values of various physical quantities are found to be in good agreement with experimental data.The authors are grateful to Dr. Mansour Khalef, the Head of Physics Department, TNRC, Tajura (Tripoli) for the facilities and encouragements.     

First principles study on the structural, electronic, and elastic properties of Na-As systems

We have performed the first principles calculation by using the plane-wave pseudopotential approach with the generalized gradient approximation for investigating the structural, electronic, and elastic properties Na-As systems (NaAs in NaP, LiAs and AuCu-type structures, NaAs₂ in MgCu₂-type structure, Na₃As in Na₃As, Cu₃P and Li₃Bi-type structures, and Na₅As₄ in A₅B₄-type structure). The lattice parameters, cohesive energy, formation energy, bulk modulus, and the first derivative of bulk modulus (to fit to Murnaghan’s equation of state) of the related structures are calculated. The second-order elastic constants and the other related quantities such as Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, sound velocities, and Debye temperature are also estimated.